Prelim Project: Nabua, Camarines Sur

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur
College of Health Care Technology
PRELIM PROJECT
(Analysis of Theoretical Frameworks and Medical Researches)
Submitted to:
Ma’am Abigail F. Monge
Submitted by:
Gwyneth E. Dayandante
Humi S. Suzuki

Bachelor of Science in Nursing
BSN 1-B
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OBSOLETE NURSING
INSTRUMENTS/PRACTICES
OBSOLETE NURSING PROCEDURE
1. Procedure of hydrogen peroxide and alcohol in wound cleaning.
- According to a recent study in the journal Pediatrics, in ‘The Use of Folk
Remedies among Children in an Urban Black Community: Remedies for Fever,
Colic, and Teething’ [1] the treatment seems especially common among parents in
low-income and minority communities. As rubbing, or isopropyl, alcohol evaporates
from skin, it soothes like a fresh breeze, potentially reducing body temperature.
Many parents soothe their feverish children by rubbing it on the skin or adding a
little to a sponge bath. But using it this way can cause serious harm. Isopropyl
alcohol is quickly absorbed through the skin, and large amounts applied topically
can be inhaled, which can lead to alcohol poisoning and other problems. A number
of case reports in the medical literature describe small children who slipped into
comas after a caregiver tried to reduce their fevers with alcohol.
o [1]Lynn C. Smitherman, James Janisse, Ambika Mathur. "The Use of Folk
Remedies Among Children in an Urban Black Community: Remedies for
Fever, Colic, and Teething." (March, 2005). Volume 115 / issue electronic
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articles.
Reference:[https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/115/3/e297.full]
- Other reports such as ‘Coma Following Use of Rubbing Alcohol for Fever Control’
[2], ‘Comma Produced by Topical Application of Isopropanol’ [3] and ‘Coma In A
Child Following Use Of Isopropyl Alcohol In Sponging’ [4] on the take of rubbing
alcohol and its hazards using it prevent diseases, have described cases in which
adults suffered cardiac and neurological problems after using alcohol-soaked
towels to cool down or ease pain.
o [2]Moshe Arditi, MD; Marta S. Killner, MD. “Coma Following Use of
Rubbing Alcohol for Fever Control.” (March, 1978). Reference:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/513331.z
o [3]Samuel Wilton McFadden, James Edward Haddow. “Coma Produced by
Topical Application of Isopropanol” (April, 1969). Volume 43 / Issue 4.
Experience and Reason—Briefly Recorded. Reference:
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/43/4/622.long
o [4]M.D. Edward H. Senz, Donald L. Goldfarb. “Coma In A Child Following
Use Of Isopropyl Alcohol In Sponging.” (September 1958). Volume 53,
Issue 3. Reference: [https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(58)80219-
X/pdf]
- OPINION: Before, the use of hydrogen peroxide and alcohol in wound cleaning.
Nowadays, we use normal saline irrigation or sterile water, as alcohol destroys the
wound bed and normal cells and it also irritates the skin. Alcohol may sting when
poured on cuts and scrapes, but its cooling effects on intact skin have led many
parents to employ it as a quick home remedy against fevers in small children. In
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other words, these numerous reports have concluded the use of rubbing alcohol as
wound cleaning has revealed that its result have a negative effect on a person’s
health, hence this practice cannot be applied nowadays as it could damage health
more.
OBSOLETE NURSING MEDICAL INSTRUMENT
1. Mercury containing thermometers.
- Based on a study gathered by NIST GOV’s research studies entitled ‘Transitioning
from “Banned” Mercury Thermometers to Alternative Thermometers Measurement
in a Science Conference 2013’ [5] by Dawn Cross and Greg Strouse. Mercury is a
neurotoxin. Meaning everyone is at risk from ingestion exposure to mercury,
mercury poisoning symptoms include: Tremors, emotional change, Insomnia,
neuromuscular changes, performance deficits on tests of cognitive function,
Increase exposure may cause kidney failure, respiratory failure and death. Even
Several U.S. government, state agencies, and international organizations are
driving the removal of Hg thermometers as a means to reduce Hg in the
environment.
o [5]Dawn Cross and Greg Strouse. (2013). “Transitioning from ‘Banned’
Mercury Thermometers to Alternative Thermometers Measurement in a
Science Conference 2013”.
Reference:[https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/pml/Alternati
ve-Thermometer-Overview.pdf]
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- Based on a study entitled ‘Mercury Exposure and Children's Health’[6] by Stephan
Bose-O'Reilly MD, MPH, Kathleen M. McCarty ScD, MPH, Nadine Steckling
BSc, and Beate Lettmeier PhD. It was stated that an acute or chronic mercury
exposure can cause adverse effects during any period of development. Mercury is
a highly toxic element; there is no known safe level of exposure. Ideally, neither
children nor adults should have any mercury in their bodies because it provides no
physiological benefit. Prenatal and postnatal mercury exposures occur frequently
in many different ways. Pediatricians, nurses, and other health care providers
should understand the scope of mercury exposures and health problems among
children and be prepared to handle mercury exposures in medical practice.
- Prevention is the key to reducing mercury poisoning. Mercury exists in different
chemical forms: elemental (or metallic), inorganic, and organic (methylmercury
and ethyl mercury). Mercury exposure can cause acute and chronic intoxication
at low levels of exposure. Mercury is neuro-, nephro-, and immunotoxic. The
development of the child in utero and early in life is at particular risk. Mercury is
ubiquitous and persistent. Mercury is a global pollutant, bio-accumulating, mainly
through the aquatic food chain, resulting in a serious health hazard for children.
This article provides an extensive review of mercury exposure and children's
health.
o [6]Stephan Bose-O'Reilly MD, MPH, Kathleen M. McCarty ScD, MPH,
Nadine Steckling BSc, and Beate Lettmeier PhD. “Mercury Exposure and
Children's Health.” (September 3, 2010). Reference:
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002]
- In proportional to a study specified as ‘Toxicity of Mercury’[7] which was stated by
the authors NJ Langford and RE Ferner, it was the ruling by the European Union
heralds the demise of those useful clinical instruments, the mercury thermometer
and the mercury sphygmomanometer. The new laws have been passed because
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of worries about mercury poisoning. Yet you can drink metallic mercury and come
to no harm. What does it all mean? There are three forms of mercury from a
toxicological point of view: inorganic mercury salts; organic mercury compounds;
and metallic mercury. Inorganic mercury salts are water soluble, irritate the gut,
and cause severe kidney damage. Organic mercury compounds, which are fat
soluble, can cross the blood brain barrier and cause neurological damage.
- Mercury metal poses two dangers. It can be vaporised: the vapour pressure at
room temperature is about 100 times the safe amount, so poisoning can occur if
mercury metal is spilled into crevices or cracks in the floorboards. Dentists are
occasionally poisoned this way. Mercury easily crosses into the brain, and causes
tremor, depression, and behavioural disturbances. A second danger from metallic
mercury is that it is bio transformed into organic mercury, by bacteria at the bottom
of lakes. This can be passed along the food chain and eventually to man.
However, much more metallic mercury is spilled as waste by the chemical industry
than is dropped on the floor in the clinic.
o [7]NJ Langford and RE Ferner. "Toxicity of Mercury''. (October 5, 1999).
Journal of Human Hypertension volume 13, pages 651–656. Reference:
[https://www.nature.com/articles/1000896]
- In relation to the topic of mercury thermometers, a cited source in a form of a
research study named ‘A Comparative Study on The Recording Of Temperature by
The Clinical Mercury Thermometer and Digital Thermometer’ [8] which were
administered by Rinzin Dolkar, Surinder Kapoor, Neena Vir Singh, and Vikas
Suri. Temperature is one of the most common and important clinical sign. The gold
standard for ambulatory patient temperature recording has been done by the
clinical mercury thermometer. Due concerns about the breakages and
environmental hazards newer thermometers have evolved with the hope of
replacing the clinical mercury thermometer. The present study was conducted to
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find the concordance of the digital thermometer with the clinical mercury
thermometer. The results of the present study show that the digital thermometer is
a good alternative to the traditional clinical mercury thermometer. The digital
thermometer should be used as it is environmentally friendly.
o [8]Rinzin Dolkar, Surinder Kapoor, Neena Vir Singh, and Vikas Suri.
(January, 2013). Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal, Vol-9, No.1,
January 2013. Reference: [http://medind.nic.in/nad/t13/i1/nadt13i1p40.pdf]
- OPINION: The use of mercury content in thermometers. Nowadays, we use the
digital thermometer as using the old mercury content in thermometers is dangerous.
The usage of mercury thermometers are no longer used due to its toxic substance.
Usually, these kinds of thermometers are installed within a glass case, and if it
breaks, inhalation of mercury can produce harmful effects on the nervous, immune
system, digestive systems, lungs and kidneys which could lead to fatal situations.
Mercury thermometers were used commonly in the past because mercury is the only
one in liquid state at room temperature, and because of this fact, it is used in
thermometers thanks to its high coefficient of expansion. Although because of the
many dangers mercury exposes, it was then banned on the usage of medical
instruments wherein it resulted to using digital and other thermometers that people
use today. As digital thermometers are great alternatives in replacement of the
infamous mercury thermometers that were once used before.
2. The use of syringes in injections through the process sterilization
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- According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s study regarding
‘Safe Practices for Medical Injections’ [9] stated that unsafe injected practices have
resulted in disease transmission such as: using the same syringe to administer
medication to more than one patient, Using medications packaged as single-dose
or single-use for more than one patient, and failing to use aseptic technique when
preparing and administering injections. And as response of the CDC to these
reasons, it is reasoned out that never administer medications from the same
syringe to more than one patient, do not enter a medication vial, bag, or bottle with
a used syringe or needle, never use medications packaged as single-dose or
single-use for more than one patient. This includes ampoules, bags, and bottles of
intravenous solutions and always use aseptic technique when preparing and
administering injections.
o [9]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of
Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP). "Safe Practices for Medical
Injections". (June 20, 2019).
Reference:[https://www.cdc.gov/injectionsafety/providers/provider_faqs.ht
ml?fbclid=IwAR3-
uMOLn5fhrialWWYaGc2AIYrr4HgIc3nFUB5GD6aeswnJd5lkUPLD9gU]
- According to a WHO guideline on the ‘Use of safety-engineered syringes for
intramuscular, intradermal and subcutaneous injections in health care settings’[10],
it stated that unsafe practices include:
1. Re-use of injection equipment to administer injections to more than one patient,
These practices are often ingrained and believed to be safe, but in reality they lead
to the transmission of bloodborne viruses such as HIV, HBV, and HCV at the
injection site. WHO estimated that 40% of the 16 billion injections were given with
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re-used injection equipment, leading to 21 million new HBV cases, 2 million new
HCV cases and around 260 000 HIV cases.
2. Accidental needle-stick injuries (NSIs) in health care workers (HCWs) which occur
while giving an injection or after the injection, including handling infected sharps
before and after disposal. In 2003, WHO published the burden of diseases from
NSIs in HCWs which showed that there were 3 million accidental needle-stick
injuries leading to 37% of all new HBV cases in HCWs, 39% of new HCV cases
and around 5.5% of new HIV cases.
3. Over-use of injections for health conditions where oral formulations are available
and recommended as the first line treatment.
4. Unsafe sharps waste management putting HCWs, waste management workers
and the community at large at risk of needle-stick injuries and subsequent
bloodborne infections. Unsafe management of sharps waste includes incomplete
incineration, disposal in open pits or dumping sites, leaving used injection
equipment in hospital laundry and other practices that fail to secure infected sharps
waste.
o [10]Gwen Orr Brachman, Arshad Altaf, Nagwa Abdel Tawab Hasanin, Jean
Barry, Odile Frank, Lee-Nah Hsu, Angela Laramie, and Robert Matthews,
WHO (World Health Organization). “Use of safety-engineered syringes for
intramuscular, intradermal and subcutaneous injections in health care
settings” (2016) Reference:
[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250144/9789241549820-
eng.pdf;jsessionid=E75208C43035BFDC59ABF12FE62156BD?sequence
=1]
- In a research study named ‘Sterilizable syringes: excessive risk or cost-effective
option?’[11] by A. Battersby, R. Feilden and C. Nelson. Needles and syringes are
essential tools for health care delivery. However, used incorrectly, could cause
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abscesses and septicaemia and can spread disease. There are two types of
syringe sterilizable and disposable. Disposables are available in three forms:
conventional, auto-disable and safety. WHO recommends that the auto-disable
syringe is the preferred type of disposable equipment for conducting immunization
campaigns. Increased awareness of HIV/AIDS and reports of hepatitis B
transmission spurred WHO to promote safe injections. Wherein disposable
syringes gained popularity as a way to reduce the risks associated with improper
sterilization practices.
o [11]A. Battersby, R. Feilden and C. Nelson. (1999). Reference:
[https://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/77(10)812.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3dm1ET
GbLv1QWHJ_CDGdi874soIbVRURQUrotiVKtKk--f7r72Ots3PxI]
- OPINION: Back then, syringes were made of glass, instead of the silicone we use
today. Since they’re made of hardened materials, they were heat sterilized and
immersed in alcohol. And during that time syringes were not only for single use and
the needle had to be sharpened manually, wherein sterilized or not, it could still
cause a lot of diseases and infect another patient to another, which is why syringes
nowadays are for single use only especially for health and safety purposes for the
security of the patient. Hence, if we were to bring this outdated practice which was
common before during the old days, it is not applicable to the medical field’s practice
as of today. As stated in various recent research studies, this implementation is
inappropriate as using a needle used upon on one patient which is to be used to
another, sterilized or not, some strong chemicals or substances cannot be removed
permanently, causing inevitable infections that could cause a certain bacteria to
spread to many.
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ANALYSIS OF THEREOTICAL
FRAMEWORKS
LIST OF 5 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCHES UNDER BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
NURSING
Research Title: STRESS RESPONSE RELATED TO CLINICAL EXPERIENCES
AMONG STUDENT NURSES OF CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Researchers: Michelle B. Agapito, Elvis A. Intia, and Saneline R. Pactoranan (March,
2003)
Theoretical Framework
In the research paper Of Michelle B. Agapito, Elvis A. Intia, and Saneline R.
Pactoranan which was completed on the year 2003, entitled Stress Response Related
to Clinical Experiences among Student Nurses of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges,
they used the theory of (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), which is the Transactional Model of
Stress and Coping Theory wherein the researchers stated that it poses an interaction
between the person and environment as it treats stress as a physiological state. With
this response people’s level of stress is affected. When a person fails to cope with their
assigned task, there will be a disruption or disequilibrium to the degree of stress. In
moderate and severe or high stress, there are proportionately greater degree of stress
imposed on the excessive stress. Severe disequilibrium occurs and the adaptive
capabilities of the organism is overtaxed.
There are 3 factors which determine the level of stress:
1) The characteristics of the adjustive demand. These are the stressors, or the
stressful situations encountered by the person;
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2) The characteristic of the individual, including their situation or problems of stress,
how the person perceive the situation or problems of stress and how they
respond to these stressor and the degree of the person’s competence;
3) The external resources and support available to them.
(Agapito, Michelle B., Intia, Elvis A., and Pactoranan, Saneline R., 2003)
And according to the theory itself the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping
Theory is a framework which emphasizes to evaluate harm, threat and challenges,
which results in the process of coping with stressful events. And in relation to nursing, in
the situations such as clinical experiences, stress could be evident. Among the major
causes of stress as nursing students include patient care, decision making, taking
responsibility and change. And to juggle their work from housework such as doing
chores, and taking care of family members could surely cause stress as it is truly a
challenge for starting fresh nursing students of CSPC.
In fact, stress may result from internal perceptions that seem challenging for the
nursing students from new clinical experiences closure. Lazarus and Folkman (1984)
attribute stress stimuli to two types of events: major life events, and daily hassles. And
according to this statement itself major life events and daily hassles as student nurses
trying to balance their nursing work to studying at the same time doing housework could
definitely cause a lot of stress which could lead to health problems. Hence, the study in
relation to the theory is well-matched for the situation given especially as a student
nurse of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges during clinical experiences.
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Research Title: AWARENESS ON FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT AMONG
THE EMPLOYEES AND STUDENTS OF CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGES
Researchers: Maricon Jonah G. Deris, Benjie Zachary S. Fortuno, and Joseph Renz P.
Torres (October 2016)
In the research paper entitled Awareness on First Aid and Basic Life Support
among the Employees and Students Of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges was a
research study conducted by Maricon Jonah G. Deris, Benjie Zachary S. Fortuno, and
Joseph Renz P. Torres, which was published on October 2016. They used two theories
related to their research, which were on The Situation Awareness Theory of Mica
Endsley and the Helping Art of Clinical Nursing by Ernestine Weidenbach.
The first theory is the Situation Awareness theory of Mica Endsley. According to
the research, It defines the situation awareness informally and intuitively as knowing
what’s going on and more formally as, “perception of elements on the environment with
in a volume of time and space. In Situation Awareness, Endsley draws the careful
distinction between the three levels of situation awareness (SA) defined by perception
(including “noticing”), comprehension, and projection. Clearly, higher levels depend on
the success of lower levels. Situation Awareness is not the same as long-term memory
knowledge.
This kind of theory is only applicable in dynamic situations where variables are
changing, typically over the course of seconds or minutes. Hence from the name of the
theory itself, ‘’Awareness’’ is being aware or to act fast as possible especially in critical
situations such as emergencies of doing first aid to a person who put himself or herself
into an unpredicted accident. Another thing we should always apply is to have
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perception of the environment, comprehension of what is happening and lastly,
projection of the status- as stated in the theory itself. Therefore, as students or as part
of the employees of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, one must know how to act in
such situations to prevent it from happening once again, relating to the study.
The second theory covered by this research is the Helping Art of Clinical Theory
by Ernestine Weidenbach is a theory that sees nursing as the practice of identifying the
patient’s needs of help through observation of various kinds of behaviour and
symptoms, determining the causes of discomfort as well as evaluating their health and
other needs of a patient. And in such cases, this deems important, playing a vital role in
assessing patient’s symptoms and monitoring their health as basic knowledge of first
aid. And do note that the patient's perception of the situation is an important
consideration to the person helping them when providing competent care. It also
identifies and connects to the situation with the following 5 attributes: mastery of skill
and knowledge, ability to establish and sustain a working relationship, dedication to a
goal, and interest in advancing knowledge, which can be applicable in doing first aid as
means of basic knowledge during an emergency situation.
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Reseach Title: NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF THE HEALTH CARE TECHNOLOGY
STUDENTS OF CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Researchers: Precious Joy T. Belalin, Maria Gemma P. Gavina, and April B. Villaluz
(October 2008)
In this research study it tackles about the Needs and Problems of the Health
Care Technology students of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges proposed by
Precious Joy T. Belalin, Maria Gemma P. Gavina, and April B. Villaluz which was
completed on the year 2008 on the month of October, wherein the researchers opted to
use the theory of Faye Glenn Abdellah’s nursing theory which focuses on the 21 nursing
problems. It is stated by the researchers that they chose this kind of topic to research
more on the basic needs and problems of the health care technology students
department that could improve their academic performances in fulfilling those kinds of
needs.
This study focused on students who might meet maladjustment problems along
with personal, social and academic areas. Knowledge of these needs allows students to
meet and resolve problems arising in their lives. In addition, this allows the person to
view this adjustment demands whether as challenges of threats. Moreover, it depends
on how the student carries out all these threats.
 Needs serve as the driving force and barrier of the student form the problems
outside the closed system which are called as threats. These problems are placed in
an open system which can either pas or not through the closed system depending
on the attainment of needs of the students.
 Throughout the student’s health care technology course, he/she is subsequently
faced with academic problem, thus the personal and social problems of the student
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must maintain an equilibrium so that there will be equal sharing of strengths
resources and coping abilities to develop a well-rounded self-concept.
(Belalin, Precious Joy, T., Gavina, Maria Gemma, P., and Villaluz, April B.,
October 2008)
As a health care technology student, he/she is expected to do well in obligation of
their academic performance, and to do well is to equip them with the best instruments
and facilities that the school can offer for them, which is their environment. As much as
possible, the school should identify the basic needs that could help them improve their
performance, and at this spot, this is where Abdellah’s nursing theory ’21 Nursing
Problems’ comes helpful. In accordance to their needs and problems that nursing
students face, the school should also help address them these certain problems that
could hinder their academic performance via help of teachers, parents and even
guidance counsellors. After all this study emphasized that needs serve as the driving
force and barrier of the student. Thus, this theory is applicable to this research study
conducted by the researchers.
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Research Title: THE LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG LEVEL III AND IV NURSING
STUDENTS OF CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Researchers: Houdini Jr. C. Abonal, Medy Ann T. Juliales and Xenia R. Zaragosa
(2007)
This research was completed on the year 2007 by Houdini Jr. C. Abonal, Medy
Ann T. Juliales and Xenia R. Zaragosa presented this research study to determine the
level of self-esteem among level III and IV nursing students of Camarines Sur
Polytechnic Colleges. They gave various examples of theories and definitions about
self-esteem but they based and focused their study on the “Enhancing Self-Esteem in
Children and Adolescents by Reasoner (1991)”.
According to this model, the roles of parents and teachers are great significance
in determining children's self-concept. Children are able to grow in self-confidence,
personal competence and independence if they can develop five basic attitude
involving, (a) security and trust, (b) identity, (c) belonging, (d) purpose, and (e) personal
competence.
Security and Trust. The first step in the development of self-esteem according to the
study proposed by Reasoner can be achieved by providing the child with well-defined
limits. Inconsistency tends to create anxiety and weakens feeling of security. Adult must
act as role models for appropriate behaviour in order to make children feel secure.
Identity. In developing self-esteem, children need to feel they are unique. It is said that
a child’s identity strengthens when they are given a positive feedback, recognition of
strength, love, acceptance, and help in assessing strengths and shortcomings.
Belonging. It is said that feeling socially accepted is important to children to feel their
uniqueness and similarity from others. Also, a sense of belonging can be developed
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through a family that is united. The family unit enables children to learn how to function
as a group members and learn to handle their own responsibilities.
Purposes. Children need a sense of purpose to provide directions to their as a basis for
success, fulfilment, and therefore a positive self-concept. Expectations that are long
term and relatively general put less pressure on the child and tend to enhance
motivation.
Personal competence. A sense of personal competence grows out of a sequence of

successes. This gives a child a feeling of being able to cope with problems or unset
goals.
Hence, according to the study, the five basic attitudes serves as the foundations
for developing and improving self-esteem of an individual with the help of the parents
and educators since they contribute the influence factor in developing the person’s self-
esteem. Adults have great responsibility for the children to develop their self-esteem,
since they are people who can guide children to develop their own skills and abilities
that contribute to their whole personality as a person. Having high self-esteem through
the factor of self-confidence is one of the most important characteristics that a nurse
should have. Although not in a way where a nurse is too full of himself/herself in terms
of being egoistic, but it is in a factor that could help him/her do his/her tasks properly to
help assist the patient. Having a positive mind set especially as a nursing student, one
must have a healthy mentality in dealing with patients and studies.
Confidence is the framework of self-esteem. This will enhance productivity and
promote professionalism during care. Thus, confidence builds self-esteem and boosts it
at the same time. Meaning, if a nursing student handles a patient with low self-esteem
will result to experiencing anxiety and will have trouble encountering difficult problems
and challenges which could also affect communication with patients and co-student
nurses. In conclusion, the theory applied to this research is relevant to the topic.
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Research Title: EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES ON THE STUDY HABITS OF
THE STUDENT NURSES OF CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Researchers: Nathaniel B. Nagrampa, Larabella Z. Sabareza, and Daryn Y. Zorilla
(October, 2018)
In this research paper proposed by Nathaniel B. Nagrampa, Larabella Z. Sabareza, and
Daryn Y. Zorilla which was completed on October 2018, was based on the Cognitive
Theory Multimedia Learning originally proposed by Richard E. Mayer (2010). This
research was initiated to study the effects of electronic devices on the study habits of
the student nurses of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges as the research title.
The Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning is based on three cognitive science
principles of learning:
1) The human information processing system which includes dual channels for
visual/pictorial and auditory/verbal processing
2) Each channel has limited capacity for processing.
3) Active learning entails carrying out a coordinated set of cognitive processes during
learning.
The Cognitive Theory of Multimedia learning specifies five cognitive processes during
multimedia:
1) Learning selected relevant words from the presented text or narration.
2) Selecting relevant images from the presented illustrations.
3) Organizing the selected words into a coherent verbal representation.
4) Organizing selected images into a coherent pictorial representation and;
5) Integrating the pictorial and verbal representations and prior knowledge.
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According to the study, the theory which is ‘Cognitive Theory Multimedia
Learning’ by Richard E. Mayer (2010) used in this study is somehow relevant and
applied to the nursing teaching strategies nowadays wherein technological facilities are
one of the Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges student support services offer as of
today, which is not only available to the CHCT department but it is open to all other
departments as well. In fact, the direct impact of electronic devices on the acquisition of
learning adapted by the student nurses may also affect their study habits.
Due to the technological advancement that the society exposes to the generation
today, students quickly adapt and develop their skills on using these electronic devices,
wherein they search for information, treat it as data, absorbs it, and then eventually, it
becomes a new required knowledge, where, this is where the five cognitive processes
in multimedia comes in. Even through visual or verbal representation in forms of video,
images, power points and such become powerful tools from the multimedia electronic
devices that student nurses can easily access and use it to their daily applications in
terms of medical teachings to the medical field.
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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

College of Health Care Technology

1. Procedure of hydrogen peroxide and alcohol in wound cleaning.

- According to a recent study in the journal Pediatrics, in ‘The Use of Folk

Remedies among Children in an Urban Black Community: Remedies for Fever,

low-income and minority communities. As rubbing, or isopropyl, alcohol evaporates

comas after a caregiver tried to reduce their fevers with alcohol.

o [1]Lynn C. Smitherman, James Janisse, Ambika Mathur. "The Use of Folk

Remedies Among Children in an Urban Black Community: Remedies for

adults suffered cardiac and neurological problems after using alcohol-soaked

towels to cool down or ease pain.

o [2]Moshe Arditi, MD; Marta S. Killner, MD. “Coma Following Use of

Rubbing Alcohol for Fever Control.” (March, 1978). Reference:

o [3]Samuel Wilton McFadden, James Edward Haddow. “Coma Produced by

Topical Application of Isopropanol” (April, 1969). Volume 43 / Issue 4.

Experience and Reason—Briefly Recorded. Reference:

o [4]M.D. Edward H. Senz, Donald L. Goldfarb. “Coma In A Child Following

Use Of Isopropyl Alcohol In Sponging.” (September 1958). Volume 53,

Issue 3. Reference: [https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(58)80219-

parents to employ it as a quick home remedy against fevers in small children. In

OBSOLETE NURSING MEDICAL INSTRUMENT

1. Mercury containing thermometers.

- Based on a study gathered by NIST GOV’s research studies entitled ‘Transitioning

from “Banned” Mercury Thermometers to Alternative Thermometers Measurement

neurotoxin. Meaning everyone is at risk from ingestion exposure to mercury,

mercury poisoning symptoms include: Tremors, emotional change, Insomnia,

neuromuscular changes, performance deficits on tests of cognitive function,

Several U.S. government, state agencies, and international organizations are

driving the removal of Hg thermometers as a means to reduce Hg in the

o [5]Dawn Cross and Greg Strouse. (2013). “Transitioning from ‘Banned’

Mercury Thermometers to Alternative Thermometers Measurement in a

Science Conference 2013”.

- Based on a study entitled ‘Mercury Exposure and Children's Health’[6] by Stephan

Bose-O'Reilly MD, MPH, Kathleen M. McCarty ScD, MPH, Nadine Steckling

physiological benefit. Prenatal and postnatal mercury exposures occur frequently

children and be prepared to handle mercury exposures in medical practice.

- Prevention is the key to reducing mercury poisoning. Mercury exists in different

chemical forms: elemental (or metallic), inorganic, and organic (methylmercury

at low levels of exposure. Mercury is neuro-, nephro-, and immunotoxic. The

ubiquitous and persistent. Mercury is a global pollutant, bio-accumulating, mainly

This article provides an extensive review of mercury exposure and children's

o [6]Stephan Bose-O'Reilly MD, MPH, Kathleen M. McCarty ScD, MPH,

Children's Health.” (September 3, 2010). Reference:

- In proportional to a study specified as ‘Toxicity of Mercury’[7] which was stated by

toxicological point of view: inorganic mercury salts; organic mercury compounds;

tremor, depression, and behavioural disturbances. A second danger from metallic

than is dropped on the floor in the clinic.

o [7]NJ Langford and RE Ferner. "Toxicity of Mercury''. (October 5, 1999).

Journal of Human Hypertension volume 13, pages 651–656. Reference:

- In relation to the topic of mercury thermometers, a cited source in a form of a

research study named ‘A Comparative Study on The Recording Of Temperature by

clinical mercury thermometer. Due concerns about the breakages and

environmental hazards newer thermometers have evolved with the hope of

a good alternative to the traditional clinical mercury thermometer. The digital

thermometer should be used as it is environmentally friendly.

(January, 2013). Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal, Vol-9, No.1,

January 2013. Reference: [http://medind.nic.in/nad/t13/i1/nadt13i1p40.pdf]

- OPINION: The use of mercury content in thermometers. Nowadays, we use the

digital thermometer as using the old mercury content in thermometers is dangerous.

thermometers thanks to its high coefficient of expansion. Although because of the

use today. As digital thermometers are great alternatives in replacement of the

infamous mercury thermometers that were once used before.