Power Spectral Density of Digitally Modulated

Signals

Saravanan Vijayakumaran
sarva@ee.iitb.ac.in

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

August 22, 2013

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PSD Definition for Digitally Modulated Signals
• Consider a real binary PAM signal
∞
X
u(t) = bn g(t − nT )
n=−∞

where bn = ±1 with equal probability and g(t) is a baseband pulse of

duration T

• PSD = F [Ru (τ )] Neither SSS nor WSS

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 Cyclostationary Random Process
Definition (Cyclostationary RP)
A random process X (t) is cyclostationary with respect to time interval T if it is
statistically indistinguishable from X (t − kT ) for any integer k .

Definition (Wide Sense Cyclostationary RP)

A random process X (t) is wide sense cyclostationary with respect to time
interval T if the mean and autocorrelation functions satisfy

mX (t) = mX (t − T ) for all t,

RX (t1 , t2 ) = RX (t1 − T , t2 − T ) for all t1 , t2 .

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Power Spectral Density of a Cyclostationary Process
To obtain the PSD of a cyclostationary process with period T
• Calculate autocorrelation of cyclostationary process RX (t, t − τ )
• Average autocorrelation between 0 and T , RX (τ ) = T1 0T RX (t, t − τ ) dt
R

• Calculate Fourier transform of averaged autocorrelation RX (τ )

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 Power Spectral Density of a Realization
Time windowed realizations have finite energy

xTo (t) = x(t)I[− To , To ] (t)

2 2

STo (f ) = F(xTo (t))

|STo (f )|2
Ŝx (f ) = (PSD Estimate)
To

PSD of a realization
|STo (f )|2
S̄x (f ) = lim
To →∞ To
To
|STo (f )|2
Z
1 2
−
*
−
) xTo (u)xT∗o (u − τ ) du = R̂x (τ )
To To − T2o

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Power Spectral Density of a Cyclostationary Process
X (t)X ∗ (t − τ ) ∼ X (t + T )X ∗ (t + T − τ ) for cyclostationary X (t)
Z To
1 2
R̂x (τ ) = x(t)x ∗ (t − τ ) dt
To − T2o
Z KT
1 2
= x(t)x ∗ (t − τ ) dt for To = KT
KT − KT
2
K
Z T 2
1 1 X
= x(t + kT )x ∗ (t + kT − τ ) dt
T 0 K Kk =− 2
Z T
1
−→ E [X (t)X ∗ (t − τ )] dt
K →∞ T 0
Z T
1
= RX (t, t − τ ) dt = RX (τ )
T 0

PSD of a cyclostationary process = F[RX (τ )]

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 PSD of a Linearly Modulated Signal
• Consider
∞
X
u(t) = bn p(t − nT )
n=−∞

• u(t) is cyclostationary wrt to T if {bn } is stationary

• u(t) is wide sense cyclostationary wrt to T if {bn } is WSS
∗
• Suppose Rb [k ] = E[bn bn−k ]
P∞
• Let Sb (z) = k =−∞ Rb [k ]z −k
• The PSD of u(t) is given by
  |P(f )|2
Su (f ) = Sb e j2πfT
T

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 PSD of a Linearly Modulated Signal

Ru (τ )
Z T
1
= Ru (t + τ, t) dt
T 0
Z T ∞ ∞
1 X X ∗
= E [bn bm p(t − nT + τ )p∗ (t − mT )] dt
T 0 n=−∞ m=−∞
∞ ∞ Z −(m−1)T
1 X X ∗
= E [bm+k bm p(λ − kT + τ )p∗ (λ)] dλ
T −mT
k =−∞ m=−∞
∞ Z ∞
1 X ∗
= E [bm+k bm p(λ − kT + τ )p∗ (λ)] dλ
T −∞
k =−∞
∞ Z ∞
1 X
= Rb [k ] p(λ − kT + τ )p∗ (λ) dλ
T −∞
k =−∞

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 PSD of a Linearly Modulated Signal
∞ Z ∞
1 X
Ru (τ ) = Rb [k ] p(λ − kT + τ )p∗ (λ) dλ
T −∞
k =−∞

Z ∞
p(λ + τ )p∗ (λ) dλ −
*
−
) |P(f )|2
−∞
Z ∞
p(λ − kT + τ )p∗ (λ) dλ −
*
−
) |P(f )|2 e −j2πfkT
−∞

∞
|P(f )|2 X
Su (f ) = F [Ru (τ )] = Rb [k ]e −j2πfkT
T
k =−∞
  |P(f )|2
= Sb e j2πfT
T
P∞
where Sb (z) = k =−∞ Rb [k ]z −k .

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Power Spectral Density of Line Codes
 Line Codes
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

Unipolar NRZ

Polar NRZ

Bipolar NRZ

Manchester

Further reading: Digital Communications, Simon Haykin, Chapter 6

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 Unipolar NRZ
• Symbols independent and equally likely to be 0 or A
1
P (b[n] = 0) = P (b[n] = A) =
2

• Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence


A2

 2
k =0
Rb [k ] =
A2


4
k 6= 0

• p(t) = I[0,T ) (t) ⇒ P(f ) = T sinc(fT )e −jπfT

• Power Spectral Density
∞
|P(f )|2 X
Su (f ) = Rb [k ]e −j2πkfT
T
k =−∞

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 Unipolar NRZ

∞
A2 T A2 T X
Su (f ) = sinc2 (fT ) + sinc2 (fT ) e −j2πkfT
4 4
k =−∞
2 2 ∞
A T A X  n
= sinc2 (fT ) + sinc2 (fT ) δ f−
4 4 n=−∞
T

A2 T A2
= sinc2 (fT ) + δ(f )
4 4

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 Normalized PSD plot
1
Unipolar NRZ
Su (f )

0.5
A2 T

0
0.5 1 1.5 2
fT

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 Polar NRZ
• Symbols independent and equally likely to be −A or A
1
P (b[n] = −A) = P (b[n] = A) =
2

• Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence

 2
 A k =0
Rb [k ] =
0 k 6= 0


• P(f ) = T sinc(fT )e −jπfT

• Power Spectral Density
Su (f ) = A2 T sinc2 (fT )

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 Normalized PSD plots
1
Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ
Su (f )

0.5
A2 T

0
0.5 1 1.5 2
fT

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 Manchester
• Symbols independent and equally likely to be −A or A
1
P (b[n] = −A) = P (b[n] = A) =
2

• Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence

 2
 A k =0
Rb [k ] =
0 k 6= 0


• P(f ) = jT sinc fT2 sin πfT e−jπfT

2
• Power Spectral Density
   
fT πfT
Su (f ) = A2 T sinc2 sin2
2 2

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 Normalized PSD plots
1
Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ
Manchester
Su (f )

0.5
A2 T

0
0.5 1 1.5 2
fT

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 Bipolar NRZ
• Successive 1’s have alternating polarity
0 → Zero amplitude
1 → +A or − A

• Probability mass function of b[n]

1
P (b[n] = 0) =
2
1
P (b[n] = −A) =
4
1
P (b[n] = A) =
4

• Symbols are identically distributed but they are not independent

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 Bipolar NRZ
• Autocorrelation of b[n] sequence
A2 /2

 k =0
Rb [k ] = − A2 /4 k = ±1
0 otherwise


• Power Spectral Density

A2 A2  j2πfT
 
Su (f ) = T sinc2 (fT ) − e + e −j2πfT
2 4
A2 T
= sinc2 (fT ) [1 − cos(2πfT )]
2
= A2 T sinc2 (fT ) sin2 (πfT )

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 Normalized PSD plots
1
Unipolar NRZ
Polar NRZ
Manchester
Bipolar NRZ
Su (f )

0.5
A2 T

0
0.5 1 1.5 2
fT

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Thanks for your attention

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