iRAP Albin 23.8

Road Safety Assessment using iRAP Star
Ratings and Safer Roads Investment Plans
Albin Tharakan
Road Safety Engineer
Certification Course for Road Safety Auditors
Part-III, 19-30 August 2019
IAHE, Noida
A World Free of High Risk Roads
1.1 iRAP Overview
About iRAP:
Registered charity
Vision: a world free of high risk roads
Inspect high-risk roads and develop Star
Ratings and Safer Roads Investment Plans
100+ countries, 1 million+ km assessed
Protocols overseen by Global
Technical Committee
UN Road Safety
Targets
http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/12GlobalRoadSafetyTargets.pdf?ua=1

Targets 3 & 4: What
They Mean for Safer
Roads Globally
UN Member States
have agreed on 12
new Global Road
Safety Performance
Targets to drive action
across the world.

Global Inspiration Existing Roads
• Australia: BITRE recommendation for 4-star national highways. 3-star
or better Midlands Highway investment. Queensland target for 90% of
travel on 3-star or better by 2022.
• New Zealand: Target for 4-star roads of national significance, Safety

Alliance to upgrade existing roads to 3-star or better standards.
• United Kingdom: 90% of travel on 3-star or better roads by 2020, and

related targets for 4 and 5-star motorways
• Malaysia: 75% of travel on 3-star or better high volume roads by 2020

(Malaysia MoT)
• Sweden: near 100% 3-star of better by 2025
• Chile: Autopista Centrale toll roads assessed and immediately

upgraded to minimum 3 –star standard
• Netherlands: No 1 or 2-star roads by 2020

Global Inspiration
New Roads
Minimum 3-star roads for

projects in India (World Bank)
4-star roads for pedestrians and

cyclists in linear settlements and
4-star for all road users carrying
50,000 vehicles and more
(ADB)

Safe System Approach for
Road Safety
The safe road system is a shared responsibility

Major Donors and What is Star Rating?
Partners
• Star Rating is based on road inspection data
• Simple and objective measure of the level of safety
which is ‘built-in’ to the road
• Five-star road segments are the safest while one-
star are the least safe
• Star Ratings can be completed worldwide, in urban
and rural areas and without reference to detailed
crash data, which is often unavailable in low-
income and middle-income countries, or is sparse
in high-performing high-income countries striving
for vision zero outcomes.

Indian Road Assessment Programme
• Highest number of road deaths in India
• Road crashes cost India more than 3% of
GDP
• India is investing in large-scale road
upgrades across the country and
maximizing the safety of this investment
will deliver additional economic benefits to
the country
• As part of iRAP family, IndiaRAP will
benefit form its global charitable work
IndiaRAP is hosted by
Asian Institute of Transport
Development (AITD)
Supported by FedEx

iRAP in India Safer Greener Pilot – 120km
•NH-1 Delhi to Panipat
• Over 17,000km surveyed •Design Star Ratings
• 2,000km designs analysed Assam – 400km
• Potential to prevent 50% •SRIP prevent 1,000 deaths/yr
•Star Rating of designs for SH3
deaths and serious injuries
& SH31 complete
Rajasthan – 340km
•Surveyed as part of NHIIP
•SRIP prevent 10,000 FSIs (20yrs)
Delhi – Mumbai and
Gujarat – 2,260km
Mumbai – Chennai sections of
•R&BD using SRIP to shape Baruch to
Golden Quadrilateral NH (5,400km)
Valia demonstration corridor
•Design Star Ratings for 600km
Uttar Pradesh– 2000km
Mumbai Urban Road Network (180km) •SRIP Prevent 375,000 FSIs
(20yrs)
•Design Star Rating for 200km
Karnataka – 2,040km
•900km Star Rating of road designs
•PWD set a min. 3-star target for new AP & Telangana – 600km
designs •Implementation support for
430km, will reduce KSIs by 50%
Kerala– 623km Tamil Nadu – 2000km

•Estimated INR 36 billion in crash •Surveyed as part of TNRSP
costs prevented (20yrs) with BCR 1.8 •SRIP prevent 100,000 FSIs (20yrs)
• 200km Star Rating of road designs
1.2 Star Rating Model
and Risk Factors
Basic iRAP Programme Philosophy
There are three guiding principles:

• Road fatalities are largely avoidable and for
large sectors of the world’s population road
death is the biggest fatality risk
• Road designs that help the motorist
understand what to do and forgive driver
errors when they happen can cut out a
large proportion of these fatalities
• Targeted interventions to improve existing
roads has a very good economic payback

Process Overview
Existing Road Road Processing Star Investment

roads Survey Coding (ViDA) Ratings plan
Road Design Processing Star Investment

Coding
Designs Plans (ViDA) Ratings plan
Indicative Road Demonstrator Star

Stars Image (ViDA) Ratings

Starting point – crash initialisation
7
1
4
Road users Initialisation

Building blocks of the star rating model
Run-off
Recover
Recover
Head-on
Run-off
Each potential crash initiation is expanded to

consider the potential fatal or serious crash
outcomes for each road user.
Potential crash
outcomes

Crash types
Vehicle occupant Motorcyclists Pedestrian Bicyclist
Run-off driver-side
Run-off passenger-side
Head-on loss of control
Head-on overtaking
Intersection
Property access
Along
Crossing – inspected road
Crossing – side road

Building up a crash type
For each user group crash type the format is:
External
Star Rating Operating
Likelihood Severity flow
Score speed
influence
Likelihood of crash
initialisation Severity of crash
when it does The influence of
Individual road
occur vehicle flow to the
users risk of
crash type individual road users
risk.

Initialisation Likelihood
Lane width
Curvature
Quality of curve
Delineation
Likelihood
Shoulder rumble strips
Road condition
Grade
Skid resistance

Outcome Severity
Run-off
Recover
Roadside object
Severity Distance to object
Paved shoulder width
Each potential crash initiation is expanded to

consider the potential fatal or serious crash
outcomes for each road user.
Potential crash
outcomes

Risk factor example
Road attributes are characterised so the crash risk can be linked to
the nature of each of the road attributes.
Crash Rate vs. Curve Radius

60
Very sharp Sharp Moderate Straight
Crash rate (Casualty crashes/100M VKT)
50 6.0 3.5 2.2 1.0
40
30
20
10
0
0 to 100 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 600 to 700 to 800 to 900 to 1000 to 1100 to
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Curve radius (m)

iRAP Star Rating and Safer Roads
Investment Plan process
Star Ratings

Star Rating Model
• Developed by world-leading road safety
research agencies
• Simple and objective measure of the

level of safety provided by road
infrastructure
• Ability to set minimum safety levels for

each road user type
• Use as a performance indicator to

demonstrate reduction in risk
iRAP Star Rating
• Proactive assessment of risk for 4 major road users
• 50 road attributes assessed every 100m
• Record features that are known to effect the likelihood and
severity of a crash
• Based on crash studies from around the world
• Objective performance scores (Star Ratings)
Inspections
We record 50 features that influence serious
casualty risk

Speed is Central to Safety
OECD, 2008, Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Target and the
Safe System Approach

The role of speed
Road infrastructure elements:

Road Section Length: 3km
Mid-block: 2-lanes (3.5m wide), paved
shoulders (1.5m wide), earthen
shoulders (2m wide); Adequate
delineation; 4 moderate curvature and 2
sharp curvature with adequate signage
and delineation.
Roadsides: Trees/Poles within 5-10m
from edge, crash barrier at sharp
curvature.
Intersections: 3-leg with turn lanes,
channelization; 2 intersections with cross
road volume 1000-5000 veh/day, and 1
intersection with 100-1000 veh/day

Star Ratings and Crash Data
CRASH COSTS
HALVED
FOR EACH STAR
RATING
IMPROVEMENT

Star Rating Model
Road users Crash types Road attributes
Run off road Risk factors

Vehicle occupants Head on Risk factors
Intersection Risk factors
Run off road Risk factors
Motorcyclists Head on Risk factors
Along Risk factors
Pedestrians
Across Risk factors
Along Risk factors
Bicyclists Across Risk factors

Road user specific maps

Vehicle occupants

1.3 Road Survey and
Data Coding

Road Survey
Road Coding

iRAP and Functional Data Collection
Photo courtesy: Indian Road Survey and Management Pvt. Ltd.

iRAP Road Surveys
• Use of two or two-three high-resolution digital
cameras.
• Digital images collected with a 140 to 160-degree
field of view at 5m-10m-or 20m intervals.
• Geo-reference data collected for each digital image,
including distance along road.
• The images are calibrated to enable detailed
measurements of the road features.
• The capability to provide automated measurements
of radius of curvature for horizontal curves, gradient
for vertical alignment and vehicle travel speeds,
optional.

iRAP Road Surveys
Operating Speed Intersection type
Median type Roadside hazards
Horizontal
Lane width
alignment
Number of lanes Delineation
Road condition Paved shoulders

Survey – Undivided C/way
Passenger Side Driver Side

Survey – Divided C/way
• Divided – inspect both directions
Passenger Driver side Driver side Passenger
side side
Left Median Right Right Median Left

Road Survey and Data Coding Interface
Road Survey (Field) Data Coding (Office)
Distance In-office viewing of

Measuring Kit images with distance
and GPS coordinates
Trigger camera at
5/10/20m interval
Data in tabular form
Video Image at
Software • Image Ref. No.
5/10/20m
interface • GPS coordinates
interval
• Distance
Data coding form that

GPS coordinates enables coding of each
captured with 100m segment by
each image simultaneous viewing
of images

Data Coding Arrangements

Sample iRAP Rating Form

Data Coding Specifications
RAP-SR-3-3_Upload_file_specification

Data Coding Manual

Data Upload File
• The upload file (.csv) includes all the coded data
with some supporting data
• Each row in the upload file presents road
attributes recorded for 100m segment
• Huge data, e.g. a 1,000km road assessment file
will have 10,000 rows and 78 columns
• Next step: upload to ViDA for processing

1.4 Supporting Data

Supporting
Data

Supporting Data
1. Demographics and Economics
2. Traffic volume data
3. Operating speeds
4. Pedestrian and Bicycle Flows
5. Fatality data - Summary
6. Countermeasure costs

Supporting Data
1. Demographics and Economics
– GDP per capita
2. Traffic volume data
– Motorized traffic volume AADT (vehicles)
– Non-motorized traffic volume AADT (vehicles)
3. Operating speed
– 85th percentile and Mean Operating speeds measured in
different land uses
4. Pedestrian and Bicycle Flows
– Peak hour flow rates
5. Fatality data
– Fatalities by each road assessed, distribution by road user
category
6. Countermeasure costs
– Cost of 90 different countermeasures for rural and urban areas

Speed Data
• Spot Speed Surveys
– 85th percentile operating speed
– Mean operating speed
• Posted Speed Limit

Economic Cost of Fatality and
Serious Injury
• Cost of a death* = 70 X GDP or NDDP per
capita (current price)
• Cost of a serious injury = 0.25 X ( Cost of a
death)
• per capita income = INR 93,231 (year 2015-16)
• Cost of a death = INR 65,26,170
• Cost of a serious injury = INR 16,31,543
*McMahon, K. and Dahdah. S. (2008). The True Cost of Road Crashes: Valuing life and the cost of a serious injury.

Fatality Data
• Crash data from police records for last 3years
• Number of deaths distributed to,
– Pedestrians
– Bicyclists (includes other cycle-rickshaws)
– Motorcyclists (includes 3-wheelers)
– All motorized vehicles
• Number of severe injuries often under reported
• Hence, 10 severe injuries are assumed for each
death

Countermeasure Cost
• Cost of 90 different countermeasures for rural
and urban areas for economic analysis
• Cost of safety treatments updated for each
project to suit state specific rates

1.5 Star Rating Score
Worked Example
1.5: Star Rating Score Worked Example

Jigesh Bhavsar
Certification Course for Road Safety Auditors
Part-III, Module-5 &6. 11-22Sept 2017
IAHE, Noida
Star Rating
Scores (SRS)

We Know Which Crashes Kill

Road User Types Effected
Road Attribute
Car occupants Motorcyclists Pedestrians Bicyclists
Bicycle facilities ✓
Delineation ✓ ✓ ✓
Intersection road volume level ✓ ✓ ✓
Intersection type a ✓ ✓ ✓
Lane width ✓ ✓ ✓
Median type b ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Minor access point density ✓ ✓ ✓
Number of lanes ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Overtaking demand ✓ ✓
Paved shoulder width ✓ ✓ ✓
Pedestrian crossing facilities c ✓ ✓
Quality of crossing d ✓ ✓
Quality of curve d ✓ ✓ ✓
Quality of intersection d ✓ ✓ ✓
Radius of curvature ✓ ✓ ✓
Pavement condition ✓ ✓ ✓
Roadside design/obstacles e ✓ ✓ ✓
Shoulder rumble strips ✓ ✓
Side friction/roadside activities ✓ ✓
Sidewalk provision ✓
Speed f ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Risk factor example
Road attributes are characterised so the crash risk can be linked to
the nature of each of the road attributes.
Crash Rate vs. Curve Radius
60
Very
Crash rate (Casualty crashes/100M VKT)
sharp
50 6.0 Sharp
3.5 Moderate
2.2 Straight
40 1.0
30
20
10
0
0 to 100 100 to 200 to 300 to 400 to 500 to 600 to 700 to 800 to 900 to 1000 to 1100 to
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Curve radius (m)

A worked example

1.6 Safer Roads
Investment Plan
(SRIP)

Safer Roads
Investment
Plan

Safer Roads Investment Plan
• How can we improve the safety in an
affordable way?
• What is feasible in terms of

engineering and what would it cost?
• How many deaths and serious

injuries would we prevent?

Safer Roads Investment Plan
SRS x traffic volume x calibration factor
Deaths and serious injuries (before)
Apply countermeasures → new SRS
Deaths and serious injuries (after)
Reduction in deaths and serious injuries

and economic benefit

Economic Cost of Fatality and
Serious Injury
• Cost of a death* = 70 X GDP or NDDP per
capita (current price)
• Cost of a serious injury = 0.25 X ( Cost of a
death)
• per capita income = INR 93,231 (year 2015-16)
• Cost of a death = INR 65,26,170
• Cost of a serious injury = INR 16,31,543

Economic Benefit
Annual economic benefit

=
Deaths prevented x Cost of a Death
+
Serious injuries prevented x Cost of a Serious Injury
Deaths : serious injuries → 1:10*

Countermeasure Cost
• Generic countermeasure costs are estimated for
urban, semi-urban and rural areas.
• Within each category there is provision for the
likely complexity and upgrade cost at the
location (that is, low, medium and high upgrade
cost).

Benefit Cost Ratio
Net Present Value (NPV) of benefits

BCR =
NPV of costs
Discount rate of 12% typically used in a 20 year analysis

Estimating Number of Deaths

iRAP is a ‘crash allocation model’ not a
‘crash prediction’ model
The value of SRS for each section and known number of deaths are for illustration purpose only

How to Reduce Deaths? Reduce the SRS
Category Risk Factor
Straight or gently curving 1.00
Moderate curvature 2.20
Sharp curve 3.50
Very sharp 6.00

Example Countermeasure

Countermeasure Details in SRIP

Engineering treatments (SRIP)
SRIP: Safer Roads Investment Plan (over 20 year period)

Engineering treatments (SRIP)
SRIP: Safer Roads Investment Plan (over 20 year period)

1.7 Introduction to ViDA

http://vida.irap.org

ResultsTo
ofsetup newTo requestInteractive Star ViDA
already projectsaccess to more Rating community Setup
to your
analyzed data detailed dataDemonstrator
ask questions profile
Setup user Tool for

Upload data file
assessing safety
to process access levels
of new road
designsbefore
they are built

1 7
4
3
5 6

Star Ratings - Before
Star Ratings - After

1.8 Star Rating using
online Demonstrator
http://vida.irap.org

Select a
standard
cross
section to
begin with

Fine tune the
road
attributes

Check the Stars
A doubling of the Star

Rating Score (SRS) is
a doubling in risk of
death and serious
injury (and vice versa)

Click the Chart tab
to see the Star
Rating Scores by
crash type

Click help to find a
link to the iRAP
Coding Manual
(which explains the
road attributes)

Example

Example

For further information…
www.irap.org
Background info, methodology documents, Star Rating model fact sheets.
www.toolkit.irap.org
Provides free information on the causes and prevention of road crashes that cause death
and injury.
Jigesh N Bhavsar
Sr. Road Safety Engineer
www.vida.irap.org iRAP India
jigesh.bhavsar@irap.org
Online software that produces Star Ratings and SRIP.
Provides access to Star Ratings and SRIP of assessed road network. +91 9811543317
Albin Tharakan
www.capacity.irap.org Road Safety Engineer
Free training platform. Training and quality system to support your own RAP activities. iRAP India
albin.tharakan@irap.org
+91 9650398909

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Road Safety Assessment using iRAP Star

Ratings and Safer Roads Investment Plans

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

• New Zealand: Target for 4-star roads of national significance, Safety

• United Kingdom: 90% of travel on 3-star or better roads by 2020, and

• Malaysia: 75% of travel on 3-star or better high volume roads by 2020

• Sweden: near 100% 3-star of better by 2025

• Chile: Autopista Centrale toll roads assessed and immediately

• Netherlands: No 1 or 2-star roads by 2020

Minimum 3-star roads for

4-star roads for pedestrians and

A World Free of High Risk Roads

The safe road system is a shared responsibility

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Kerala– 623km Tamil Nadu – 2000km

There are three guiding principles:

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Existing Road Road Processing Star Investment

Road Design Processing Star Investment

Indicative Road Demonstrator Star

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Road users Initialisation

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Each potential crash initiation is expanded to

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Head-on loss of control

Crossing – inspected road

Crossing – side road

A World Free of High Risk Roads

For each user group crash type the format is:

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Road users Initialisation

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Each potential crash initiation is expanded to

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Crash Rate vs. Curve Radius

50 6.0 3.5 2.2 1.0

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

• Simple and objective measure of the

• Ability to set minimum safety levels for

• Use as a performance indicator to

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Road infrastructure elements:

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Run off road Risk factors

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Photo courtesy: Indian Road Survey and Management Pvt. Ltd.

A World Free of High Risk Roads

A World Free of High Risk Roads

Operating Speed Intersection type

Median type Roadside hazards

Number of lanes Delineation

Road condition Paved shoulders

A World Free of High Risk Roads