Pripreme Matematika

ɋɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ
Ɋɟɱ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ
ɋɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ

ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ ɫɚ 4 ɢ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɧɨ. Ⱥɭɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ
ɩɨɦɨʄ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɢ ɧɚɞɨɝɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɟʂɟʃɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ, ɝɞɟ ɝɨɞ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ,
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɟ ɢ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɡɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɱɚɫɚ.
ɍ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɭ ɇɚɞɚ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ

ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 2016. ȴɢʂɚɧɚ ȭɭɪɟɬɚɧɨɜɢʄ
ɇɚɬɚɲɚ Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ
1
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
2
ɋɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ
1. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ
ɂɡɜɨɞ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ:
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ – ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ

ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ; ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ
ɨɛɥɢɤɭ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ=ɯn , n∈ N ɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ.
Ʉɨɪɟɧ; ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɚ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ.
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _____
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ, ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ
Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ: ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ, ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ
ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ.
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ, ɪɚɞɧɟ, ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɭɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɭɡ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ:
2.ɆȺ1.1.1. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ, ɰɟɥɟ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɟ ɬɢɯ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ ɢɯ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ
3
2.ɆȺ.1.1.2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɧɨɝ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟ,

ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ, ɦɧɨɠɟʃɟ, ɞɟʂɟʃɟ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɨɮɬɜɟɪ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦɚʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɰɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ, ɩɪɭɠɚ
ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ, ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ
ɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɢ, ɩɪɚɬɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: Ɂɛɢɪɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɚ,
ɚɭɬɨɪɢ: ɀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ,
ɚɭɬɨɪɢ: ȼ.Ɇɢʄɢʄ, ɀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɬɟɩɟɧ, ɛɚɡɚ, ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ
ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ:
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɢ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤ ɢ ɡɛɢɪɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ, ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɭ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɚ, ɞɨɩɭɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ.
ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʁ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ.
ɇɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɨ, ɨɫɜɟɠɢɬɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ
ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 30 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

n
* a ɫɟ ɡɨɜɟ n-ɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɛɪɨʁ ɚ ɡɨɜɟɦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɡɚ, ɚ ɛɪɨʁ n ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ
ɢɥɢ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɬ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɦ.
23 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 , 34 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 , Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: a n = a ⋅⋅ .....
a
⋅a a∈R,
n
n∈ N
* Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ: a, b ∈ R , n, m ∈ N , m < n

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ a n ⋅ b n = (a ⋅ b )
n
1.
⋅ b = (a ⋅ b ) ⋅ (a ⋅ b ) ⋅ .... ⋅ (a ⋅ b ) = (a ⋅ b )
n
a n ⋅ b n = a ⋅⋅ ....
a
⋅ a × b ⋅⋅ ....
b

n puta n puta n puta
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ

ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɚ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. 3 4 ⋅ 2 4 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 = 6 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 = 6 4
n
an § a ·
2. Ʉɨɥɢɱɧɢɤ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ =¨ ¸
bn © b ¹
ɧ puta
n
n
a ɚ ⋅ ɚ ⋅ ... ⋅ ɚ a a a §a· a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
= = ⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅ = ¨ ¸
b n b ⋅ b
⋅ ...
⋅b b
b b ©b¹
n puta n puta
4
20 3 20 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 20 20 20 20
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. = = ⋅ ⋅ = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 = 43
5 3
5⋅5⋅5 5 5 5
3. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɭ ɛɚɡɭ, ɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ:
a n ⋅ a m = a n+m
a n ⋅ a m = a
⋅ a
⋅ ...
⋅ a ⋅ a
⋅ a
⋅ ...
⋅ a = a ⋅⋅ ....
a
⋅ a = a n+m
n puta m puta m+n puta
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. 2 5 ⋅ 2 3 = 2 ⋅
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅
⋅ 2 = 28
2
5 3
4. Ʉɨɥɢɱɧɢɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɭ ɛɚɡɭ, ɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ:
an
m
= a n−m
a
n puta n −m puta m puta

a n a ⋅ a ⋅ ... ⋅ a a ⋅ a ⋅ ... ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ ... ⋅ a a≠0
m
= = = a n−m
a ⋅ a
a ⋅ ...
⋅a a ⋅ a
⋅ ...
⋅a
m puta m puta
3 6 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3/ ⋅ 3/ ⋅ 3/ ⋅ 3/
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. = = 32
34 3/ ⋅ 3/ ⋅ 3/ ⋅ 3/
5. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ (a )
n m
= a n⋅m
m
§ · § · § · § · § ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
(a )
n m
= ¨ ɚ
⋅ ɚ
⋅ ...
⋅ ɚ ¸ = ¨ ɚ
⋅ ɚ
⋅ ...
⋅ ɚ ¸ ⋅ ¨ ɚ
⋅ ɚ
⋅ ...
⋅ ɚ ¸ ⋅ ........ ⋅ ¨ ɚ
⋅ ɚ
⋅ ...
⋅ ɚ ¸ = ¨ ɚ
⋅ ɚ
⋅ ɚ ¸ = a n⋅m
⋅ ...

¨ n ɩɭɬɚ ¸ ¨ n ɩɭɬɚ ¸ ¨ n ɩɭɬɚ ¸ ¨ n ɩɭɬɚ ¸ ¨ n.m ɩɭɬɚ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
m ɩɭɬɚ
ɂɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ: a n ( ) = (a )

m m n
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5.
(2 ) = (2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2)
3 4 4
= 24 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 24 = 24 ( ) 3
ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ: ȼɚɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɞɚ (a ) n m

ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ an
m
.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6. 2 3 ( ) 4
≠ 23
4
(2 )
3 4
= 212
4
2 3 = 2 3⋅3⋅3⋅3 = 281
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɨ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟ (ɚ + b ) ≠ a n + b n
n
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7. (2 + 5) ≠ 2 2 + 5 2
2
(2 + 5)2 = 7 2 = 49 2 2 + 5 2 = 4 + 25 = 29
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ 1) 2 : 4 7 2
2)
215 : 4 3
82
3) ( (a) ) ) − a
3 2
9
60
: a5
5) (22 ) 6) (0,25 ⋅ 8)
3 3
2 5
4) 2
2. ɂɡɜɪɲɢ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɟ (ɚ + b ) ⋅ (a + b )
6 3
5
3. ɇɚɩɢɲɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɞɜɚ ɚ) 512 ɛ) 1024 ɜ) 6 ⋅ 2 6 + 20 ⋅ 2 5

4. ɉɨɦɧɨɠɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ 2 3n ⋅ 3 2 n
Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: 1)
314 : 9 3
2)
(2 + 3)3 ⋅ 4 2 3)
4 3n ⋅ 32 n
27 2 10 4 24 2 n
4) 32
2
5) 3( )2 2
6
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ:_____

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ, ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɫɚ
ɨɫɜɪɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ
ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɨɫɜɪɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ
ɛɪɨʁɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ

ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ
* Ɉɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ:
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = 0, ɫɥɟɞɢ a n = 0
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a > 0, ɫɥɟɞɢ a n > 0
a, b ∈ R + §¨ a = b ɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ a n = b n ·¸

© ¹
a, b ∈ R + §¨ a < b ɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ a n < b n ·¸
© ¹
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a ∈ R − , ɨɧɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ §¨ n ɩɚɪɚɧ, ɫɥɟɞɢ a n > 0 ·¸ ɢ §¨ n ɧɟɩɚɪɚɧ, ɫɥɟɞɢ a n < 0 ·¸
© ¹ © ¹
7
(− 1)2 = (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) = 1
(− 1)3 = (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) = 1 ⋅ (− 1) = −1
(− 1)4 = (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1
(− 1)5 = (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ (− 1) = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ (− 1) = −1
(− 1)2015 = (
− 1) ⋅ (− 1) ⋅ ... ⋅ (− 1) = 1

⋅1 ⋅ (− 1) = −1
⋅1 ⋅ ...
2015 1007
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ:
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ: 1)
(− 2)17 : 4 2 [16]
(− 8)3
2) ( 2
)
((− 2)2 )9 : (− 4)5 : (− 4)7 [-4]
3)
(− 2)2016 ⋅ (− 2)2015 [-8]
4 2014
2. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ x = −0,2 ɩɨɪɟɻɚʁ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ x, x 2 , x 3
3. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɲɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ
2
§ 27a 2 ⋅ (a − 1) · § 2 x · § a + 1 ·
5 15 10 3 4
§ § 4a 2 · § 2a 3 · · 9 x 8 a 12
ɚ) ¨¨ ¸¸ ⋅ ¨ ¸ ⋅ ¨ ¸ ɛ) ¨ ¨¨ 4 ¸¸ : ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ ¸ ⋅
© 8 x ⋅ (a + 1) ¹ © 3 ¹ © a ¹
3 ¨ © 9x ¸
¹ © 3x ¹ 8
© ¹
5 n + 5 n+ 2 n +1
10 − 10 n
4. ɋɤɪɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɤɟ: ɚ) ɛ)
5 n+1 + 5 n+ 2 2 ⋅ 10 n + 10 n +1
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: 1)
(− 3)16 : 9 2 [-27]
(− 27 )3
2)
(− 3)200 ⋅ (− 3)201 [−
1
]
202
9 27
3) ( (− 3) )
2 11
: (− 9 )
5
) : (− 9)
2
7
[ − 95 ]
8

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɰɟɥɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ
ɰɟɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ
ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ
2.MA.2.1.5. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦɚʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɰɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ, ɜɪɲɢ
ɢɡɛɨɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʄɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ, ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ ɤɚ
ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ
ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ

ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ.
ɇɚɦɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɜɞɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɨ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɛɢ
ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɚɧ ɪɚɞ, ɱɢɦɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ
ɦɢɫɚɨɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɠɛɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.
8:8 =1 23 : 23 = 1 an : an = 1 an : an = an−n = a0
9
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: a0 = 1 ɡɚ a≠0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2.
9 1 1
9 : 27 = = 9 : 27 = 3 2 : 33 = 3 2−3 = 3 −1 ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ 3 −1 =
27 3 3
1
3 2 ⋅ 3 −2 = 30 = 1 ɢɡ 3 2 ⋅ 3 −2 = 1 ɫɥɟɞɢ 3 − 2 =
32
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɧɨ: a n ⋅ a − n = a n−n = a 0 = 1 a n ⋅ a −n = 1 ɢɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ:
1
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: a−n =
an
−2 2 −n n
§2· 1 §3· §a· §b·
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ¨ ¸ = 2
=¨ ¸ ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ¨ ¸ =¨ ¸
©3¹ §2· ©2¹ ©b¹ ©a¹
¨ ¸
©3¹
n ∈ N , a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ: ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ:
−1
( 0
) §1·
1) − 5 + 3 − 2 ⋅ ¨ ¸ [2]
©9¹
(
2) 2000 3 )
0
+ 0,1−2 ⋅ 10 −1 [11]
−2 −1
§1· §1·
3) ¨ ¸ − ¨ ¸ ⋅ 2 −2 [3]
©2¹ ©4¹
−3
§ § 1 · −1 ·
4) ¨ ¨1 ¸ − 2 − 2 ¸ [8]
¨© 3 ¹ ¸
© ¹
0
−2§1·
2 + 5⋅¨ ¸
5) ©2¹ [7]
−2
§2·
3−¨ ¸
©3¹
−2 −3
−2 §3· §1· −5
3 −¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ⋅ 10
4
© ¹ ⋅ © ¹ 10 5
6) −1 −1
[ ]
§1· § 1 · 9
2−¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ⋅ 0,0001
©5¹ © 100 ¹
7) 0,1−4 + 0,01−3 + 0,001−2 + 0,0001−1 + 0,000010 [2002000]
−4 −3 −2 −1 0
8) 0,5 + 0,25 + 0,125 + 0,0625 + 0,00001 [161]
1
9) 1−1 + 2 −2 + 3 −3 + (− 1) + (− 2 ) + (− 3)
−1 −2 −3
[ ]
2
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 1, 2
10

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɰɟɥɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ.
ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦɚʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɰɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ, ɜɪɲɢ
ɢɡɛɨɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʄɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ, ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ ɤɚ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ
ɚɭɬɨɪɢ: ɀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ.
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ 3a 2 − 7 a + 1,75 ɚɤɨ ʁɟ a = 5 ⋅ 10 −1 [1]
2. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: A =
((− 12) ) −8 −2
⋅ 75 −1 ⋅ (− 144 )
0
(25 ) −2 4
⋅ 18 6 ⋅ 10 4
−4 2 −2
§1· §3· §5·
3. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = 5 3 ⋅ ¨ ¸ ⋅ ¨ ¸ ɢ b = 10 3 ⋅ ¨ ¸ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ab −1 . [200]
©4¹ ©2¹ © 3¹
3
24 16 −2 § 1 ·
4. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɢ: ɚ) 2 ɢ 3 ɛ) 125 ɢ ¨ ¸
© 36 ¹
5. (5, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɻ) 2 x 2 a −3b ⋅ 3 x b − a ⋅ 5 x 4 a + 2b [ 30 x 5 a ]
ɡ) m −2 ( ) ⋅ (m ) ⋅ (m )
3 3 −2 −4 2
[ m −20 ]
11
−3 −3 −3 −2
§ y −2 · § x −1 · § § 3 x −3 · § 9 x −1 · · x −6 y
6. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: 1) ¨¨ −2 ¸¸ : ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ 2) ¨ ¨¨ − 2 ¸¸ : ¨¨ −3 ¸¸ ¸⋅
©x ¹ ©y ¹ ¨© 5y ¹ © 5y ¹ ¸ 15
© ¹
§ § 2 a − 2 · −4 § 4 a − 2 · −2 · 1 3a 3
3) ¨ ¨¨ ¸ : ¨¨ −3 ¸¸ ¸ ⋅
−3 ¸
[ ]
¨ © 3ab ¹ © 3b ¹ ¸ 12a 5b −2 4b 4
© ¹
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 3, 4, 6. ɜ,ɝ)
12
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɰɢɦɚ

Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɰɟɥɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɭɡ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ.
ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɢ ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦɚʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɚɧ ɪɚɞ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ, ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ ɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɭ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɢ, ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɞɟ
ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɍɱɟɧɢɤ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɚɰ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ:
2 n
§ 2ɚ n b 2 n · § 3ab 3 ·
ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: ¨¨ 15 ¸¸ : ¨¨ 4 ¸¸
© c ¹ © c ¹
a −1 + b −1
1. Ako je a ∈ R \ {0} , b ∈ R \ {0} ɢ a ≠ b ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ .
a −1 − b −1
1 1 b+a
−1 −1 +
a +b a b = ab = b + a .
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ =
a −1 − b −1 1 1 b−a b−a
−
a b ab
13
−1
a −2 + b −2 § a2 + b2 ·
2. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: −1 ⋅ ¨¨ ¸¸ , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ a, b ∈ R \ {0}
a + b −1 © ab ¹
1 1 b2 + a2
−1 +
a −2 + b −2 § a 2 + b 2 · a 2 b 2 ⋅ ab = a 2b 2 ⋅ ab = 1 .
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ −1 ⋅ ¨ ¸ =
a + b −1 ¨© ab ¸¹ 1 1 a2 + b2
+
b + a a2 + b2 b + a
a b ab
− n − n − n
§§ x2 −1 · § x − 1 · ·¸ § 3 x − 1 ·
3. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: ¨ ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ : ¨ ¸ ⋅¨ ¸ , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
¨ © 9x − 1 ¹ © 3x + 1 ¹ ¸ © x + 1 ¹
© ¹
1 1 ½
x ∈ R \ ®− 1,− , ,1¾
¯ 3 3 ¿
4. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɭ ɚ ɢ b ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ a ≠ b ɢ ab ≠ 0 , ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ
−1 −1
§1 1· ab §1 1·
¨ + ¸ : 3 3
+ ¨ − ¸ ⋅ (a − b )
©a b¹ a +b ©a b¹
x −4 − 25 y −2 2
5. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: −2
x − 5y −1
(
⋅ x y ⋅ y + 5x 2 )
−2
x, y ∈ R \ {0}
§ x − x −2 x − x −1 · 1 − x −1
6. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: ¨¨ − 2 −1
− −2
¸:
−1 ¸ −1
, x ∈ R \ {1,0,1}
© x + x + 1 1 + x + 2x ¹ 1 + x
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ:
§ 1 1 · 1
§ x−x −2 −1 −1 ¨ x − x − ¸ 1 −
x−x · 1− x x 2
x ¸: x =
¨¨ −2 − ¸:
−1 ¸
=¨ −
© x + x −1
+ 1 1 + x −2
+ 2 x ¹ 1 + x −1
¨ 1 1 1 2 ¸ 1
¨ 2 + +1 1+ 2 + ¸ 1+ =
©x x x x¹ x
§ x3 − 1 x2 − 1 · x − 1
=
¨
¨ x 2
− x
¸
( )
¸ : x = §¨ (x − 1) x + x + 1 − x( x − 1) ·¸ : x − 1 =
2
¨ 1 + x + x 2 x 2 + 1 + 2 x ¸ x + 1 ¨© x2 + x + 1 x + 1 ¸¹ x + 1
¨ ¸ x
© x2 x2 ¹
=
(x − 1)(x + 1) − x(x − 1) ⋅ x + 1 = (x − 1)(x + 1 − x ) = 1
x +1 x −1 x −1
Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 9
14
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɰɢɦɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ
Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɪɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ ( 5 ɝɪɭɩɚ)
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɰɟɥɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɭɡ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ.
ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚ.
ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɢ ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: ȼɪɲɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɡɚɞɚʁɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɱɚɫɚ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɪɚɞɚ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɭɩɟ
ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɟɬ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɨɦ
ɩɥɚɧɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɟ ɩɨ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ɫɜɚɤɚ
ɝɪɭɩɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɩɚɩɢɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɭ.
Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɬɪɚʁɟ 25 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ.
1. (10. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ:

−1
a −1 − b −1 a 2b 2 § a2 − b2 ·
ɝ) −3 : ¨ ¸¸ ab ≠ 0, a ≠ b
a + b −3 (a + b )2 − 3ab ¨© ab ¹
2 2
§ 2 x + 2−x · § 2 x − 2−x ·
2. (11. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ: ɚ) ¨¨ ¸¸ − ¨¨ ¸¸
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
15
2 −2 x − 2 − x − 6 2 − x − 1
ɜ) + −x −2 , x ≠1
2 −2 x − 4 2 −2
2 −n + 1
( )( )
3. (13. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: ɛ) x + x −1 : x − x −1 , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ x =
2 −n − 1
−1
1 + x −1 § 2 x − 1 · § 2 ·
ɜ) ¨1 − ¸ , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ x = ¨ ¸ , a ≠ 1, a ≠ 3
1 − x −1 © x ¹ © a −1¹
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɪɚɞɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɢ
ɜɪɲɢ ɨɰɟʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɭʁɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ, ɬɚɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɛɪɡɢɧɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɢ ɜɪɲɢ ɫɟ
ɤɨɪɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 10. ɚ, ɛ, ɜ), 11. ɛ, ɝ)
16
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ⱦɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɪɚɞɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɬɡɜ. ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɭɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ, ʁɚɱɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɧɢɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɦɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ, ɨɩɚɠɚʃɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬɢ
2.ɆȺ.1.1.1. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ, ɰɟɥɟ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɟ ɬɢɯ
2.MA.1.1.3. ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɡɚɨɤɪɭɝʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟʃɭʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ.
ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ, ɜɪɲɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʄɟ
ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ
ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɛɪɨʁɚ
ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ. (ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɧɨɦ

ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧʂɢɜɨ ɭ ɯɟɦɢʁɢ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɰɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɥɚɤɲɟ
ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɪɟɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ)
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ.
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɭ
ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ.
ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʁ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɢɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɛɪɨʁ 12536 ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ 12536 = 1 ⋅ 10 4 + 2 ⋅ 10 3 + 5 ⋅ 10 2 + 3 ⋅ 10 + 6 ⋅ 1 .
ɇɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɢ ɛɪɨʁ 25,301 ɤɚɨ
25,301 = 2 ⋅ 10 2 + 5 ⋅ 10 + 3 ⋅ 10 −1 + 0 ⋅ 10 −2 + 1 ⋅ 10 −3
Ɂɚɩɢɫ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɯ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ x = a ⋅ 10 k ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1 ≤ a < 10 ɢ k ∈ Z ʁɟ

ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɯ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ
1. ɋɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ a ⋅ 10 k , ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1 ≤ a < 10 ɢ ɤ ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ:
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ɚ) 0,001 = 1 ⋅ 10 −3 ɛ) 0,00001 = 1 ⋅ 10 −5 ɜ) 0,06 = 6 ⋅ 10 −2 ɝ) 0,028 = 2,8 ⋅ 10 −3

ɞ) 325,28 = 3,2528 ⋅ 10 2 ɻ) 10000 = 1 ⋅ 10 4 ɟ) 12200 = 1,22 ⋅ 10 4
2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ

2,25 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 10 −3 2,25 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 10 −3 9 ⋅ 10 −7
Ⱥ= −5
= −5
= −5
= 7,5 ⋅ 10 − 2
1,2 ⋅ 10 1,2 ⋅ 10 1,2 ⋅ 10
3. ɋɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ a ⋅ 10 k , ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1 ≤ a < 10 ɢ ɤ ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ:
300 5 ⋅ 0,003 2 (3 ⋅ 10 2 ) ⋅ (3 ⋅ 10 −2 )
5 2
35 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 10 −4 37 ⋅ 10 6
ɚ) = = = 6 = 3 ⋅ 10 −3
9000 3
(9 ⋅ 10 )
3 3 3
9 ⋅ 10 9
3 ⋅ 10 9
0,04 2 ⋅ 0,0006 5
=
( ) (
2
4 ⋅ 10 −2 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 10 −4 )
5
=
4 2 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 65 ⋅ 10 −20
=
ɛ)
0,0243 (
24 ⋅ 10 −3
3
) 243 ⋅ 10 −9
2 4 ⋅ 25 ⋅ 35 ⋅ 10 −24 29 ⋅ 35 ⋅ 10 −24
= = 9 3 = 32 ⋅ 10 −15
(8 ⋅ 3) ⋅ 10
3 −9
2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 10 −9
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2015) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɤ ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ ɢ 0,0010101 ⋅ 10 k > 1001 ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɦɚʃɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɨʁɚ k?
1001 = 0,001001 ⋅ 10 6 , ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ: ɧɚʁɦɚʃɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɨʁɚ k=6.
5. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɭɧɰɚ ɢ ɉɥɭɬɨɧɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ 40 ɩɭɬɚ ɜɟʄɟ ɨɞ
ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɋɭɧɰɚ? ɉɨɡɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɋɭɧɰɚ
1,495 ⋅ 10 8 km
40 ⋅ 1,495 ⋅ 10 8 = 4 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 1,495 ⋅ 10 8 = 5,98 ⋅ 10 9
0,0015 ⋅ 10 m
6. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2006) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ k
= 5 ⋅ 10 7 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ
0,03 ⋅ 10
m-k.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: (ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɪɚɞɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ)

1. ɋɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ a ⋅ 10 k , ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1 ≤ a < 10 ɢ k ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ
ɚ) ɉɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ 510083000 km 2
ɛ) Ɇɚɫɭ Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 t
ɜ) Ɇɚɫɭ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
0, 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 7 g
2. ɂɡɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɦɚɫɭ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ
ɚ) 87,5 kg b) 523,4 t
3. ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɛɢʁɟɤɰɢʁɚ, ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ,
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
www.bojanke.com/images/planeta_zemlja
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ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ;
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɧɚɛɪɨʁɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɞɚ ɭɨɱɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ, ɪɚɞɧɟ, ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɉɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ,
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɛʁɟɞɢʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ
2.ɆȺ1.3.3. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ( ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɧɭɥɟ, ɡɧɚɤ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɬɢ, ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ)
ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɟ, ɞɢɫɤɭɬɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɩɪɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: ɉɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɫɚʁɬɭ ɲɤɨɥɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ, ɧɭɥɟ, ɡɧɚɤ, ɩɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ. ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɛɢʁɟɤɰɢʁɟ, ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ. ɍ ɭɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɱɚɫɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ
ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɚɜɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɢɦɚɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f : A → B , ɨɧɞɚ ɫɤɭɩ Ⱥ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɞɨɦɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ

ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɤɭɩ ȼ ɤɨɞɨɦɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ, ɚ f ʁɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ x ∈ A ɞɨɞɟʂɭʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ
ɫɤɭɩɚ y ∈ B . Ɂɚɩɢɫɭʁɟɦɨ y = f ( x) , x ∈ A . Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ ɭ ɪɚɜɧɢ xOy :
{(x, y ) x ∈ D, y = f ( x)}
ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʄɟɦɨ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ:

(ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɫɚʁɬ ɲɤɨɥɟ)
ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ f : D → R , ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɟ, D ⊂ R
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɟ ɯ, x ∈ D ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɭɥɚ,
f ( x ) = 0 ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɫɟɤ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ O x
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Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ A ⊆ D Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ A ⊆ D

ɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ x ∈ A ɜɚɠɢ f ( x ) > 0 ɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ x ∈ A ɜɚɠɢ f ( x ) < 0
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɧɚ ɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ x ∈ D Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚ ɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ x ∈ D

ɜɚɠɢ − x ∈ D ɢ f (− x ) = f (x) ɜɚɠɢ − x ∈ D ɢ f (− x ) = − f (x)
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ɪɚɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ A ⊆ D ɚɤɨ ɡɚ Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ɨɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ A ⊆ D

ɫɜɟ x1 , x 2 ∈ A ɢɡ x1 < x 2 ɫɥɟɞɢ ɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ x1 , x 2 ∈ A ɢɡ x1 < x 2 ɫɥɟɞɢ
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) f (x1 ) > f ( x 2 )
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Ɋɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ a ∈ D ʁɟ ɚɩɫɰɢɫɚ ɬɚɱɤɟ

ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɡɚ f ako ɡɚ ɫɜɟ x ≠ a ,
x ∈ D ɜɚɠɢ f ( x ) > f (a ) . f (a ) ʁɟ
ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f .
Ɋɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ a ∈ D ʁɟ ʁɟ ɚɩɫɰɢɫɚ ɬɚɱɤɟ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɡɚ f aɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ x ≠ a , x ∈ D
ɜɚɠɢ f ( x ) < f (a ) . f (a ) ʁɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f
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ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɨ ɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɚ
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Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: ____
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = x n ɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ.

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ ɢ ɮɥɨɦɚɫɬɟɪɢ ɭ ɛɨʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɦɨʄɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ;
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɰɪɬɚʁɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ y = x n ɢ ɭɨɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɢ
ɞɢɫɤɭɬɭʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ, ɪɚɞɧɟ, ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɭɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɉɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ,
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɛʁɟɞɢʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ
2.ɆȺ1.3.3. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ( ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɧɭɥɟ, ɡɧɚɤ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɬɢ, ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ)
ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ, ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ ɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚʁɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ
ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɩɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
Ɍɨɤ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ:
Ʉɪɚɬɤɨ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ

ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.

y = xn n ∈ N, x∈R
1) Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ y = x n =1 ɥɢɧɚɪɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɯ 0 1
ɭ 0 1
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ: D = R
ɇɭɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɩɪɟɫɟɤ ɫɚ O x ): x = 0
(ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ)
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ I ɢ III ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ
23
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ.

Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: y < 0, x ∈ (− ∞,0) y > 0, x ∈ (0,+∞ )
Ʉɨɞɨɦɟɧ: D = R
2) Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ y = x 2 n=2

ɯ 0 -1 1 -2 2 -3 3
ɭ 0 1 1 4 4 9 9
ɇɭɥɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: x = 0 (ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ)
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ I ɢ II ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ y ɨɫɭ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɡɚ x ∈ (0,+∞ ) ɢ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨ ɨɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɡɚ x ∈ (− ∞,0 )
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: y ≥ 0, x ∈ (− ∞,+∞ )
Ʉɨɞɨɦɟɧ: D = R +
ɯ 0 -1 1 -2 2
ɭ 0 -1 1 -8 8
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ I ɢ III ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: y < 0, x ∈ (− ∞,0) y > 0, x ∈ (0,+∞ )
Ʉɨɞɨɦɟɧ: D = R

ɯ 0 -1 1 -2 2
ɭ 0 1 1 16 16
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ I ɢ II ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ y ɨɫɭ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɡɚ x ∈ (0,+∞ ) ɢ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨ ɨɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɡɚ x ∈ (− ∞,0 )
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: y ≥ 0, x ∈ (− ∞,+∞ ) Ʉɨɞɨɦɟɧ: D = R +
24
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ y = x n ɫɚ ɩɚɪɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɢɦ

ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ.
Ɍɨɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ:
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ y = x n ɫɚ ɩɚɪɧɢɦ ɢ

ɧɟɩɚɪɧɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ.
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʄɟɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x n = a
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ n ɧɟɩɚɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ=ɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x n ɫɟɤɭ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɢ
Ɂɚɬɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɨ n ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨ a ∈ R ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x n = a ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɡɚ

a > 0 , ɬɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ, ɡɚ a = 0 ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɭɥɢ, ɡɚ a < 0 ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟ
ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x 3 = 8
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ n ɩɚɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ, a > 0 , ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x n = a ɢɦɚ ɞɜɚ

ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ=ɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x n ɫɟɤɭ ɭ ɞɜɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɭ ɨɫɭ.
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ n ɩɚɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ, a < 0 , ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x n = a ɧɟɦɚ
ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ=ɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x n ɧɟ
ɫɟɤɭ .
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ n ɩɚɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ, a = 0 , ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x n = a ɢɦɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ=ɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x n ɫɟɤɭ ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x 2 = 9
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
1. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x 3 = 27

2. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x 2 = 16
25
26
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɭʁɭ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭ ɪɚɞɭ. Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɨɩɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ
2.ɆȺ.3.1.2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɨɪɟɧ
ɉɨɞɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x n

ɇɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ x n = a , n ∈ N , a ∈ R + ∪ {0} ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ n-ɬɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɢɡ a
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: ɇɟɤɚ ɫɭ n ∈ N , a ∈ R . ɋɢɦɛɨɥ n a ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ
ɚ) n-ɬɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ a ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɚɞɚ n ∈ N , n = 2k − 1 , k ∈ N , a ∈ R
ɛ) ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ n-ɬɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɛɪɨʁɚ a ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ n = 2ɤ , k ∈ N , a > 0
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x n ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɚɧ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ
ɧɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ, ɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɚɧ ɤɨɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ:
2n
a a ≥ 0 ɢ 2 n +1 a a ∈ R
"Ɉɡɧɚɤɚ (ɫɢɦɛɨɥ) ɡɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɚ ɭ 16. ɜɟɤɭ. ɋɤɨɪɨ ʁɟ
ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɚɲɥɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɢɫɩɢɫɚ ɦɚɥɨɝ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɥɨɜɚ r, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɥɚɬ. radix ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ". ( ɢɡ ȼɢɤɢɩɟɞɢʁɟ )
Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 15. ȼɟɤɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɪ ɒɢɤɟ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧ Ʌɭɤɚ ɉɚɱɢɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɭ
ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɪ ɤɚɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɟɧ, ɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ
ɧɚɱɢɧɟ. ɇɟɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɬɜɪɞɟ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɨɞ ɨɡɧɚɤɟ ɪ. ɍ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ ɫɟ ɡɚ
ɨɡɧɚɤɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɬɚɱɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɛɪɨʁɚ, ɚ ɞɜɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɡɚ
ɨɡɧɚɤɭ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɝ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ( Ⱦɪɟɡɞɟɧɫɤɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚ 1480). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɭ ɬɚɱɤɭ
27
ɧɚɞɨɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɤɨɫɚ ɰɪɬɚ, ɢ ɬɚɤɨ , ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɡɧɚɤ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɨ
ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɟɧ. Ⱦɚɧɚɲʃɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɪɚ ɢɡ 16. ȼɟɤɚ
Ⱥ.Ɋɢɡɟɚ(1524.) ɢ Ʉ. Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɚ (1525.)( ɂɡɜɨɪ ɨɬ ɍɢɤɢɩɟɞɢɹ, Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ 49 cm 2 .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɨɰɤɟ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɢɧɚ 216 cm 3 .
¾ Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɧɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ

ɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ. a =b ɚɤɤɨ a = b 2 a ≥ 0.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. 81 = 9 ⇔ 81 = 9 2
¾ n- ɬɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɧɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ( n = 2ɤ , k ∈ N ), ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ

ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ n ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ.
n
a =b ɚɤɤɨ a = bn a ≥ 0, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɛɪɨʁ a ɡɨɜɟɦɨ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɚ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɚ ɛɪɨʁ n ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ.
− a , a < 0
n n °
Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɡɚ ɩɚɪɧɨ n ɜɚɠɢ ɚ = a =®
° a, a ≥ 0
¯
¾ n- ɬɢ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ( n = 2k − 1 , k ∈ N ) ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ n

ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ. n
a =b ⇔ a = b n , ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɛɪɨʁ
a ɡɨɜɟɦɨ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɚ ɛɪɨʁ n ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɡɚ
n
ɧɟɩɚɪɧɨ n ɜɚɠɢ ɚn = a
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. 3
27 = 3, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ 27 = 33 , 4
16 = 2, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ 16 = 2 4 ,
− 32 = −2, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ − 32 = (− 2) ,
5
5 n
0 = 0, ɫɥɟɞɢ ɢɡ 0 = 0 n
Ɉɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɚ

(− 2) = 4 ɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ − 2 = 4 ?
2
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɢɯ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢ:
x −1
1) 10 x 2) − 5x 3) 4− x 4) − 9x 2 5) 25x 2 6)
2
28
2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ: 1) (− 5)2 2) (1 − 2 ) 2
3) ( 3−2 )
2
4) ( 5−2 )
2
5) (3 + 5 ) 2
+ (3 − 5 ) 2
3 ⋅ 3 (− 2 ) + 2 ⋅ (− 4)2
3
3. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ: 1)
4
(− 3)4 + 5 (− 4)5
( 2 4 + 3 4 3 )⋅ 2 −1 + (− 3) − 1
2
2)
(− 2)2 − 5 (− 2)5
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 22, 23.
29
30
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ, ɩɨɧɚɜʂʃɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɢ ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ
ɢɫɬɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɱɚɫɭ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɭɱɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ
ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɨɩɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ
ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɨɪɟɧ
Ɍɨɤ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɡɨɜɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ; ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ
ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɡɨɜɭ ɫɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ.
ɈɉȿɊȺɐɂȳȿ ɋȺ ɄɈɊȿɇɂɆȺ: n, m, p, k ∈ N ,
Ʉɨɪɟɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɚɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ ɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟ
ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɟ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. 33 a 2 − 23 a 2 + 43 a 2
31
Ʉɨɪɟɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭɜɟɤ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɬɢ

ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟ.
n
a n a
n
a ⋅ n b = n a ⋅ b , a, b ≥ 0 , = , a ≥ 0, b > 0
n
b b
6
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɚ) a5 ⋅ 4 a ɛ) 5
a4 : a3
Ʉɨɪɟɧ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭʁɟɦɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭʁɟɦɨ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ.

(a )
n m
p
=n a( )m p
a≥0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. (a)=
3 2
2
3
ɚ4 , ( 2)
4
3
=48
Ʉɨɪɟɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɭʁɟɦɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɩɨɦɧɨɠɢɦɨ, ɚ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɭ

ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɟɩɢɲɟɦɨ. n m
a x = n⋅m a x a≥0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. 3
a5 = 6 a5 , 2 3 4
a = 24 a
ɑɢɧɢɥɚɰ ɫɟ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ.
ax ⋅ n am = n ax ( ) n
⋅ am , a ≥ 0.
x x + y a 2 − 2ab + b 2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. (ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, 27.ɡɚɞ) ɟ) b 3 ⋅ b 4 ɢ) ɻ) 2a ⋅
4a a−b xy + y 2
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɞɟɨ ɬɟ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɢɡɧɟɬɢ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ.
n
a nb = a ⋅ n b a, b ≥ 0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6. 8 = 4⋅2 = 2 2 , 3
16 = 3 8 ⋅ 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 2 , 16 x 5
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ:
( §
1. (28. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɜ) 0,5 98 + 4 18 − ¨ 0,2 50 +
1
3
·
72 − 200 ¸ )
© ¹
2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: 1) 4
256 − − 53 4 ( ) 3
2) (
5
32 + 3 − 8 )
200
(
3) 5 ⋅ 3 − 2 )
3
3 −1
§3 32 · §8·
4) ¨ − 0,0027 +
¨ 5 ¸ − ¨ ¸
3
© 243 ¸¹ © 11 ¹
3. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɢ: ɚ) 3 5 ɢ 5 3 ɛ) 0,5 ⋅ 3 2 ɢ 0,2 ⋅ 3 5
4. (29. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɛ) 2 18 + 3 8 − 50 + 3 32 ɞ) 33 − 54 − 3 − 128 + 3 250
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 24, 25, 26, 27 ( ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɭ)
32
Ɍɨɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ.
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ.
1 1 1 1 1 1
2,4 ⋅ 8 − 9 + 2 + − 27
3 3 12 2 3 3 2
1. (31.ɛ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: ⋅
1 1 1 3
1 4 − 0,5 + 1,5 2 + 20 − 32
3 2 50
2. (34. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɚ) 4 + 4 + 2 3 + 4 − 2 3 = 3 +1
ɛ) 2+2 2 −1 + 2 −2 2 −1 = 2
5
3. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: ɚ) a3 ⋅ 4 a5 ⋅ a7 : 4 a7 ⋅ 3 a5
§7 ·
ɛ) ¨¨ x 5 ⋅ 3 x 2 ⋅ 4 x 5 ⋅ 6 x 5 ⋅ 3 x 7 ¸¸ : 3 x 5 ⋅ 3 x 7 ,
© ¹
( ) 5
(
ɜ) §¨ x x ⋅ x ⋅ 3 x ·¸ : x 4 ⋅ 6 x 5 ,
© ¹
) ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬ
ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
( )
4. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ: ɚ) 2 − 3 ⋅ 3 26 − 15 3 = 7 − 4 3
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 30, 31. ɚ), 34. ɚ, ɛ), 38.
33
34
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɢɦɟɧɢɨɰɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɤɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ 1 ɱɚɫ, ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ 2 ɱɚɫɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɡɧɚʃɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ
ɤɨɪɟɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ
ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ
ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɚʃɟ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ.

Ⱥɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚʃɭ ɫɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɢɥɚɰ
ɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɤɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɭ
ɢɦɟɧɢɨɰɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ. ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɚʃɟ.
Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɚɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɨɰɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɤɚ:

9 23 3 a2 ⋅ 3 a
1) 3) 3 5)
3 9 5
a3
5 3⋅ 5
2) 4 3
5 4) 6)
2 ⋅ 4 125 5− 2
35
a 2− 3 6
7) 9) 11)
a +1 2 3 −3 2 5+ 3+ 2
12 a+b
8) x a −a x 12)
10) 2 a−b
32 − 8 x a +a x
9 9 3 9 3
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ: 1) = ⋅ = =3 3
3 3 3 3
5 5 4 53 5 ⋅ 4 53 5 ⋅ 4 53 4 3 4
2) = ⋅ = = = 5 = 125
4
5 4 5 4 53 4 4
5 5
3⋅ 5 3 ⋅ 5 4 5 3 ⋅ 4 52 ⋅ 4 5 3 ⋅ 4 53 3 ⋅ 4 125
4) = ⋅ = = =
2 ⋅ 4 125 2 ⋅ 4 53 4 5 2 ⋅ 4 54 2⋅5 10
5)
a2 ⋅ 3 a
=
a2 ⋅ 3 a
⋅
5
ɚ2
=
ɚ 2 ⋅ 15 ɚ 5 ⋅ 15 ɚ 2( ) 3
=
ɚ 2 ⋅ 15 ɚ11
= ɚ ⋅ 15 ɚ11
5
a3 5
a3 5 ɚ 2 5
ɚ5 ɚ
6)
3
=
3
⋅
5+ 2
=
3⋅ 5+ 2
=
3⋅ 5 + 2 ( ) ( )
5− 2 5− 2 5+ 2 5−2 3
x a −a x x a −a x x a − a x x 2 ɚ − 2ax ax + a 2 x
10) = ⋅ =
x a +a x x a +a x x a −a x x 2a − a 2 x
11)
6
=
6
⋅
( 5+ 3 − 2 )
=
5+ 3+ 2 5+ 3 + ( ) 2 ( 5+ 3 − 2 )
6⋅ ( 5+ 3+ 2) 6 ⋅ ( 5 +
=
3+ 2
=
3⋅ ) ( 5 + 3 + 2 3 − 15
⋅
)
=
( 5+ 3 − 4 )
2
6 + 2 15 3 + 15 3 − 15
=
3⋅ ( )(
5 + 3 + 2 ⋅ 3 − 15
=−
) ( 5 + 3 + 2 ⋅ 3 − 15 )( )
−6 2
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 35, 36, 40
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ.
1. Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɢɨɰɢɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɤɚ:

1 2− 2 1
1) 3)
(
3− 2
2
) 2)
2+ 2 1+ 2
36
2) Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɢɨɰɢɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɤɚ:
1 4) (ɡɛɢɪɤɚ 44. ɻ))

1)
(3 − 2 )3
a+b + a −b
2− 2 − 3 a +b − a−b
2)
2+ 2 − 3
1
3) (ɡɛɢɪɤɚ 46.ɚ))
1+ 2 + 3
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ:
2 2 a+3 a −1
5) 7) 10)
1+ 3 + 2 + 6
3
a2 − 9 a −3 a
1 1
6) 4 8)
3 −8 5 3+3 5
1
9) 3
9 + 3 3 +1
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 44 – ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɭ.
Ɍɨɤ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɱɚɫɚ
1. (46.ɞ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): 2 3 + 5 − 13 + 48
2. (54, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ:
(
a) 4 + 15 )( 10 − 6 ) 4 − 15 = 2
2 2
§ 4 · §6−5 6 ·
ɝ) ¨¨ ¸¸ − ¨¨ ¸ = 2 61 + 24 5
¸
©3− 5 ¹ © 5− 6 ¹
3. (119, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɚɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɨɰɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɤɚ:

1 12
ɚ) ɛ) 3
10 − 5 + 2 2 − 2 11 − 3 5
4. (125, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): Ⱦɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɚ = 8 + 2 10 + 2 5 , b = 8 − 2 10 + 2 5 .

(
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ab = 2 5 − 1 , ) a + b = 2 5 +1 ( )
37
38
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɡɧɚʃɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɜɟɠɛɚ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ
ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɬɟɩɟɧ, ɤɨɪɟɧ
Ɍɨɤ: ɩɪɜɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ
−1
§ 1 53 § −3 5 ·
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ 10 : ¨ 2 + (− 4)2 ·¸ + ⋅¨ 4 + ¸
© 3 ¹ 3 © 24 ¹
(1,3)0 + (0,2)1 ⋅ 16 −2 −2 (− 8)2

2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: −
3
(− 3)3 (− 2)3
3
3. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɚ = ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɚ + ɚ −1
3 −1
39
1+ ɚ 1− ɚ
4. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɚ = 3 ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ: −
2 1+ 1+ ɚ 1− 1− ɚ
5. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ: 8 + 2 10 + 2 5 + 8 − 2 10 + 2 5 = 2 5 + 1( )
6. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɚ) 3 7 + 5 2 + 3 7 − 5 2

ɛ) 3
x + 8+ x ⋅3 x − 8+ x
3
ɜ) 38 + 17 5 + 3 38 − 17 5
2 − 3 22 + 3 2 −1
7. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ: 3
2 −1
40
ɑɚɫ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚ

ɦɟɫɬɭ:
§ § 3a 2 · −3 § 9a − 2 b · −2 · b 7
1. ɂɡɜɪɲɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ¨ ¨¨ −3 ¸¸ : ¨¨ ¸ ¸⋅
¨ © 4b ¹ © 4 ¸¹ ¸ 12a −11
© ¹
( )3
2. ɂɡɜɪɲɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ x 6 ⋅ 4 x ⋅ 3 x 2 : §¨ 8 x 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x x ·¸
© ¹
3. ɂɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ:

§ a + a −1 − 1 a − a −1 · a −1
ɚ) ¨¨ − ¸:
© a+a
−2
a + a −1 + 2 ¸¹ 1 + a −1
(
a −4 − 9b −2 b + 3a 2
ɛ) − 2 ⋅
)−1
a − 3b −1 a − 2 b −1
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2012.)

§ (− 0,4 )3 (− 0,8)3 · § 3
ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ: ¨¨ − ¸ : − 3 ·¸
3 ¸ ¨
© (− 0,8) (− 0,4 ) ¹ © 4
3
¹

x + 2 + x2 − 4 x + 2 − x2 − 4
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ x > 2, x ∈ R ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: +
x + 2 − x2 − 4 x + 2 + x2 − 4
a + x2 a + x2
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a > 0, x > a ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: −2 a + +2 a
x x
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 65.ɚ), 67.ɜ)
41
42
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ

Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɪɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɜɟɠɛɚ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ
ɭ ɪɚɞɭ. Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɟ ɢ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɱɚɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɱɚɫɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɢ ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ

ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ, ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɤɨ ʄɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ.
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɟ 25 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ:
m n−m
§ 2 1 · § 1·
¨m − 2 ¸ ¨n + ¸
n ¹ © m¹
1. (10. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɞ) © n m−n
mn ≠ 0, mn ≠ ±1
§ 2 1 · § 1·
¨n − 2 ¸ ¨m + ¸
© m ¹ © n¹
(ɚ − b )2 + 4ab b3 − a3
2. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ⋅ , ako je a + b > 0 , a − b ≠ 0
b4 − a4 (a 2
+ b2 )−1
43
2
§ɚ ɚ +b b ·§ a + b ·
3. (67. a), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ¨¨ − ab ¸¸¨¨ ¸ ,
¸ a, b > 0 , a ≠ b
© a + b ¹© a − b ¹
x + y −1 x− y§ y y ·
4. (67. ɛ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) + ¨ + ¸, x, y > 0 , x ≠ y
x + xy xy ¨© x − xy x + xy ¸¹
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɬɪɚʁɟ ɨɤɨ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ
ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɪɚɞɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɞɚʁɟ

ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɢ.
44
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɨɱɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ
ɰɟɥɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ
ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɧɨɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ.

ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢʁɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ.

m
m
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: a ∈ R + , ∈ Q , m ∈ Z , n ∈ N a n
= n am
n
m p
m p
Ⱥɤɨ ɜɚɠɢ a ∈ R + , m, ɩ ∈ Z , n, q ∈ N ɬɚɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ: Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ = , ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ an = aq .
n q
Ⱦɨɤɚɠɢɦɨ.
Ⱥɤɨ je
m p
= ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ mq = np , ɩɚ ɜɚɠɢ ɚ mq = a np , ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɥɟɞɢ a m
n q
( ) = (a )
q p n
,
45
q n
§§ m ·n · §§ p ·q · § mn ·
nq
§ qp ·
nq
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
ɞɚʂɟ ʁɟ ¨¨ a n ¸¸ = ¨¨ a q ¸ ¸ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ¨¨ a ¸¸ = ¨ a ¸ , ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ
¨ ¸ ¨ ¨© ¸¹ ¸ ¨ ¸
©© ¹ ¹ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
m p
q
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ a = a n
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ

ɰɟɥɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ.
1
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. 27 = 3 27 = 3 3
( 3 ) =3
3
( ) 3 3
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. 81 = 4 813 = 4 34 4
= 4 4 3
= 27
3
( 2 ) =2
3 − 3
§1·
(2 )
− 2 3
2 3
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. 0,25 2
=¨ ¸ = 4 = 43 =
2
= 2 3
=8
©4¹
ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ:
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
2) (0,125) 3) (0,008) 3 − (0,064 ) 3
3 −
1) 4 − 8 + 16 − 32
2 4 5 3
1 1 1
§ 1 ·3 § 2 ·3 § 1 ·3
5) 32 0, 6 − 16 0,75 + (1,44 )
0,5
4) ¨ 7 ¸ ⋅ ¨ 2 ¸ ⋅ ¨ 3 ¸
© 2¹ © 3¹ © 5¹
1 4
− 0 , 25
6) 3 ⋅ 3
5
⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 − 0,75
5
7) 0,51,5 ⋅ 0,25 0,5 ⋅ 8 −1,5
46
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ - ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
ɢɫɬɢɯ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɬɟɩɟɧ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: ɚ) 9 0,7 ⋅ 3 −0, 4
1
−
0,3 1, 4
ɛ) 36 ⋅6 ⋅ 216 3
−0 , 5
3
§1·
ɜ) (0,25)
−
2 ⋅¨ ¸ ⋅6 4
© 16 ¹
2
− 2 −2
§ 3· 3 § 1·
ɝ) ¨ 3 ¸ + 27 3 ⋅ 9 0,5 ⋅ 3 − 2 − ¨ − ¸
© 8¹ © 2¹
47
−10 −3
§1· −3 −4 −2
§ −1 ·
ɞ) ¨ ¸ ⋅ 27 + 0,2 ⋅ 25 + ¨¨ 64 9 ¸¸
©3¹ © ¹
2
§ 1 · 1
§ −1 ·
2. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ¨¨ a 4 − 6 ¸¸ − 12a 4 ¨¨ a 4 − 1¸¸ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɚ=9.
© ¹ © ¹
4
§ 1 − · 4
¨ − 4 § 32 · 3 ¸ §¨ −0, 25 § − ·
1· 3 ¸
3. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: 1) ¨ 4 + ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ ¸ ⋅ ¨ 4 − ¨2⋅ 2 ¸ ¸
¨ © ¹ ¸ © ¨ © 2¹ ¸
© ¹ ¹
−0 , 75
( ) · −1 4
§ 0 2
¨ §1· ¸ ⋅ 3 4 + 216
2) 2 3 − 3¨ ¸
3
¨ © 2 ¹ ¸
© ¹
1 1 2 1 2
§ 3 ·§ ·
3) ¨ 5 + 3 ¸¨ 5 − 15 + 3 3 ¸¸
¨ 3 ¸¨ 3 3
© ¹© ¹
48
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: ______
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟɦ - ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ

ɢɫɬɢɯ
1. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ:
1 1
1) 6 8 ɢ 3
4) 9 2 ɢ 25 3
2) 3
5 ɢ 2⋅3 3
3) 3⋅ 3 2 ɢ 3
7
2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
49
2
§§ 2 ·
2 ·
¨¨§ 2 · ¸
1) ¨ ¨ 2 ¸ ¸ ¸
¨
¨©© ¸
¹ ¹ ¸
© ¹
1
§ 1 − · 1
¨ 8 § − 23 · 2 ¸ §¨ 12 § 1 · − 2 ·¸
2) ¨16 + ¨¨ 27 ¸¸ ¸ ⋅ ¨ 2 − ¨ ¸ ¸
¨ © ¹ ¸ ¨© ©9¹ ¸
© ¹ ¹
2
1
§ − 1 ·3
¨ −1 § 1 · 2 § 2 · 3¸
3) ¨2 ⋅¨ 9 ¸ ⋅¨ (− 7 )2 + 18 + 10,6 ¸ : 8 ¸
¨ © ¹ © 5 ¹ ¸
© ¹
1 −1
§ · § 2 ·
¨§ 4 § 4 ·· 2 ¸ § 11 ·
4) ¨ ¨¨ : ¨1 − ¸ ¸¸ + 1¸ ⋅ ¨ ¨1 − ¸ − 3 (− 1) ¸
3
¨© 5 © 9 ¹¹ ¸ ¨© © 5¹ ¸
¹
© ¹
1
§ 1 − · 1
¨ 8 § − 23 · 2 ¸ §¨ 12 § 1 · − 2 ·¸
5) ¨16 + ¨¨ 27 ¸¸ ¸ ⋅ ¨ 2 − ¨ ¸ ¸
¨ © ¹ ¸ ¨© ©9¹ ¸
© ¹ ¹
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ: ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ:

2 3 1 1 1
− − −
9 5 8 1
§ · §
5 − · 2 1− a 2
a +a
2 2
1) ¨¨ x ⋅ y
2 4 ¸ ⋅¨x ⋅ y
15 3 ¸ x, y > 0 5) − ɚ > 0, ɚ ≠ 1
¸ ¨ ¸ 1
a −1
© ¹ © ¹ a +1
2
1 2,5 1 1
§ · 3
¨ 27 a ¸2
b 12 a + a 2 +1 § 2 ·
6) : ¨ − 1¸
a ɚ > 0, ɚ ≠ 1
2) ¨ 0, 2 ¸ ⋅ ɚ, b > 0 1
¨ ¸
1
¨ b ¸ 3 3⋅a
4 24 a 2 +1 © ¹
© ¹
a−b a−b
3) 1 1
+ 1 1
ɚ, b > 0, a ≠ b
a2 + b2 a2 −b2
ɚ 0,5 + 1 1
4) 0,5
: 1,5 ɚ > 0, ɚ ≠ 1
ɚ + ɚ +1 ɚ −1
50
1 1
1 2 1 2
§ · § ·
7) (64.ɞ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ¨ ɚ + ɯ ¸ + ¨ ɚ − ɯ 2 ¸¸ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɯ = 4(ɚ − 1)
¨ 2 ¸ ¨
© ¹ © ¹
1. (65. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ:
«¬
(
ɛ) ª 4 ɪ − 4 q ) +(
−1
4 ɪ +4 q ) −1
º:
»¼
p+ q
p−q
, p≠q
1 1
1
x −1 x +x
2 4
ɝ) 3 1
⋅ 1
⋅ x +1 ,
4
x>0
x +x4 2
x +12
2. (68. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ:
3 3 3 3
p −q 2 2
p +q
2 2
ɛ) − , p, q > 0, p ≠ q
pq pq
p+ q− p− q+
p+ q p− q
2 x §a a +x x ·
ɜ) + ¨¨ − ax ¸¸ : (a − x ) , a > 0, x > 0, a ≠ x
a+ x © a+ x ¹
2 2
ɚ+b ɚ−b a3 −b3
ɝ) 2 1 1 2
− 2 1 1 2
+ 1 1
, a ≠ −b
a −a b +b
3 3 3 3
a +a b +b
3 3 3 3
a +b
3 3
1
§ § 1 1 −2 · 2
¨ ¨ 1 § b · − 2 1 § a · − 2 ·¸ ¸
ɞ) ¨1 + ¨ ¨ ¸ − ¨ ¸ ¸ ¸ , 0<a<b
¨ ¨2©a¹ 2©b¹ ¸ ¸
© © ¹ ¹
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 65.ɚ, ɜ), 66
51
52
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ

ɢɫɬɢɯ
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2014.)

1
1
ª − −1 º
2
§ 1 · 2
ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ: 4 ⋅ ¨ ¸ + ¨ (− 2 ) − 1,8 ¸
§ · ⋅ §¨ 3 (− 1) + 2,2 ·¸
« −1 2 » 3
« © 25 ¹ © ¹ » © ¹
¬ ¼
§ a − b ·¸
ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ¨
1
¨ a− b
−
2 a
3 3
:
a − ab + b ¸
(
⋅ a + b + 2 ab , ) a, b > 0, a ≠ b
© a + b ¹
53
1
4 −2 − 3 −4
3. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ A = ⋅ (
0 ,5 + 3 )
−1 −1
− 3 −1
⋅ 81
−
4
ɨɞɪɟɞɢ A −1
0,5 − 3 −1
2 4
§ · 0
§ 2x − 3 ·
¨ x x3 ¸
( )
3
−1
4. ¨ 2 1
− 4 1 ¸
⋅ x − 3 − 2x − ¨ ¸ ɯ > 0, ɯ ≠ −5
¨ x 3 − 2x −3 x 3 − x 3 ¸ © x+5 ¹
© ¹
5. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɡɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɯ:
ɚ)
(1 − x )(x + 2) , x = 3 − 1 ɛ) x 3 + 3 x , x = 3 5 +2 −3 5−2
x ( x + 1)
2 2
2
§ 1+ ɯ 1− x · § 1 1·
6. ɍɩɪɨɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ¨¨ + ¸ ⋅¨ 2 −1 − ¸ ,
¸ ¨ x ∈ (0,1)
© 1+ x − 1− x 1 − x2 − 1 + x ¹ © x x ¸¹
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 69. a,ɛ)
54

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ
ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɂɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ
ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɞ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɚ. ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ

ɢɦɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɟ.
Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɬɪɚʁɟ ɨɤɨ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ
1. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɚ + ɚ −1 = 3 ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɚ 3 + ɚ −3
2. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ 7 + 2 10 + 5 − 2 6
§ x− y x + y ·¸ 1
⋅ 2 ⋅ ( xy ) 3 ,
−
3. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ¨ 3 −3 ɯ, y > 0
¨ x −3 y x + 3 y ¸¹
©
2
1 −
§ 1 − · 3
¨ § 2 · 3 §1· ¸ 2
4. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ¨ 2 −1 ⋅ ¨ (− 7 ) + 18 + 10,6 ¸ : 8 ⋅ ¨ ¸ ¸
2
¨ © 5 ¹ ©9¹ ¸
© ¹
1
5. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: x 3 + 3 x − 14 ɚɤɨ ʁɟ x = 3 7 + 5 2 −
3
7+5 2
55
ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɱɚɫɚ ɩɭɲɬɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɪɲɢ ɫɟ

ɤɨɪɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 69. ɜ, ɝ)
56
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɂɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ. ɉɨʁɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧ

ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨʁɚɦ ɤɨɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ
ɛɪɨʁɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ
2.ɆȺ.2.1.2. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɝɚ ɭ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɡɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɯ 2 + 1 = 0 ɧɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ. ɉɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɛɪɨʁ, ɭ
ɨɡɧɚɰɢ i, ɬɚɤɚɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ i 2 = −1 . ɋɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ
ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ a + bi ɨɧɞɚ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɢɦɚ. Ȼɪɨʁ i ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ.
ɂɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɨ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɪ Ɋɚɮɚɟɥ Ȼɨɦɛɟɥɢ 1572.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɟɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢɦ, ɧɢɦɚɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɦ ɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚɧɢ, ɤɚɨ
ɧɭɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ. ȵɢɯɨɜɨ ɭɡɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ, ʁɟɪ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ
ɧɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɪɟɲɢɨ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. Ȼɨɦɛɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɭɜɟɨ ɧɨɜɢ ɛɪɨʁ –
ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ. ( ɢɡɜɨɪ: http://elementarium.cpn.rs/)

½
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: ɋɤɭɩ C = ®a ± bi a, b ∈ R ¾ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ i ɛɪɨʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɨ i 2 = −1 ɫɟ
¯ ¿
ɡɨɜɟ ɫɤɭɩ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ.
57
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ b = 0 , ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ a + bi ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ a , ɩɚ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ

ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɨʁɟɜɚ R ɩɨɞɫɤɭɩ ɫɤɭɩɚ C.
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɚ = 0 , ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ a + bi ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ bi .
Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɡɛɢɪ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɢ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ.
Ako je z = a + bi , ɨɧɞɚ ɢɦɚɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɟ:
a je ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ z ɢ ɩɢɲɟ ɫɟ a = Re (z )
b je ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ z ɢ ɩɢɲɟ ɫɟ b = Im(z ) , z = Re z + i Im z
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Re(3 + 2i ) = 3 Re(4) = 4 Re(5i ) = 0 Re(5 − 2i ) = 5

Re(4i − 2) = −2
Im(3 + 2i ) = 2 Im(4) = 0 Im(5i ) = 5 Im(5 − 2i ) = −2

Im(4i − 2) = 4
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɯ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɯ 2 = −1 , ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ ɛɪɨʁɚ i ɦɨɠɟɦɨ

ɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɯ 2 = i 2 ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ: x 2 − i 2 = 0 ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɚ (x − i )( x + i ) = 0 . Ɋɟɲɟʃɚ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɭ x = i ɢɥɢ x = −i . Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɞɜɚ
ɛɪɨʁɚ ɯ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɯ 2 = −1 .
i0 = 1 i4 = i2 ⋅i2 = 1
i1 = i i5 = i4 ⋅ i = i
ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ:
i 2 = −1 i 6 = i 4 ⋅ i 2 = −1
i 3 = i 2 ⋅ i = −i i 7 = i 4 ⋅ i 3 = −i
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ i 4k + p = i p , ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɤ ɢ p ɰɟɥɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ
ɚ) i 2015 ɛ) i 2016
ɜ) 5i 37 + i 2 − 8i 5 + 6i − 2i 26 + i 17 ɝ) 7i −120 + 9i 58 + 24i −42 − 16i 35
1) (1 + i ) 2) (1 + i )
2 3
2. ɇɚʄɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ
3) (1 + i )
4
58
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɚ, ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɚ, ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɚ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʁɭ, ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ȳɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ ɭ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɋ
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ z = a + bi ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤ ɧɭɥɢ ɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ
ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢ ɧɭɥɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ a=0 ɢ b=0 .
Ⱦɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ z = a + bi ɢ w = c + di ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɢ

ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɚɠɢ a = c ∧ b = d .
ɚ + bi = c + di ɚɤɤɨ (a − c ) + (b − d )i = 0
ɚɤɤɨ a−c = 0∧b−d = 0
ɚɤɤɨ a = c∧b = d
59
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɚ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ z = a + bi , w = c + di
z + w = (a + bi ) + (c + di ) = (a + c ) + (b + d )i
z − w = (a + bi ) − (c + di ) = (a − c ) + (b − d )i
z ⋅ w = (a + bi ) ⋅ (c + di ) = (ac − bd ) + (ad + bc )i
Ʌɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɟ ɤɨɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ

ɜɚɠɢ:
z + w = w + z , z ⋅ w = w⋅ z
ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɧɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
( z + w ) + u = z + (w + u ) , ( z ⋅ w ) ⋅ u = z ⋅ (w ⋅ u )
ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɠɟʃɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɨ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟ
(z + w) ⋅ u = z ⋅ u + w ⋅ u
1. Ɂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ m ɢ n ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ z = 15 + (m − 3)i ɢ
w = 5n + 8i
2. (81. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɇɚʄɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɯ ɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ

ɚ) (1 + 6i )x − (2 − 3i ) y = 9i − x (4 + 3i )x − (2 − i ) y − 10i = 0
3. ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ z = −5 + 9i i w = 6 − 4i . ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ a) z+w ɛ) z-w ɜ) zw ɝ) 2z-3w
ɞ) w 2
4. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ:
ɚ) (5 − 2i ) + (2 + 8i ) ɛ) 3 ⋅ (5 − 2i ) − (4 − 2i ) ɜ) (3 − 2i ) ⋅ (2 + 5i )
ɝ) (1 + 2i )
3
ɞ) (1 − i )
20
(
ɻ) 1 − i 3 ) 3
60
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ⱦɟʂɟʃɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɟʂɟʃɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɨ-
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɞɟɥɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ
ɋɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɧɭɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɢɦɚ ɫɟɛɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɱɚɧ, ɬʁ. ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
1 1 a −b
z = a + bi ≠ 0 ɨɧɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ = z −1 i ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ = 2 2
+ 2 i.
z z a +b a + b2
ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ z = a + bi , w = c + di ɢ w ≠ 0 ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ
z a + bi c − di (ac + bd ) + (bc − ad )i ac + bd bc − ad
= ⋅ = = 2 + i
w c + di c − di c2 + d 2 c + d 2 c2 + d 2
3
1 − 2i 1 § 1+ i ·
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɚ) ɛ) ɜ) ¨ ¸
2 + 3i (1 + i )6 © 2 − 2i ¹
2. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ:

2+i 2 5
a) z = ɛ) z = +
(3 − i ) 2
1 − 2i 1 + 2i
61
3
− 6 − 2i § i −1·
ɜ) z = ɝ) z = ¨ ¸
(1 − i )3 © i +1¹
i 2016 + i 2017
3. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ i ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ:
i 2015 − i 2014
Ȼɪɨʁ z = a − bi ɫɟ ɡɨɜɟ ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɛɪɨʁɭ z
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɜɚɠɢ:
z=0 ⇔ z =0 z=w ⇔ z=w
z=z z=z ⇔ z∈R

z+w= z+w z−w= z−w
§z· z
zw = z ⋅ w ¨ ¸=
© w¹ w
z+z z−z
Re( z ) = Im( z ) = z⋅z∈R ∧ z⋅z ≥ 0
2 2i
§z ·
4. Ako je z1 = 2 − 3i , z 2 = 3 + i ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ z1 − 2z 2 z1 ( z 2 − i ) , ¨¨ 1 ¸¸ , z1 ⋅ z1
© z2 ¹
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 71,74
62

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ.
ɉɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɡɧɚʃɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɦ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɨɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɂɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ
n
§1 + i ·
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɬɚɤɨ n ∈ N ɞɚ ʁɟ ¨ ¸ =1
©1− i ¹
2. (86. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ
ɛ) z=
(1 + i ) + (i − 1)
8 8
ɝ) z =
(1 + i 7 ) + (1 − i 7 )
4 4
(1 + i )6 − (1 − i )6 §¨ − 1 + i 3 ·¸ + (− 1 − i 3 )
4 4
© ¹
3. (87. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ
§ 4 ·
ɛ) ¨ ¸
12
ɜ)
(1 + i )100
© i 3 −1¹ (1 − i )96 − i(1 + i )98
4. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ (1 + i )
2015
63
5. (97. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɯ ɢ ɭ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ

z1 = y 2 − 7 y + 9 xi ɢ z 2 = −12 + 20i + x 2i ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢ.
6. (98. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɯ ɢ ɭ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ

z1 = 8 ɯ 2 − 20i 9 ɢ z 2 = 9 x 2 − 4 + 10 yi 3 ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 86, 87 ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ
64
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Moɞɭɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɚ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɦɨɞɭɨ

2(i − 1) + (i + 1)
200 400
+1
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ:
(2i )100 + 1
Ɇɨɞɭɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ z = a + bi = z ⋅ z = a 2 + b 2 , ɡɧɚɦɨ ɢ

z⋅z ≥ 0
Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɜɚɠɢ
z = 0 ɚɤɤɨ z = 0 z = z
z z
zw = z w = w≠0
w w
z+w ≤ z + w
Ɇɨɞɭɥ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ.
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɞɭɥ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ:

2 1
a) z = − + i ɛ) z =
( 3 + 2i )
2
3 2 8
65
§1− i ·
ɜ) z = ¨
5
ɝ) z =
(1 + i )2016
¸
©1+ i ¹ i 2017 + 2
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2013.) Ⱥɤɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ z ɜɚɠɢ z − 3 = z − 3 + 2i ɢ

z − 2i = z + 4 − 2i ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ z
z −1+ i
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2014.) Ⱥɤɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ z ɜɚɠɢ =1 ɢ
z − 2 + 2i
z
= 1 ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ Im(i ⋅ z )
z −1− i
4. (100. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ z ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
2
ɜ) z + z = 0 ɝ) z 2 + z = 0
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 88, 89, 100. ɞ,ɻ)
66
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɧɨɦ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ʁɚɱɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: Ƚɚɭɫɨɜɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ
ɋɜɚɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ

ɛɪɨʁɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ (ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɞɟɨ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ
(ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ). Ɉɛɪɧɭɬɨ, ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɭɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ (ɯ,ɭ) ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ z = ɯ + ɭi .
ɇɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɦɚɦɨ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɚɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ
ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɋ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɚ R 2 . ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɜɪɞʃɚ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ
ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋ ɢ R 2 ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ.
ȿɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɢɡ R 2 ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɭ ɪɚɜɧɢ.

Ɉɛɨɫɬɪɚɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɋ ɢ R 2 ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɰɪɬɚʁɭ ɭ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɱɤɟ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɰɪɬɚʁɭ ɭɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɚɪɨɜɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɰɪɬɚʁɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ
ɲɬɨ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɚɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɢ, ɩɚ ɡɚɬɨ
ɨɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɦɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɟ Ƚɚɭɫɨɜɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧ.
67
Ɍɚɱɤɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɫɚ z = ɯ − ɭi ʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɬɚɱɤɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨʁ ɫɚ z = ɯ + ɭi ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɯ-

ɨɫɭ. Ȼɪɨʁ z ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ z ɨɞ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ.
1. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɭ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɧɨʁ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ:

a)z = 2 ɛ) z = i ɜ) z = 5-3i ɝ) z = -4+5i ɞ) z = -6-3i
2. Ako je z1 = 2 − 5i , z 2 = −2 − 8i ɧɚɰɪɬɚʁ z1 , z 2 ɢ z1 − z 2 . Ɉɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ

ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ z1 − z 2
3. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨʁ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ:
ɚ) Re(z)>0 ɛ) Im(z)>0 ɜ) -2<Re(z)<2 ɝ) Im(z)>-3
4. Ɂɛɢɪɤɚ 99. ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ

ɛ) Ⱦɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ z1 = 3 + 2i , z 2 = 2 + i . Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ
§ z · 3
z=x+iy, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ Re¨¨ ¸¸ = , Im(zz1 ) = −1 .
© z2 ¹ 5
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 99.ɚ), 105
68

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɻɟɧɟ
1. ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ z = 2 − 3i . ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ

z2 z § z + i 120 ·
a) 2
− b) ¨¨ 2 56 ¸¸
2i 12 + z z − 2i © z +i ¹
x−2 y −3
2. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ x ɢ y ako je + = 1 − 3i
1− i 1+ i
3. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɛɪɨʁ z ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ
a) (3 + i )z + 2 z − 5 = 9 + 8i
z
ɛ) = 5 − 4i
4 − 2i
ɜ) z + 1 + z + i = 0
69
4. ɇɚʄɢ ɫɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ z ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɜɨɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɭ z = z 2 . ( )

2
5. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ z ako je Re( z ) = ,a z = 3.
2
1 1
1. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ z + =1 ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ z 2016 + 2016
.
z z
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
1
z + =1 /⋅ z
( )
z 2016 = z 3
672
= (− 1)
672
=1
z 1
z 2016 + 2016
=2
2
z − z = −1 /⋅ z z
z3 = z2 − z ɫɥɟɞɢ z 3 = −1
1 §1+ z ·
2. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ z + −¨ ¸ = z −1
z ¨© z ¸¹
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɆɚɬɎ, 2008.)
1 + 2ai 1 3 3
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ a ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ = + i
1 − ai 4 4
4. (137. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɫɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ z = a + bi , ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɜ) z 2 = 5 + 12i

Ⱦɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ z1 = k + 1 + i(k − 1) ɢ z 2 = 2k − ik . Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ
z
ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ k ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɧɢɤ 1 ɛɭɞɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ.
z2
n
§ i −1·
6. (144. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ Re( z ) ɢ Im(z ) ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ z = ¨ ¸ ,n∈ N
© i + 1¹
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 137. a, ɛ, ɝ, ɞ)
70
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ


−2
§ 1 ·
5 + (0 , 4 ) − ¨¨ −
−1 0
¸¸
1. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: © 2¹
+ (− 1)2
−1
§ 200 ·
(2 ,5 ) − (− 2 ) + ¨
−2 −3
¸
© 103 ¹
2 ⋅ 2−x + 2 2−x + 1
2. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: + −2 x
1 − 2 −2 x 2 − 2−x
2
§ 3 −2 5 1·
3. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: ¨ x ⋅ x ⋅ x 3 ⋅ 5 x −3 ⋅ 10 ¸
¨ x ¸¹
©
71
−4
x−a 5 §x ·
4. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱥ=ȼ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ: A= ⋅ ¨ − 1¸
a ©a ¹
x2 − a2 a4
B= ⋅5
a (x + a )5 (x − a )4
12 8
5. Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɲɢ ɢɦɟɧɢɥɚɰ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɤɚ: ɚ) ɛ)
7 − 2 6 +1 1− 3 3 + 3 9
2 x §a a +x x ·
6. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: + ¨¨ − ax ¸¸ : (a − x ) )
a+ x © a+ x ¹
7. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɦɨɞɭɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ:
3 − 2i
ɚ) z = (1 − i ) + 2 5 ⋅ i 2013
11
ɛ) w =
3 + 2i
ɉɨɞɫɟɬɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
72
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
2. Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ:

Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ, ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɢɧɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɟ; ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ.
ɇɟɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ.
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ (ɧɭɥɟ, ɡɧɚɤ, ɪɚɲʄɟʃɟ ɢ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɟ, ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ).
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ (ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɢ
ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɚ, ɞɜɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ, ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɚ) - ɫɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɨɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ.
ɂɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ, ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
Ɉɛɥɢɰɢ ɪɚɞɚ: ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɚɞɚ: ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚʃɟ, ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʃɟ, ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ, ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ (www.matematiranje.com)
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɨɫɩɨɫɨɛʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ, ɪɚɞɧɟ, ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɭɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ
ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ, ɨɩɚɠɚʃɟ, ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ
ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɟ, ɥɨɝɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɭɻɢɜɚʃɚ.
2.ɆȺ.1.1.5. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
2.MA.2.1.5. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦɚʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɰɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ, ɩɪɭɠɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ, ɜɪɲɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʄɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɢ
ɢɫɯɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ,
ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ ɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚʁɭ ɢɫɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɬɢɯ
73

ɚɭɬɨɪɢ: ɀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɚɭɬɨɪɢ:
ȼ.Ɇɢʄɢʄ, ɀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɟɬɢɤɟ:

Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɟ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɜɟɤɭ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɟɝɢɩɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɭɫɭ ʁɟ
ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: "ɇɚʄɢ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɩɨʂɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɢɤɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ
ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ 12, ɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ ɬɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ." ɍ ɬɨɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɭɫɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧ ɢ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ: "Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɨʂɚ ʁɟ 4." ȳɨɲ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɪɟɜɧɢ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɰɢ:
"ɉɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ Ⱥ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ, ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 1000. ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ʁɟ
ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟʄɢɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɭɦɚʃɟɧɟ ɡɚ 10." Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɧɚɛɪɚʁɚʃɟ ɟɬɚɩɚ ɭ
ɪɚɱɭɧɭ. Ɋɟɰɟɩɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɤɨɞ Ⱦɢɨɮɚɧɬɚ ɭ
"Ⱥɪɢɬɦɟɬɢɰɢ", ɚɥɢ ɬɨɦɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɞɨ
ɞɚɧɚɫ. Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɂɧɞɢʁɢ ɭ ɩɟɬɨɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɧɚɲɟ ɟɪɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ʁɚɜɧɚ ɬɚɤɦɢɱɟʃɚ ɭ
ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ. ɉɪɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡɥɚɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ
ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɛɚɝɞɚɞɫɤɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤ Ⱥɥ ɏɨɪɟɡɦɢ ɭ 9. ɜɟɤɭ. Ʉɪɨɡ
ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤɚ Ɏɢɛɨɧɚɱɢʁɚ ( 1202.ɝɨɞ.), ȼɢɟɬɚ (1540-1603.), ɀɢɪɚɪɚ (
1595-1632.), Ⱦɟɤɚɪɬɚ ɢ ȵɭɬɧɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɭ ɨɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭɱɟ ɭ
ɲɤɨɥɢ.
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ:

ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ɝɞɟ ʁɟ a ≠ 0 ɢ a, b, c ∈ R ɢɥɢ a, b, c ∈ C . ɋɥɨɜɚ a, b, c ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ
ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɢɦɚ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ a je ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɭɡ x 2 , ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ b
je ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ ɭɡ x, a c je ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬ.
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ b=0 ɢɥɢ c=0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ:
3 2
1) x 2 = 0 2) 36 x 2 = 25
x =0 3)
8
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ:
ax 2 = 0, a≠0 ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚ x = 0. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
ax 2 = 0, a ≠ 0 ʁɟ x1 = 0
7
4) 4 x 2 − 1,69 = 0 5) x 2 + 1 = 0 6) 9 x 2 = 4
9
74

ax 2 + c = 0, c ≠ 0 . ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ a ≠ 0 ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ʁɞɧɚɱɢɧɨɦ
c −c
x 2 = − , ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɚɠɢ x = ± . Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ
a a
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɚ ɢ b ɢɫɬɨɝ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɭ ɚ ɢ b
ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɤɚ.
5 2
7) x 2 + 7 x = 0 8) 3 x 2 − 2 x = 0
x − 4x = 0 9)
6
ax 2 + bx = 0, b ≠ 0 . Ɉɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɫɚ x(ax + b ) = 0 ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ
b
x = 0 ∨ ax + b = 0 . Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ a ≠ 0 ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ x1 = 0 ∨ x 2 = −
a
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: 10) 3( x − 2 )( x + 2) = x 2 − 5
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ. ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
1) ( x + 1) = (2 x − 1)( x − 1) + 5 x + 3 2) (2 x − 3) + (x − 1)( x + 2) = 2 − 11x

2 2
x+4 x−4 1 x + 1 x − 1 3x 2 − 2
3) + =3 4) (152. ɜ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) + = 2
x−4 x+4 3 x −1 x +1 x −1
2 2
3x − 1 2 x + 1 x − 2 1
5) x 2 − 9 = 5 6) + = +
2 3 4 3
1 1 1 1
7) + + + =0
x +1 x + 2 x −1 x − 2
75
x − 1 1 2 3(x − 1) x + 11
8) (ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ) + x = −
3 2 8 24
76
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɋɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ

Ɉɛɥɢɰɢ ɪɚɞɚ: ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ ɭ
ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ, ɪɚɞɧɟ, ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ.

ɉɪɨɲɥɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɬɪɢɧɨɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ:
2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 = 0 ɚɤɤɨ ( x − 4 )(2 x + 1) = 0
1
Ⱦɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ x1 = 4 ∨ x 2 = −
2
Ȼɚɤɲɚɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɢɡ ɂɧɞɢʁɟ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧ ɭ 7. ɜɟɤ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɡɚ
ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ. Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞ Ⱥɥ ɏɨɪɟɡɦɢ (ɉɟɪɫɢʁɚ, 9. ɜɟɤ) ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɨ ɫɤɭɩ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ. Ⱥɛɪɚɯɚɦ ɛɚɪ ɏɢʁɚ (ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ
77
ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɋɚɜɚɫɨɪɞɚ) ʁɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɭɜɟɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤʃɢɡɢ Liber embadorum ɢɡ
12. ȼɟɤ ɚ. Ȼɚɫɤɚɪɚ II (1114. – 1185.), ɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦ, ʁɟ ɞɚɨ ɩɪɜɨ
ɨɩɲɬɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ. ɋɩɢɫɢ ɤɢɧɟɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɪɚ ȳɚɧɝ
ɏɭɢʁɚ (1238—1298.) ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ
ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɨɞ 'x', ɦɚɞɚ ɨɧ ɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭʁɟ Ʌɢɭ ȳɢɭ. ( https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr/ )
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɧɨ, ɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ , ɨɧɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x1, 2 = Ɉɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
2a
( ɂɧɞɢʁɫɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ: Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ.
1) 3 x 2 + 4 x − 7 = 0 2) 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4 = 0
2x + 8 2x
3) x 2 − 2 x + 5 = 0 4) − =2
x 8+ x
2x x 2 + 25 5 5
− 2 = −
5) x − 9 x − 81 x + 9 x − 9
2 x(ɯ + 9) x 2 + 25 5( ɯ − 9) − 5( ɯ + 9)
− =
(x − 9)(ɯ + 9) (x − 9)(ɯ + 9) (x + 9)(ɯ − 9)
ɭɫɥɨɜɢ : ɯ ≠ ±9
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ 2 ɯ 2 + 18 ɯ − ɯ 2 − 25 = 5 ɯ − 45 − 5 ɯ − 45
ɯ 2 + 18 ɯ + 65 = 0
ɯ1 = −13 ɯ2 = −5
2x 27 6
6) 1 + + 2 =
x + 4 2x + 7 x − 4 2x − 1
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 156-158, 199
78

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ, ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɪɟɲɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ, ɪɚɞɧɟ, ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
1) x 2 − 2m 2 x + m 4 − n 4 = 0
2) (160. ɻ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 4 x 2 − 4ax + a 2 + 1 = 0
3) (2 x − a ) + (b − 2 x ) = a 2 + b 2
2 2
m2 x 2x
4) (200. ɞ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) + =
( 2
4 x −m 2
) m−x m+ x
5) x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 0
79
6) 2 x x − 3 + x + 5 = 0
a a −1
1) (203, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) − 2 =1
bx − x x − 2bx 2 + x 2 b 2
2b a2 − b2
2) (201, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 1 − = 2
x − a a − 2ax + x 2
2 b −1 1 1
3) (202, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) − = +
x+a bx bx − b 2
bx − x 2
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 153, 161ɚ), ɛ), ɜ), ɝ), 200
80

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɰɟʃɢɜɚʃɟ
Ɉɛɥɢɰɢ ɪɚɞɚ: ɝɪɭɩɧɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɚɞɚ: ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɪɟɲɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɡɧɚʃɭ, ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɞɟɥɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɟ ɢ ɧɚ
ɤɪɚʁɭ ɱɚɫɚ ɜɪɲɢ ɨɰɟʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɟɜɚɥɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɪɚɞɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ. ɉɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ.
ɉɪɜɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
1. (157. ɚ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
3. (200. a), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
1. (157.ɛ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
81
3. (202, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
Ɍɪɟʄɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
1. (157. ɜ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
ɑɟɬɜɪɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
1. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
ɍɩɨɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ.
82
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɭ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɟ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɜɟʄ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɨɦ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
Ⱦɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
2
ɂɡɪɚɡ D = b − 4ac ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ( ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ: "ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚ" ) ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ
ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
• Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ

ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ, ɨɛɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ.
• Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ ɧɭɥɢ,ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɬɚɱɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ
ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɢɦ ɪɟɲɟʃɟɦ, ɚ
b
ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ: x = −
2a
83
• Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.

ɍɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ.
1) ɂɫɩɢɬɚʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ:

a) 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 ɛ) 5 x 2 + 8 x − 2 = 0 ɜ) 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0
2) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ:

x 2 + 2(3 − k )x + 2k − 3 = 0
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ:
D = (2(3 − k )) − 4(2k − 3)
2
D = 4k 2 − 32k + 48 = 0
k1 = 2 k 2 = 6
3) Ɂɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ɢɫɩɢɬɚʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
kx 2 + 2(k − 6 )x + k − 3 = 0
4) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ.

2ax 2 + 3 x − 1 = 0
5) Ɂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɨ-ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ:

4(k − 1)x 2 − 4(k + 2 )x − k + 3 = 0 ?
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 163-165
84
1) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ:

.
2) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ:
.
3) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ:
.
4) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɤɨʃɭɝɨɜɚɧɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ:
.
5) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɚ:

ɚ) ɛ)
6) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 166,167
85
86

Ɇɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɚɞɚ: ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ, ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ,
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ
ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɜɟʄ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɨɦ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
1) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
2) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
3) Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
4) Ɋɟɲɢ ɩɨ ɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ (a ɢ b ɫɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ)
87
ɚ)
b+ x b−x
− =
( )
a2 − b2 x2
ɛ)
x2 − a2 x2 − b2 x2 + a2 + b2
+ + =0
a−x a+x a2 − x2 b2 a2 ab
88
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɧɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ

Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ: ȼɢʁɟɬ.
(Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɨ ȼɢʁɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɪ. Ɋɨɻɟɧ ʁɟ 1540.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬ. Ɉɤɨ 1567.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ Ȼɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɭ Ɋɟɧɭ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1589.
ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɭ Ɍɭɪɭ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜ
ɥɢɱɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ 1603. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ⱦɨɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ Ɍɭɪɭ, ȼɢʁɟɬ ʁɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɨ ɤʂɭɱ ɲɩɚɧɫɤɟ ɲɢɮɪɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɞ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ 500 ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɥɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚʁɭ. ɂɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ ɭ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɰɢ. https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr)
Ɍɟɨɪɟɦɚ:
Ȼɪɨʁɟɜɢ x1 ɢ x 2 ɫɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
b c
x1 + x 2 = − , x1 ⋅ x 2 = .
a a
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ.
89
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
Ⱦɨɤɚɡ: x1 = , x2 =
2a 2a
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac b
x1 + x 2 = + =−
2a 2a a
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac b 2 − b 2 + 4ac c
x1 ⋅ x 2 = ⋅ = =
2a 2a 4a 2 a
5 7 1 3
1) ɋɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ: a) − i b) ± i.
6 3 2 5
2) ɇɟɤɚ ɫɭ x1 i x 2 ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ x 2 − 9 x + 20 = 0 . ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ:

1 1
a) 3 x1 + 3 x 2 b) + ɜ) x12 + x 22
x1 x 2
x x
ɝ) 1 + 2 ɞ) x13 + x 23 ɻ) x14 + x 24 .
x 2 x1
3) ɍ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ: x 2 − 8 x + m = 0 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɨɪɟɧ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɜɟʄɢ
ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ.
4) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ k ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɡɛɢɪ ɤɭɛɨɜɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ x 2 − 6 x + k + 1 = 0 ɛɭɞɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤ 18.
ɯ13 + ɯ23 = 18
(ɯ1 + ɯ2 )(ɯ12 − ɯ1 ɯ2 + ɯ22 ) = 18
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ: (ɯ1 + ɯ2 )((ɯ1 + ɯ2 )2 − 3ɯ1 ɯ2 ) = 18
6 ⋅ (36 − 3 ⋅ (k + 1)) = 18
k = 10
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 170, 173-176
90
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ, ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɲɚɜɚʃɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɧɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɰɟɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
1) (210, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ 3 x 2 − 2(m + 1)x + m − 1 = 0 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ m ako je

9 x1 x 22 + 3 x13 + 9 x12 x 2 + 3 x 23 = 192 .
2) (180, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨʁ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ 3kx 2 − (6k − 1)x + k + 8 = 0 , ɨɞɪɟɞɢ k ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ
ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɱɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ.
3) (207, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɇɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x 2 + 4 x − 21 = 0 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ:

3x12 − 4 x1 x 2 + 3x 22
.
x13 + 2 x12 x 2 + 2 x1 x 22 + x 23
91
4) (209, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ: x 2 − x + a − 2 = 0

x x 1
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɫɥɨɜ: 1 + 2 + x1 x 2 + 4 = 0 .
x 2 x1 2
5) (212, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ 4 x 2 − 15 x + 4k 2 = 0 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ k

ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ.
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 177-179, 181-184,211,213,214
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2015)

Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ x1 ɢ x 2 ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
x2 − 2x + m − 3 = 0
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x13 + x 23 = 20 2 .
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2016)

Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ x1 ɢ x 2 ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
4 x 2 − 2mx + m − 3 = 0
1 1
ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2
+ 2 = 4.
x1 x 2
3. (185. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ȼɢʁɟɬɨɜɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ x 2 − 2(m − 1)x − 4m = 0 ɛɭɞɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ.
92
(208. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
ɇɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ x 2 − 8 x + 15 = 0 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
5 x12 − 5 x1 x 2 + 7 x 22
, x1 > x 2
x13 − 3 x12 x 2 + 3x1 x 22 − x 23
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ
4. (221. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ m ɢ n ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
(m − 1)x 2 − (m + 1)x + m = 0 ɢ nx 2 − (2n + 2)x + 2n = 0 ɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɛɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ
5. (218. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ɱɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ x1 ɢ x 2 . Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɚɬɢ
ɧɨɜɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɱɢʁɚ ʄɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɛɢɬɢ − x1 ɢ − x 2 .
Ɍɨɤ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɱɚɫɚ:
1. (190. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
Ȼɪɨʁ 21 ɪɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɚɛɢɪɤɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɡɛɢɪ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɬɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɟ 261.
2. (191. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɫɚɦɧɚɟɫɬɢɧɟ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤ ʁɟ 1. Ʉɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɪɨʁ?
3. (224. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
ɋɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɱɢʁɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ x1 ɢ x 2 ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ:
3 x1 x 2 − 4( x1 + x 2 ) = −2 ɢ 7 x1 x 2 + 3( x1 + x 2 ) = 57
93
4. (225. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
1
Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x 2 − 8 x + 12 = 0 . ɋɚɫɬɚɜɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɫɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɢɦɚ x1 + ɢ
x1
1
x2 + ɧɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ.
x2
5. (231. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
Ɏɚɛɪɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɱɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɜɪɦɟ 600 ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ. ɉɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɞɧɟɜɧɨ
10 ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ.
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ ɢɡɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɚ?
6. (235. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
ɍɞɚʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɞɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ 588 km. Ȼɪɡɢ ɜɨɡ ɩɪɟɻɟ ɬɭ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ 2 ɫɚɬɚ ɢ 20 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ,
ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɧɢɱɤɢ. ɤɨɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɪɡɢɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɜɨɡɨɜɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɛɪɡɢɧɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɡɚ 21km/h?
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 224. ɛ), 226, 227, 232, 237,238
94
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɋɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɢɧɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɋɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɢɧɨɦɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɬɪɢɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɟ ɭɡ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɞɨɩɭɧɟ ɞɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɧɨɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɫɬɜɚɪɚɚʃɟ ɪɭɬɢɧɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɧɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɪɚɞɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɛɢɧɨɦɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɦɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɦɨ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ, ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɫɥɟɞɢ:
95
ɍɨɱɢɦɨ: Ⱥɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɦ ɞɚɬɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ i ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ , ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ

, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚɬɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ:
.
2ɯ2 + ɯ − 3
1. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ:
2 ɯ 2 + 5ɯ + 3
§ 3·
2 2¨ ɯ + ¸(ɯ − 1)
2ɯ + ɯ − 3 2¹ ɯ −1 3
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ 2
= © = ɯ ≠ − , ɯ ≠ −1
2 ɯ + 5ɯ + 3 § 3· ɯ +1 2
2¨ ɯ + ¸( ɯ + 1)
© 2¹
2x 2 − 7 x + 3 2 x 2 − 5x + 3
2. (188. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɋɤɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɤ ɚ) ɛ)
2 x 2 + 3x − 2 3x 2 − 5 x + 2
x 2 − 2x
3. (189. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɋɤɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɚɤ ɛ)
x 2 − 4x + 4
4. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ:
2x 27 6
5. (159. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: 1 + + 2 =
x + 4 2x + 7 x − 4 2x − 1
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 188.ɜ), 189.ɚ),ɜ)
96
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɋɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɢɧɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɟ

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɡɧɚʃɟ ɪɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɢɧɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
5x 5 4x − 5
1. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ − = 2
2x − x − 1 2x + 1 x − 1
2
2x + 1 x −1 6
2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 − 2 = 2
x + x − 6 x − 5x + 6 x − 9
2
x −x+6 5
3. Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 =
x + x − 12 7
2 x 2 + 7 x − 15
4. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ A = ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɯ= 1,1999
2x − 3
1
−
2 x − 5 x + 3 § 2 x 2 + 3x − 9 ·
2 2
5. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ¨ ¸ ɡɚ ɯ= -1,9
3x 2 + x − 4 ¨© 3x 2 + 13x + 12 ¸¹
97
1
§ 3· § § 4 · ·2
−
1
2¨ ɯ − ¸( ɯ − 1) ¨ 3( ɯ + 3)¨ ɯ + ¸ ¸
2 x 2 − 5 x + 3 § 2 x 2 + 3x − 9 · 2
2¹ 3¹¸
¨ ¸ = © ¨ © =
3x 2 + x − 4 ¨© 3x 2 + 13x + 12 ¸¹ § 4· ¨ § 3·¸
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ 3( ɯ − 1)¨ ɯ + ¸ ¨ 2( ɯ + 3)¨ ɯ − ¸ ¸
© 3¹ © © 2¹¹
1 1
2 ɯ − 3 § 3ɯ + 4 · 2 − 6,8 § − 1,7 · 2 1
= ⋅¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ = 4⋅ = 2
3ɯ + 4 © 2 ɯ − 3 ¹ − 1,7 © − 6,8 ¹ 2
98
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȳɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɫɜɨɻɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ, ɫɜɟɞɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ
ɢ ɪɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
1) x 4 − 17 x 2 + 16 = 0
2) (ɡɛɢɪɤɚ 240 ɝ) x 6 − 7 x 3 − 8 = 0
x 2 + 2x + 7
3) (ɡɛɢɪɤɚ 241 ɜ) 2
= x 2 + 2x + 4
x + 2x + 3
9
4) (ɡɛɢɪɤɚ 241 ɝ) x( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) =
16
99
5) (ɡɛɢɪɤɚ 241 ɻ) (x 2 − 5 x + 7 ) − ( x − 2 )( x − 3) = 1
2
( )2
( )
6) x 2 − 10 x + 37 x 2 − 10 x + 336 = 0 ɫɦɟɧɚ t = ɯ 2 − 10 ɯ
100
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _______
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɫɦɟɧɭ, ɫɜɟɞɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ
ɢ ɪɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ: ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + bx + a = 0 a≠0 .

2
Ⱦɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɫɚ x ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɭɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ.
b a
ax 2 + bx + c + + 2 = 0
x x
§ 1 · § 1·
ɝɪɭɩɢɲɟɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ a ¨ x 2 + 2 ¸ + b¨ x + ¸ + c = 0
© x ¹ © x¹
1
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɫɦɟɧɭ t = x + ,
x
2
1 § 1·
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ x + 2 = ¨x + ¸ − 2 = t2 − 2
2
x © x¹
101
ɞɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɫɜɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ: at 2 + bt + c − 2a = 0
1. (242, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
ɚ) x 4 − 2 x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 ɜ) 6 x 4 + 7 x 3 − 26 x 2 + 7 x + 6 = 0
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ: ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 − bx + a = 0 a≠0 .

2
Ⱦɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɫɚ x ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɭɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ.
b a
ax 2 + bx + c − + 2 = 0
x x
§ 1 · § 1·
ɝɪɭɩɢɲɟɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ a ¨ x 2 + 2 ¸ + b¨ x − ¸ + c = 0
© x ¹ © x¹
1
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɫɦɟɧɭ t = x − ,
x
2
1 § 1·
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ x + 2 = ¨ x − ¸ + 2 = t 2 + 2
2
x © x¹
ɞɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɫɜɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ: at 2 + bt + c + 2a = 0
2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 6 x 4 − 25 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 25 x + 6 = 0
3. (243. ɛ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
Ɂɚɦɟɧɨɦ ɯ=-1 ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɯ=-1.
ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɦɨ ɫɚ ɯ+1 ( Ȼɟɡɭɨɜɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ)
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ( x + 1)(2 x 2 + x + 2 ) = 0
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 242. ɛ,ɝ)
102
1) (243. ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 6 x 5 − 5 x 4 − 29 x 3 − 29 x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0
Ɂɚɦɟɧɨɦ ɯ=-1 ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɯ=-1.
ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɦɨ ɫɚ ɯ+1 ( Ȼɟɡɭɨɜɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ)
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ( x + 1)(6 x 4 − 11x 3 − 18 x 2 − 11x + 6 ) = 0
2) (244. ɚ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 x 5 + x 4 − 19 x 3 + 19 x 2 − x − 2 = 0
3) (244. ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 15 x 6 − 128 x 5 + 275 x 4 − 275 x 2 + 128 x − 15 = 0
Ɂɚɦɟɧɨɦ ɯ=-1 ɢ ɯ=1 ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɯ=-1 ɢ ɯ=1

ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɦɨ ɫɚ (ɯ+1)(ɯ-1) ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɚ x 2 − 1 ( Ȼɟɡɭɨɜɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ)
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ (x 2 − 1)(15 x 4 − 128 x 3 + 290 x 2 − 128 x + 15) = 0
4) (245, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ʉɚɤɨ ɝɥɚɫɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɱɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ

ɚ) 5, 1/5, 3, 1/3, -1, 1 ɛ) -1, 1, 3, 1/3, -i, i
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 243. ɚ), ɜ) 244. ɛ), ɜ)
103
ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
1. (2 x 2
− 3x + 1)(2 x 2 + 5 x + 1) = 9 x 2
(2 x 2
)( )
− 3x + 1 2 x 2 + 5x + 1 = 9 x 2 / : ɯ 2
ɍɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ § 1 ·§ 1· 1
¨ 2ɯ − 3 + ¸¨ 2 ɯ + 5 + ¸ = 9 ɫɦɟɧɚ t = 2 ɯ +
© ɯ ¹© ɯ¹ ɯ
2.
(x − 1)x =
2
ɍɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ
ɯ2 − ɯ
=
2
ɫɦɟɧɚ t = ɯ 2 − ɯ
(x 2
− x +1 )2
9 (x 2
− x +1 )2
9
1 2 6
3. 2
+ 2 = 2 ɫɦɟɧɚ t = ɯ 2 − 2 ɯ
x − 2x + 2 x − 2x + 3 x − 2x + 4
x +1 x3 + x −1 ɯ +1
4. + =2 ɫɦɟɧɚ t = 3
x3 + x −1 x +1 ɯ + ɯ −1
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 246. ɚ, ɛ)
104
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɜɟɠɛɚ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚɦɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ
ɪɚɞɭ. Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
1) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
3) Ɂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ

ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
4) ɋɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ:
105
5) ɍ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ m ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɉɪɨɞɢɫɤɭɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɢ

ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɌȿɋɌ 2.
106
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɦ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɨɦ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɢɡ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɭ ɢ
ɡɚɦɟɧɢ ɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɢ ɢɫɬɭ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ
2.ɆȺ.3.1.6. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɧɟɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɉɨɞɫɟɬɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɩɨʁɦɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɛɚɪ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ.
Ɋɟɲɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ:
x y 25
x 2 − xy + y 2 = 7 x + 2y = 7 + =
1) 2) 3) y x 12
x+ y =5 xy = 6
x+ y =7
2x + y x + 4 y 5
+ 2 2
=− x 2 + y 2 = 25
4) x + y x − y 3 5)
x 2 + 2 y 2 = 41
x+ y =3
107
x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 32
6)
12( x + y ) = 7 xy
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
(x + y )2 − 2 ɯɭ + x + y = 32
12( x + y ) = 7 xɭ
a 2 − 2b + a = 32
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɚ = ɯ + ɭ, b = xy ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
12a = 7b
32 384
Ɉɞɚɤɥɟ ʁɟ a = 7, b = 12 ɢɥɢ a = − ,b = −
7 49
32 384
Ɋɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɯ + ɭ = 7, ɯɭ = 12 ɢ ɯ + ɭ = − , ɯɭ = − ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ.
7 49
108
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɚ ɞɜɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɉɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
Ɋɟɲɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ:
x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 18 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 12 x 2 + y = 13
1) 2 2) 3)
x − y2 + x − y = 6 5 x 2 − 2 y 2 = 11 x 2 + y 2 = 25
1 3 1
2 2
− 2 =
2 2
9 x + y = 45 x+ y =7 y x 4
4) 5) 6)
xy = 6 xy 2 = 12 1
2 2
= 0,25
x y
109
1 3
2
− 2 = 13
y x
7)
1
2 2
= 100
x y
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 321, 322, 323, 324
110
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɋɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɞ ɞɜɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ

ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ȳɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ax 2 + bxy + cy 2 = 0 ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ

(ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɥɢɧɨɦɚ ax 2 + bxy + cy 2 ɢɫɬɨɝ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ 2)
ɏɨɦɨɝɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ (0,0), ɩɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ y ≠ 0 ɞɟʂɟʃɟɦ ɞɚɬɟ
2
2 §x· §x·
ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɚ y ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ a¨¨ ¸¸ + b¨¨ ¸¸ + c = 0 .
© y¹ © y¹
y
ɍɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɫɦɟɧɟ t = ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ: at 2 + bt + c = 0 .
x
111
Ɋɟɲɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
x 2 − 5 xy + 6 y 2 = 0 x 2 + xy − 6 y 2 = 0
1) 2 2)
x + y 2 = 10 x 2 − 2 xy + 3 y 2 = 0
x 2 − 5 xy + 6 y 2 = 0
3) (329.ɞ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
2 x 2 − 3xy + 3 y 2 = 20
x 2 − 3 xy + 2 y 2 = 0 x 2 − 2 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
4) 5)
x 2 − xy + 2 y 2 + x − y = 18 x 2 y 2 + x + y = −1
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
6)
2 x 2 − 3xy + 4 y 2 = 18
ɍɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ: Ɇɧɨɠɟʃɟɦ ɩɪɜɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɚ -6, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɞɚɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚɧ ɫɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
ɤɨɞ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɚ
4 x 2 + 9 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
x 2 − xy + y 2 = 300
7)
2 x 2 − xy − y 2 = 500
112
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ - ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ:
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 4 x 2 − xy + y 2 = 7 xy( x + y ) = 2
1) 2) 3)
x + xy + y = 2 x 3 + y 3 = 35 x3 + y3 = 2
x 2 + y 2 = 13 x− y =2 x + xy + y = 259
4) 5) 6)
x 3 + y 3 = 19 x 3 − y 3 = 152 x + y =8
113
x + y + x + y = 30
7)
xy + xy = 156
1) (350, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɂɛɢɪ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɞɜɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ʁɟ 400. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɭɜɟʄɚ ɡɚ 6, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɡɚ 8, ɡɛɢɪ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ 900. Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ?
2) (349, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ʁɟ 180. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰ ɭɜɟʄɚ ɡɚ 3, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ 270. ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ?
2 x 2 − 3 xy + 5 y = 5
3) (335, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ:
(x − 2)( y − 1) = 0
4 x 2 + y 2 − 3xy = 1
y 2 − 1 = 4x 2 + 4x
x 3 + y 3 = 7( x + y )
x 3 − y 3 = 19( x − y )
x 2 + x 2 y 2 + x 2 y 4 = 525
x + xy + xy 2 = 35
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 337-345, 348
114
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ-ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ, ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɧɚ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɞɚ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɰɪɬɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
2.ɆȺ.1.3.2. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟ ɩɨʁɚɦ, ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ,
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ, ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ, ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɢɧɭɫɚ
ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɚ.
2.ɆȺ.1.3.3. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɧɭɥɟ, ɡɧɚɤ, ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ).
ɚɭɬɨɪɢ: ɀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ.
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c a≠0
a , b, c ∈ R .
ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.
ɇɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ

ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x 2 − x − 2
115
ɉɢɬɚʃɟ: ɉɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ

ɨɞ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ? ɇɚɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɭɨɱɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ,
ɡɧɚɤ, ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɫɬ, ɧɭɥɟ), ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇȺɉɈɆȿɇȺ: Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ ɡɚ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɫɥɢɤɚ

ʁɟ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɭ ȽɟɨȽɟɛɪɢ, ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɤɥɢɡɚɱɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɟ a, b ɢ
c ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ), ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɫɢɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɤɭ
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/equation-grapher/equation-grapher_en.html.
ɇɚɰɪɬɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ y = x 2 .
ɯ -2 -1 0 1 2
y = x2 4 1 0 1 4
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = x 2 ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɯ

ɋɟɱɟ ɨɫɭ ɯ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɢ (ɨ,ɨ). Ɉɜɭ ɬɚɱɤɭ ʄɟɦɨ ɡɜɚɬɢ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ x ≠ 0 ( ɢɡɧɚɞ ɨɫɟ ɯ)
Ɉɩɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɯ<0 ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɯ>0
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = ax 2 , a > 0
ȼɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 ʁɟ a ɩɭɬɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɨɞ
2
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a > 1 ɝɪɚɮɢɰɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ y = ax 2 ɫɭ
"ɢɡɧɚɞ" ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x 2
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ 0 < a < 1 ɝɪɚɮɢɰɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ
y = ax ɫɭ "ɢɫɩɨɞ" ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x 2
2
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = ax 2 , a > 0 ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ

ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɯ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ x ≠ 0 ( ɢɡɧɚɞ ɨɫɟ ɯ)
Ɉɩɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɯ<0 ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɯ>0
116
ɇɚɰɪɬɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ y = − x 2 .
ɯ -2 -1 0 1 2
y = −x2 -4 -1 0 -1 -4
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = − x 2 ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ

ɯ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ x ≠ 0 ( ɢɫɩɨɞ ɨɫɟ ɯ)
Ɋɚɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɯ<0 ɢ ɨɩɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɯ>0
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = ax 2 , a < 0
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a < −1 ɝɪɚɮɢɰɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ
y = ax 2 ɫɭ "ɢɫɩɨɞ" ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = − x 2
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ − 1 < a < 0 ɝɪɚɮɢɰɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ
y = ax ɫɭ "ɢɡɧɚɞ" ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = − x 2
2
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = ax 2 , a < 0 ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ

ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɯ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ x ≠ 0 ( ɢɫɩɨɞ ɨɫɟ ɯ)
Ɋɚɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɯ<0 ɢ ɨɩɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɯ>0
117
118
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɑɢɬɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɚɰɢʁɭ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ y = ax 2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ.
ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ:

1 3
y = 2x 2 , y = −3x 2 , y = x 2 , y = − x 2
2 4
119
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 + n , a > 0 ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 , a > 0

ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɞɭɠ ɨɫɟ ɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ n>0 ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ y = ax 2 , ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
n<0 ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ y = ax 2 .
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 + n , a < 0 ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ

ɫɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 , a < 0 ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɞɭɠ ɨɫɟ ɭ
ɡɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ n>0 ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ
y = ax 2 , ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ n<0 ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ
y = ax 2 .
1. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ: y = 2 x 2 − 8

2. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ: y = −3x 2 − 9
(ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ȽɟɨȽɟɛɪɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ

ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ.)
120
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = a( x − m ) , a > 0

2
ɫɟ
ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 ,
a > 0 ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɞɭɠ ɨɫɟ ɯ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ n.
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɦ>0 ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɞɟɫɧɨ ɨɞ
y = ax 2 , ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɦ<0 ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ
ɥɟɜɨ ɨɞ y = ax 2 .
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = a( x − m ) , a < 0 ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ

2
ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 , a < 0

ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɞɭɠ ɨɫɟ ɯ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ n. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɦ>0
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɞɟɫɧɨ ɨɞ y = ax 2 , ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɦ<0 ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɚ ɥɟɜɨ ɨɞ y = ax 2 .
1. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = 2x 2 , f (x ) = 2(x − 3) , f (x ) = 2(x − 3) + 1

2 2
2. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = −2x 2 , f ( x ) = −2(x + 1) , f ( x ) = −2( x + 1) + 3

2 2
121
( ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ȽɟɨȽɟɛɪɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ

ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ.)
122
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ

ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɟɞɟ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ,
ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɲɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. ȳɚɱɚʃɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ
ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ. ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ:
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ: Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( x ) = ax + bx + c , a ≠ 0
2
a, b, c ∈ R ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.
ɋɜɚɤɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɨɧɚɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ f ( x) = a( x − m ) + n

2
ɝɞe
2
b 4ac − b
je m = − , n= . Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɚ ɫɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɝɨɪɟ (ɚ>0) ɢɥɢ
2a 4a
ɧɚɞɨɥɟ (ɚ<0).
123
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ.
§ b 4ac − b 2 ·
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɡɚ ɚ>0 Tmin ¨¨ − , ¸¸ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɡɚ ɚ<0
© 2a 4a ¹
§ b 4ac − b 2 ·
Tmax ¨¨ − , ¸ . Ɍɚɱɤɭ Ɍ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɬɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɟ.
© 2a 4a ¸¹
1. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
(ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ȽɟɨȽɟɛɪɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ

ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ.)
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = x 2 − x − 2 ɭ

ȽɟɨȽɟɛɪɢ
124
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ

ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɬɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟ ɪɭɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɬɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɰɪɬɚʃɭ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ȳɚɱɚʃɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ. ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ:
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f (x ) = ax + bx + c , a ≠ 0
2
a, b, c ∈ R ʁɟ ɤɪɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɡɨɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɚ.
Ɍɨɤ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʄɟɦɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɬɢ ɭ 8 ɬɚɱɚɤɚ:
1. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɦɟɧ) ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ R.
ɉɢɲɟɦɨ D=R.
2. ɉɪɟɫɟɤ ɫɚ y-ɨɫɨɦ. Ɂɚ x=0 ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ y=c, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɤɚ
125
ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ A(0,c).
3. ɇɭɥɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c ɫɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ

2
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ax + bx + c = 0 (ɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɨ y=0
ɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɦɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ). ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɫɟɤ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ x-ɨɫɨɦ. ɇɭɥɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɦɨ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ. x1, 2 =
2a
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɧɭɥɟ ɚɤɨ je D>0, ʁɟɞɧɭ

ɪɟɚɥɧɭ ɧɭɥɭ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ D=0 ɢ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ D<0 ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɟɦɚ
ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɭɥɚ.
4. ȿɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f (x ) = ax + bx + c ɢɦɚ

2
§ b 4ac − b 2 ·
ʁɟɞɧɭ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ T ¨¨ − , ¸¸ .
© 2a 4a ¹
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a<0 ɢɦɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ a>0 ɢɦɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ.
5. Ɇɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɫɬ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. ɍ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ a,

ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟɦɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟ:
a<0 a>0
6. Ɂɧɚɤ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. ɍ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɟ D ɢ

ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɚ a, ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟɦɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟ:
a>0 D>0 a>0 D=0 a>0 D<0
126
a<0 D>0 a<0 D=0 a<0 D<0
7. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.

8. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ( ɤɨɞɨɦɟɧ) ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
a<0 a>0
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ:
a>0 a>0
1) ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = ax + bx + c , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ: 1)
2
2)
y ∈ [− 2,+∞ ) y ∈ [0,+∞ )
a>0
3)
y ∈ [3,+∞ )
2) Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ y = x 2 + mx + 4 . ɍ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɞɚɬɭ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɡɚ m=5, m=0, m=4.
127
128
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ-ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ

Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ

1 2 3
1) (267. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɻ) y = x 2 − 2 x + 3 ɤ) y = x + 2x +
2 2
2) (268. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɜ) y = − x 2 − 2 x 2
ɝ) y = − x + x − x
3) (269. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) (ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ) ɚ) y = x 2 − 4 x + 3 ɝ) y = (3 − x ) x + 1
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 267. ɟ, ɠ, ʁ)
129
130
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ - ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ

Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɪɚɞ ɭ ɩɚɪɭ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɫɯɨɞɟ, ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: Ɋɚɞɟ ɭ ɩɚɪɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ (ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ – ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɩɚɪɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ

ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɚɪ ɫɟ ɨɰɟʃɭʁɟ, ɩɪɜɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɨɰɟɧɭ 2, ɞɪɭɝɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ 3, ɬɪɟʄɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ 4, ɚ
ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚ ɡɚ 5)
1. (250.) Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f (x ) = x + 5 x + c . Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ c ∈ R , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ:

2
ɚ) f (0) = 2 ɛ) f (1) = 4 ɜ) f (− 2 ) = −10

1 2
(254. ɝ)) ɋɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = − x
2
(267. ɟ)) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ f (x ) = −2 x + 4 x − 3
2
2. (251) ɍ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ f (x ) = ax + bx + c ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɟ a, b, c , ɚɤɨ

2
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɬɚɱɤɟ Ⱥ(2, 18), ȼ(-3, -12), ɋ(3, 42)
131
(257. ɜ)) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = − x − 6 x − 5

2
( 267. ɠ)) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ f ( x ) = 2 x − 5 x + 4

2
3. (253) ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ f (x ) = x + bx + c ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɟ b, c , ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɟɱɟ ɯ-ɨɫɭ

2
ɭ ɬɚɱɤɚɦɚ Ⱥ(2, 0), ȼ(-3, 0).

1 1
(261) Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( x ) = x 2 + x − 1 ɢɦɚ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ (-1,5)?
16 4
1
(267. ʁ)) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ f ( x ) = − x 2 + 2 x − 4
2
1 2 3
4. (267. ɤ)) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ f ( x ) = x + 2 x +
2 2
(272.ɝ)) ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ f ( x ) = x + px + q ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɟ p, q , ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
2
1
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɯ-ɨɫɭ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɚɦɚ Ⱥ(-7, 0), ȼ ( , 0) .
2
(275) Ɂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
f ( x ) = x + m(m + 1)x + 100 ɞɨɞɢɪɭʁɟ ɯ-ɨɫɭ?
2
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 268. ɛ), 269. ɜ)
132
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ - ɜɟɠɛɚʃɟ

1) ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ y = x 2 + 5 x + c ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ c ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ

f (− 5) = −12 .
2) ɋɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 + bx + c ako je
a < 0, c < 0, x1 > 0, x 2 > 0, D ≠ 0 , ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
3) ɋɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 + bx + c ako je a < 0, c < 0, x1 + x 2 < 0 , ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ

ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
133
4) ɋɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = ax 2 + bx + c ako je a > 0, c < 0, x1 + x 2 < 0 , ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ

ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
5) ɍ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ y = ax 2 + bx + c ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɟɮɢɰɢʁɟɧɬɟ a,b,c tako ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ

§ 9·
ɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɬɚɱɤɟ A(-10,-3), B(0,7) i C ¨ 5, ¸ . ɇɚɰɪɬɚʁ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
© 2¹
2
6) ɍ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨʁ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ x − mx + m − 1 = 0 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɬɚɤɨ
ɞɚ x12 + x 22 ɛɭɞɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɨ.
7) ɍ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨʁ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ 6 x 2 + 6(m − 1)x − 5m + 2m 2 = 0 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɬɚɤɨɞɚ x13 + x 23 ɛɭɞɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨ.
8) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ x ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ( x − a ) + ( x − b ) + ( x − c ) ɢɦɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ.

2 2 2
1) ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ y = (2k − 1)x 2 + (k + 2 )x + k − 1 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ k ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ( y>0 ) ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ x ∈ R .
( )
2) ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ y = k 2 + 2k − 3 x 2 − 4kx + k ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ k ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ( y>0 ) ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ x ∈ R
3) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ a ∈ R ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x 2 − 2 x − 3 = a ɢɦɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ.
4) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ a ∈ R ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x 2 − 4 x − 1 = a ɢɦɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ.
5) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ a ∈ R ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x − a = x − x 2 ɢɦɚ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
1 1
6) ɇɚɻɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ E = + ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɯ+ɭ=5.
x y
134
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟ ɪɭɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɩɪɟɬɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ
ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
2.ɆȺ.1.1.6. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
2.ɆȺ.2.1.7. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
2.ɆȺ.3.1.5. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɫɦɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɥɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɧɚɤɚ

ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɢɧɨɦɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɢɧɨɦɚ 2 x 2 + x − 3
Ʉɚɤɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ?

ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ax 2 + bx + c > 0 (< 0) ax 2 + bx + c ≥ 0 (≤ 0)
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɬɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɭɜɪɲɬɟɧɚ

ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɭ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ, ɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɬɚɱɧɭ ɧɭɦɟɪɢɱɤɭ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ.
135
Ɋɟɲɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
1) x 2 − 4x + 3 < 0
2) − x 2 + 3x − 2 ≤ 0
3) 2 x 2 + 3x − 2 ≤ 0
5( x − 2) > 0
2
4)
5) 4 x 2 + 3x − 1 < 0
6) 4( x − 3)( x + 2)(5 − x ) > 0
2x − 4
7) >1
3x + 6
x −1
8) ≥2
2x + 1
9) x 2 − 6 x + 9 ≤ 0
10) 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6 > 0
Ɋɟɲɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
2x 2 + x − 3
1) ≥0
− 3x 2 − 5 x + 2
− x 2 − 5 x + 24
2) <0
2 x 2 − x − 10
136
x 2 − 3x + 2
3) ≥1
x 2 + 3x + 2
11x − 10 8x
4) (292.ɜ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ≥
2x − 1 x+2
1 1
5) 3
> 3
x +1 x − x
2
§ x−5 ·
6) ¨ ¸ >1
© 2x − 3 ¹
x+2 x3 + 8
7) 7)
x−2
(2x − x 2 ) >
2x − x 2 − 4
1. Ʉɨɥɢɤɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ k ɞɚ ɡɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɨ x ɜɚɠɢ:

a) x 2 − 2 x + k ≥ 3 b) x 2 − 2 x + k < 3 v) (k − 1)x 2 + 2kx + 3k − 2 > 0
2. Ɂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x 2 − (k + 3)x + k + 2 = 0 ɢɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ

ɪɟɲɟʃɚ x1 , x 2 ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɫɥɨɜ x12 + x 22 + x1 + x 2 > 0
3. Ɋɟɲɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
1. (302.ɚ)) x 2 − 5 x + 5 < 1
137
x−3
2. (303.ɝ)) 2
≥2
x − 5x + 6
2
x −x−2 −4
3. >1
x 2 − 2x − 3
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 293, 300-303
138
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɂɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ, ɪɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ
2.MA.2.1.6. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ.
ȳɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɦɨ
ɫɚɦɨ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɰɢʁɟ:
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ:
139
1) 2)
3) (364.ɚ) 4) (364.ɛ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
5) (360.ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 6)
7) 8)
1) 2)
(ɨɜɚɤɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɢɪɚɬɢ)
3) 4)
(ɫɦɟɧɚ ) (ɫɦɟɧɚ )
5) 6)
140
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: ________
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɪɨɜɟɪɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɫɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɢ ɬɟɦɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɫɥɨɜ
2. ɍ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨʁ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ

m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɨ.
3. ɇɚʄɢ ɫɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
4. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ:
141
5. ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ

m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ .
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɉɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ:
1) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ m ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɫɥɨɜ:
2) ɍ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨʁ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m

ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɨ
3) ɇɚʄɢ ɫɜɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
4)Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ:
5) ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m

ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ .
142
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɂɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ, ɪɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɫɤɭɩ
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɧɚɜɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ
2.ɆȺ.3.1.5. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɲɬɚ ɫɭ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ
ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ1: ɇɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ:
.
Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ2: ɇɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɢɫʁɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ:
1. (370.ɚ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) x 2 − 5x + 4 < x − 3
2. (370.ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) (x − 3)(2 − x ) < 3 + 2 x
3. (371.ɛ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) x2 − 4x > x − 3
143
4. (371.ɞ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) x 2 − x − 12 > x − 2

Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 370, 371 (ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ)
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ. ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ɇɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɛɢɪɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ (ɨɞ 372 ɞɨ 374),
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɢɦ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦ ɡɚɞɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢ ɪɚɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɭ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɭʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ.
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:

x−2
1. (372, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɚ) x 2 − x − 2 > 2 ɛ) > −2
1 − 2x
x 2 − 16 3 x2 − 4x + 7
ɜ) ≤ ɝ) <2
x −1 2 x−2
x−5 1 − 1 − x2 1
2. (373, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɚ) x+7 > ɛ) ≤
4 x 3
3x + 1
ɜ) x + 2 < 4 − x ɝ) 2
<1
x +x−2
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
3. (374, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɚ) x + 6 > x + 1 + 2x − 5 ɛ) 2 x − 3 − x − 5 < 4
ɜ) x + 3 > x −1 + x − 2 ɝ) x + x − 1 > x + 1
ɞ) 7 x − 13 > 3 x − 19 + 5 x − 27 ɻ) 3 x − 5 + x − 2 > 4 x − 3
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ (ɡɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɢʁɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ):

1 1 x −1
4. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: (462. ɚ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) x− − 1− >
x x x
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 372-374 (ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɭ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɭ).
144
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ. ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ɇɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɛɢɪɤɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ (ɨɞ 375 ɞɨ 379),
ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɢɦ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦ ɡɚɞɚʁɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢ ɪɚɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɭ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɭʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ.
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ
1. (375, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
ɚ) x 2 + 5x + 5 > 1 ɛ) x2 − x − 1 < 1
ɜ) 3 x 2 − 5 x − 3 > 2 x + 3 ɝ) 3x 2 − 2 x − 1 ≥ 2 x − 2
ɞ) 8− x + x−3 >3 ɻ) x 10 − x 2 > x 2 − 6
ɟ) x 3 x 2 + 5 x − 6 < x 2 + 2 x ɠ) x+3 +4 9− x > 3
2. (376, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: x + 3 − 2 x + 2 + x + 27 − 10 x + 2 = 4
3. (377, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɇɚʄɢ ɫɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ: x + 3 − 4 x −1 + x + 8 − 6 x −1 = 1
4. (378, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:

ɚ) x + x − 1− x =1 ɛ) x + 5 − 4 x +1 = x +1 − 2
ɜ) x + 2 x −1 − x − 2 x −1 = 2
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 376-378 (ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɭ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɭ).
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146
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɪɨɜɟɪɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɫɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɢ ɬɟɦɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
1. (401, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ k ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ 4 x 2 − 4kx + k 2 − 4 = 0

ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ (-3,4).
2. (386, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ x 2 − 2(a + 1) x + 3a + 2 = 0 , ɝɞɟ ʁɟ a ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ.

1) Ɂɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ a ɫɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ?
2) ɇɚʄɢ ɜɟɡɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ x1 ɢ x2 ɤɨʁɫ ɫɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ a?
3) ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɞɚɬɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ.
4) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ a ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɡɛɢɪ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɞɚɬɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤ
ɡɛɢɪɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɤɭɛɨɜɚ.
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɆȺɌɎ, 2013)

x+ y =2
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɡɚ ɡɛɢɪ ɤɭɛɨɜɚ):
x 3 + y 3 = −1
147
(ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ, 2013)

ɇɟɤɚ ɫɭ x1 ɢ x2 ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ x 2 + 3 x + m = 0 . ȼɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ m ɡɚ
3 3
ɤɨʁɭ ɢɡɪɚɡ x1 x2 + x1 x2 ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ: ɚ) [2,3) ɛ)
[1,2) ɜ) [4,5) ɝ) [3,4)ɞ) [0,1)
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɡɚ Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ
148
ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
3. ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ – ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ

ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ (ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ).
ȳɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. ɉɨʁɚɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɨɜɚʃɚ, ɚɧɬɢɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɨɜɚʃɟ. Ⱦɟɤɚɞɧɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ
ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɚ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ (ɭɡ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪɚ).
ȳɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ: ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ, ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɯɟɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɟɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ; ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ
ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ, ɭɫɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ ɤɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
149
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ.

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥɚɰ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ, ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɭɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɭ ɤɥɚɫɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚɦɨ ɛɚɡɭ a ∈ R + = (0,+∞ ), a ≠ 1 , ɬɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ

f : R → R+ f ( x ) = a x ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚʁɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ.
ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɰɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f (x ) = 2 x .

ɯ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2x 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɭɧɟɫɟɦɨ ɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ:
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɦɟɧ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ
ɫɤɭɩ R
• Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɯ-ɨɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
2 x > 0 , ∀x ∈ R
• Ⱥɤɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɥɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨ
ɤɪɢɜɚ f ( x ) = 2 x ɪɚɫɬɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɠɟɦɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ R
• Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɬɚɱɤɭ Ⱥ(0,1), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɡɚ ɯ>0 ɜɚɠɢ 2 x > 1 , ɚ ɡɚ ɯ<0 ɜɚɠɢ 0 < 2 x < 1
• ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɯ ɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɨɫɟ ɯ, ɫɟɱɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɢ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ "1-1"
ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɤɭɩɚ R ɭ ɫɤɭɩ R +
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ( ɤɨɞɨɦɟɧ) ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ R +
ɋɥɢɱɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ:
f (x ) = 2 x , f ( x ) = 3 x , f ( x ) = e x , f (x ) = 10 x ......
(ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ)
150
ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɡɚ f ( x ) = a x , a > 1 ɜɚɠɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ.
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ 10 x ɢ e x ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɤ 2,71828183,

ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɇɟɩɟɪɨɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ.
x
§1·
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f (x ) = ¨ ¸ .
©2¹
ɯ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2x 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɦɟɧ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ R

x
§1·
• Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɯ-ɨɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ¨ ¸ > 0 ,
©2¹
∀x ∈ R
x
§1·
• Ⱥɤɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɥɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɜɚ f ( x ) = ¨ ¸ ɨɩɚɞɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɠɟɦɨ
©2¹
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ R
x
§1·
• Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɬɚɱɤɭ Ⱥ(0,1), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɯ>0 ɜɚɠɢ 0 < ¨ ¸ < 1 , ɚ ɡɚ ɯ<0
©2¹
x
§1·
ɜɚɠɢ ¨ ¸ > 1
©2¹
• ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɯ ɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɨɫɟ ɯ, ɫɟɱɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɢ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ "1-1"
ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɤɭɩɚ R ɭ ɫɤɭɩ R +
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɤɨɞɨɦɟɧ) ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ R +
x x x
§1· §1· 1
f ( x ) = ¨ ¸ , g ( x ) = ¨ ¸ , h( x ) = §¨ ·¸ ....
©2¹ ©3¹ ©4¹
ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɡɚ f ( x ) = a x , 0 < a < 1 ɜɚɠɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ.
151
Ɂɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x ) = a x ɤɚɠɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ a>1, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɚ<1.
x
§1· −x
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ¨ ¸ = a ʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ
©a¹
f ( x ) = a ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɭ-ɨɫɭ.
x
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ɇɚɰɪɬɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = 2x ɢ

y = 2 − x ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ
(ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ)
152

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɐɪɬɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɭɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ
1. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ

f ( x ) = 2 , ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɢ
x
ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
1) f1 ( x ) = 2 x + 1 (476. ɚ)
2) f 2 ( x ) = 2 − 1
x
3) f 3 ( x ) = 2 − 4
x
153
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = 3 x ,

ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
1) f1 ( x ) = 3
x +1
2) f 2 ( x ) = 3
x −2
x −1
§1·
3) f 3 ( x ) = ¨ ¸
© 3¹
2. ɋɤɢɰɢɪɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ:

ɚ) y = 2 ⋅ 3 − x , x > −2 ɛ) y = 3 x − 9 , 0≤ x≤2
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
3. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟ

5 3 −2 − 3
§1· §1· §1· §1·
1) ¨ ¸ ɢ ¨ ¸ 2) ¨ ¸ ɢ ¨ ¸ 3) 1,1 2
ɢ 1,11, 4 4) 1,2 −2 ɢ 1,2 − 3
©2¹ ©2¹ ©3¹ ©3¹
154

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ, ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
2.ɆȺ.1.3.4. ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɛɟɥɚɪɧɨ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ,
ɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚ ɛɪɡɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɩɪɢɪɚɲɬɚʁɚ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ

ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɭ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ.
1. ɇɟɤɨ ɭɥɨɠɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ Ʉ=2000 ɧɚ ɲɬɟɞʃɭ ɭɡ

10% ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɤɚɦɚɬɟ. Ʉɨɥɢɤɢɦ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɦ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɠɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ n ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧ
ɤɚɦɚɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɞɟɤɭɪɡɢɜɚɧ?
n
§ p ·
¸ = 2000 ⋅ (1,1)
n
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ: K n = K ⋅ ¨1 +
© 100 ¹
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
Kn 2000 2200 2420 2662 2928 3221
155
2. ɉɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɛɪɡɨ ɪɚɫɬɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟ ɩɨɥɚɤɨ
ɡɚɫɢʄɭʁɟ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɜɚɪɚɱɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɟ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ
( )
f (x ) = 1000 1 − 3 − x , ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɯ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɛɪɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɢɯ ɨɞ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚɱɚ ɧɚ
ɬɪɠɢɲɬɭ. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢɯ ɨɬɜɚɪɚɱɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɜɟ, ɞɪɭɝɟ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
§ 1·
f (1) = 1000¨1 − ¸ = 667
© 3¹
§ 1·
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ: f (2 ) = 1000¨1 − ¸ = 889
© 9¹
§ 1 ·
f (3) = 1000¨1 − ¸ = 963
© 27 ¹
3. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ

ɭɤɭɩɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɭɱɟʃɟɦ
ɡɚɩɚɦʄɟɧɢɯ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɨɝ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭɱɟʃɚ
ɞɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ:
1
f (t ) = y . Ɉɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɫɚ t
1 + 3t +1
ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɢɯ
ɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭɱɟʃɚ, ɚ ɫɚ ɭ ɛɪɨʁ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭɱɟʃɚ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɪɢɜɭ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɭɡɦɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɦɨ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɱɭɥɢ 80 ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ=80, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɚɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɫɦɨ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɦɬɢɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ 20
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧ 1 ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɫɟʄɚɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɚ ʁɟ 10, ...
4. Ȼɪɨʁ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ 2011 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ 7120666. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɩɚ ɪɚɫɬɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ 0,739%, ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚ ɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ 2020 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ?
f ( x) = 7120666 ⋅ (1 − 0,00739 ) = 6660831

9
156
ɇɚɩɢɲɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ f ( x) = a x + b ɚɤɨ ʁɟ

ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɞɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ ɞɟɫɧɨ.
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
x=0 f ( x ) = −1 a 0 + b = −1 b = −2
x =1 f ( x) = 0 a1 − 2 = 0 a=2
f ( x) = 2 x − 2
5. ɇɚɩɢɲɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ f ( x) = a x + b ɚɤɨ

ʁɟ ʃɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɞɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
x=0 f ( x) = 2 a0 + b = 2 b =1
1
x = −1 f ( x) = 3 a −1 + 1 = 3 a=
2
x
§1·
f ( x) = ¨ ¸ + 1
©2¹
157
158
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ
ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɭ

ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ
ɡɚ a > 0 ɢ a ≠ 1 ɜɚɠɢ a x = a y ɚɤɤɨ x = y
1) Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
1) 2 x − 16 = 0 [ɯ = 4]
1
−
2) 16 x
=4 [ ɯ = −2 ]
x
§1·
3) ¨ ¸ = 64 [ ɯ = −3 ]
©4¹
1
4) 4 − x = 3 2 [ɯ =− ]
6
159
2 0,5 1
5) 2 3 x = [ɯ =− ]
4 2
3
1 3
a x −ɯ 1 3 − ɯ2 3
6) a= x [ɚ = ɚ
2 ɯ
, = , ɯ1 = −2, ɯ2 = ]
a 2 ɯ 2
x x
2
8) 216 = 16 2 [ɯ = ]
3
1) 4 x ⋅ 5 x − 2 = 320 [ ɯ = 3 , 320 ɪɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɟ]

2) 2 x ⋅ 3 2 x −5 ⋅ 7 x −3 = 3024 [ ɯ = 4 , ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢ]
3) 3 x ⋅ 7 2− x = 21 [ ɯ = 1]
160

ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ.
1) 8 x = 7 x −1 + 7 x [ ɯ = 1]
2) 5 x + 5 x −1 = 7 x − 7 x −1 [ ɯ = 1]
7x
3) 2 2 x + 4 x −1 + 4 ⋅ 2 2 x = 7 x − [ ɯ = 3]
49
1) 4 x + 2 ⋅ 2 x − 8 = 0 Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ: ɫɦɟɧɚ t = 2 ɯ , t 2 + 2t − 8 = 0, t = 2 , ɯ =1
161
2) 25 x = 30 ⋅ 5 x − 125 [ ɯ1 = 1, ɯ2 = 2 ]
3) 49 x − 6 ⋅ 7 x +1 = 343 [ ɯ = 2]
1) 64 ⋅ 9 x − 84 ⋅ 12 x + 27 ⋅ 16 x = 0 ɍɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ: ɉɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɫɚ 16 ɯ , ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɯ1 = 1, ɯ2 = 2
2) 3 ⋅ 16 x + 2 ⋅ 81x = 5 ⋅ 36 x
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 482, 485, 486.
1. Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
x x−2 −x
3 §2· §4· §2· 2
1) ⋅ ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ ⋅¨ ¸ ⋅ [ ɯ = 1]
8 ©3¹ ©3¹ ©3¹ 3
2
( )
1
§ x +3 2 x
· x −1
2) 2 ⋅ ¨¨ 2 ¸
¸ =4 [ɍɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ, ɫɦɟɧɚ , x = t , ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɯ = 9 ]
© ¹
1 7
x+ x+ 3
1) 9 x − 2 2
=2 2
− 3 2 x −1 [ɯ = ]
2
2 x+4 2 x −3 2 x −1 2x
2) 5 5
−4 3
=5 5
+4 3
162
3. ( ɎɈɇ, ɩɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ 2013.)

x −3
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ 4 x − 7 ⋅ 2 2
= 2−x
4. Ɋɟɲɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: ɚ) 27 x − 13 ⋅ 9 x + 13 ⋅ 3 x +1 − 27 = 0

x −1
x
ɛ) 5 − 4 = 5 2
x x
a) §¨ 3 + 2 2 ·¸ + §¨ 3 − 2 2 ·¸ = 34
© ¹ © ¹
x
1
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ: ɍɜɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɦɟɧɭ t = §¨ 3 + 2 2 ·¸ , ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ 3 − 2 2 = , ɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ
© ¹ 3+ 2 2
1
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ t + = 34 ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ t = 17 + 12 2 , ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɫɦɟɧɟ
t
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɯ = 4
x x
ɛ) §¨ 7 + 48 ·¸ + §¨ 7 − 48 ·¸ = 14 (Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɯ = 2 )
© ¹ © ¹
2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ:

2 x = 4x 2 x +1 − x 2 = 0 3 − x = 5 x + 19
163
x
3. Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ 2 x − 5 + = 0 . Ⱦɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ
2
−5
§1·
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɧɚʄɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ 4 ¨ ¸ .
©2¹
x
4. Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ 3 x − 8 − = 0 . Ⱦɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɪɟɲɢɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ
2
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɧɚʄɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ 4
33 .
164

ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɭɩɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ ɢ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ ɢ
ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: ȼɪɲɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɭ, ɜɪɲɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɱɚɫɚ ɤɪɨɡ
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɜɪɲɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɚɬɚɬɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɭʁɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ

ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɨɞ 4-5 ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ ɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɰɢɦɚ
Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɬɪɚʁɟ 25 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ
x +1 x +1
§1·
1. Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ: ɚ) 2 x
⋅¨ ¸ =1 [ ɯ1 = −1, ɯ2 = 1 ]
©2¹
x x
ɛ) 4 −2 = 12 [ɯ = 4]
2 x − x 2 +1 2 x − x 2 +1 2
ɜ) 25 +9 = 34 ⋅ 15 2 x − x
2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ: 4 x −3 = 3 x + 1
3. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ( x − 3) = ( x − 3)
x2 − x 2
165
166
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
2.ɆȺ.3.1.5. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ

ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ
ax < ay ɚɤɤɨ x< y (a > 1)
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ:
ax < ay ɚɤɤɨ x>y (0 < a < 1)
1
−2
§1·x
1) 3 x + 2 ≤¨ ¸ Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ 3 x+2 ≤ 3 x ɫɥɟɞɢ ɯ 2 + 2 ɯ + 3 ≤ 0, ɬʁ. ɯ ∈ [− 1,3]
©9¹
x2 −4 x
2) §¨ 2 ·¸ [ ɯ ∈ (0,4] ]
x2
≤1
©5¹
(
2 1+ x )
§ 16 ·
3) (1,75) [ ɯ ∈ [1,9] ]
1− x
≤¨ ¸
© 49 ¹
167
1
2x
4) §¨ 1 ·¸ >
1
© 3¹ 81
4 x −3
2
−2 x −2 §1·
5) 0,2 9 x ≥¨ ¸
©5¹
3 x −1
6) 0,4 x − 2 > 0,4 − 2
2x
7) (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2015.) (0,5)1− x ≥ (0,25)x −6 , ɯ ≠ 1 [ ɯ ∈ [− 1,1) ∪ (1,6] ]
Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧ
168
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ȿɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
1. Ɋɟɲɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ: 1) (491.ɢ)) 9 ⋅ 16 x + 4 ⋅ 81x < 13 ⋅ 36 z

( )
2) 5 x − 3 x +1 > 2 ⋅ 5 x −1 − 3 x − 2
3) ( ) (
x
5+2 + )x
5−2 ≤ 2 5
2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ: 1) 2 x + 2 ≤ 3 x + 5

2) 3 x ≥ x + 3
x−4
3) (0,2)2 x +1 ≤ 5 x
3. (488.ɚ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
Ɋɟɲɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ 4 ⋅ 4 x = 8 y ,2 ⋅ 2 y = 2 x
169
4. (489.ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
Ɋɟɲɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ 2 x + 2 y = 12, x + y = 5

ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
170
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɂɧɜɟɪɡɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɛɢʁɟɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ
ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭ
ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ "1-1" ɢ "ɧɚ" ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɚɜɚɦɨ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ.
ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f : A → B ɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ "1-1"
ɢ "ɧɚ".
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ x ∈ A, y = f ( x ) , ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ y ∈ B ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɬɚɱɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ x ∈ A , ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
y = f ( x ) , ɩɚ ɢɦɚɦɨ ɧɨɜɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ ȼ . ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ
ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɡɚ f ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɦɨ ɫɚ f −1 , f −1 : B → A ɢ ɜɚɠɢ f −1 ( y ) = x . Ƚɪɚɮɢɰɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭ y=x.
171
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ɂɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f(x)=2x+3 ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɚ

x−3
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ f −1 ( x ) =
2
ɍɜɟɞɢɦɨ ɫɦɟɧɭ 2x+3=t, ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨ t

x−3
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ t = , ɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɫɦɟɧɟ, ɫɥɟɞɢ:
2
x−3
f −1 ( x ) = .
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. Ɂɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x ) = x 2 ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɚ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ f −1 ( x ) = x
ɍɜɟɞɢɦɨ ɫɦɟɧɭ x 2 = t , ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨ t

ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ t = x , ɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɫɦɟɧɟ, ɫɥɟɞɢ:
f −1 (x ) = x .
ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ: Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ
ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ.
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ:
1. ɇɚʄɢ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ: f ( x ) = 3 x + 5 .
2x − 3
2. ɇɚʄɢ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ: f ( x ) = .
x+2
x+2
x −1
4. ɇɚʄɢ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ: f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 .
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ:
3x + 1
x+3
2. ɇɚʄɢ ɢɧɜɟɪɡɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ: f ( x ) = x 2 − 9 .
172
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ .

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦ, ɛɚɡɚ, ɧɭɦɟɪɭɫ

ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ (ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɧɚ
https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ)
Ɇɢɯɚɟɥ ɋɬɢɮɟɥ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ Ⱥɪɢɬɯɦɟɬɢɤɚ ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚ ɭ ɇɢɪɧɛɟɪɝɭ ɭ 1544, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɨɬɤɪɢʄɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɠɟ 1614 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ
ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ɇɢɪɢɮɢɰɢ Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɯɦɨɪɭɦ Ʉɚɧɨɧɢɫ ȾɟɫɄɪɢɩɬɢɨ, ɨɞ ȹɨɧɚ ɇɚɩɟɪɚ ɢ Ȼɚɪɨɧ
ɨɞ Ɇɟɪɤɯɢɫɬɨɧɚ ɭ ɒɤɨɬɫɤɨʁ.
ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɭ ɧɚɭɤɟ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ, ɱɢɧɟʄɢ ɧɟɤɟ
ɬɟɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɦ. ɉɪɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩʁɭɬɟɪɚ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɭ
ɢɡɜɢɻɚʃɭ, ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ.
ɇɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ, ɇɟɩɟɪ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɟ ɢ ɡɨɜɟ "ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ" ɢ ɚɧɬɢɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɟ
"ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ". Ʉɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɇɟɩɟɪ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ ɪɟɱ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦ ɫɚ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ: ȜȩȖȠȢ (ɥɨɝɨɫ) ɢ ܻȡȚșȝȩȢ (ɚɪɢɬɯɦɨɫ) ɛɪɨʁ.
Ⱦɨ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɬɚɛɟɥɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɭɱɧɢɤɭ Ⱥɛɪɚɦɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɋɬɟɝɭɧɚ.
ɉɪɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ,ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɤɪɟɢɪɚɧɟ ɪɭɱɧɨ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1617, ɏɟɧɪɢ Ȼɪɢɝɫ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɪɚɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɚɛɟɥɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɟ ɰɟɥɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɞɨ 1000 ɞɨ ɨɫɚɦ
ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɥɚ, 1624, ʃɟɝɨɜɚ Ⱥɪɢɬɦɟɬɢɤɰɚ Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɢɤɚ,
ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɰɟɥɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɨɞ 1 ɞɨ 20.000 ɢ ɨɞ 90.000 ɞɨ 100.000 ɞɨ ɱɟɬɪɧɚɟɫɬ
ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɜɨɞɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɚ ɭ
173
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢ. ɂɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɨɞ 20.000 ɞɨ 90.000 ʁɟ ɩɨɩɭɧɢɨ Ⱥɞɪɢʁɚɧ ȼɥɚɰɤ, ɏɨɥɚɧɞɫɤɢ

ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɪ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɬɚɛɟɥɟ, ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ Ɍɚɛɟɥɟ ɞɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɚɪ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ Ƚɚɫɩɚɪɚ ɞɟ ɉɪɨɧɢʁɚ., ɩɨɞ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨɦ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ
ɨɞ 1790. Ɉɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ, ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɢ ɫɜɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɞɨ 100.000 ɧɚ ɞɟɜɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ
ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 100.000 ɢ 200.000 ɧɚ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ
ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ, "ɭ ɫɟɞɚɦɧɚɟɫɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɢɯ ɮɨɥɢʁɚ," ɧɚ ɨɩɫɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1792
ɭɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ "ɰɟɥɟ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɜɟʄɭ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬ.
Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɬ.
c = log a b
c je ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦ ɛɪɨʁɚ b ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ a ako je ac = b ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ b ɧɭɦɟɪɭɫ, a ɛɪɨʁ a ɛɚɡɚ
ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ a ∈ R + \ {1}, b ∈ R + .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ. log10 100 = 2, 10 2 = 100
log 2 256 = 8, 28 = 256
1 1
log 3 = −3, 3−3 =
27 27
ɈɋɈȻɂɇȿ ɅɈȽȺɊɂɌAɆȺ: a ∈ R + \ {1}, b ∈ R +
1. a log a b = b
2. log a a c = c
3. log a 1 = 0
c
4. log a b = c ⋅ log a b
5. log a xy = log a x + log a y
x
6. log a = log a x − log a y
y
log c b
7. log a b =
log c a
1
8. log a c b = log a b
c
174
1
9. log a b =
log b a
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ: ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ:
1
1) log 2 = log 2 2 −7 = −7
128
1
2) log 3
81 = log 3 34 = 2
2
2 2
3) log a 5 a 2 = log a a 5 =
5
4) 2log2 512 = 512

5) log 1 8 = −3
2
7
log 7 7
6) 10 ⋅10 4 10
= 10 ⋅ =
4 10 4
− log 5 6 1
7) 5 =
6
8) 2 3 + 5 log 2 3
9) 8 log 4 10
10) log 5 log 2 log 3 log 2 512
175
176
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ .

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɜɚɠɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦ, ɛɚɡɚ, ɧɭɦɟɪɭɫ
1 1
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ: 1) log 3 27 + log 2 1 + log 2
2 8
5 1 1
2) log 3 81 + 3 log 1 16 − 2 log 2 + log 1
4 2
32 3
27
1
3) log 0,5 8 − 3 log 0, 2 − 2 log 0,1 1000
7
4) log 3 5 ⋅ log 4 9 ⋅ log 5 2
5) log 3 2 ⋅ log 4 3 ⋅ log 5 4 ⋅ log 6 5 ⋅ log 7 6 ⋅ log 8 7
177
(log 3
27
)(
3 + log 49 5 25 log 4 81 9 − log 9 8 4 )
2. (503. ɜ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: 1
log16 25
3+5 ⋅ 5 log5 3
3. ɋɜɟɞɢ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦ: 1) 2 log a 3 + 3 log a 2
2)
1
2
log a x + 2 ⋅ log a ( xy ) − 12 log a y
4. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ 1) log 3 5 ako je log 6 2 = a i log 6 5 = b
2) log 5 6 ako je log 2 = a i log 2 7 = b
Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ.
178
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ .

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɭ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɰɢ.
2.ɆȺ.2.3.3. ɍɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɲɟ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɢɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɭɠ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɨɫɚ.
2.ɆȺ.2.3.4. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ (ɨɛɥɚɫɬ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɩɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɫɬ, ...)
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɉɨɞɫɟɬɢɦɨ ɫɟ y = log a x ɚɤɤɨ ay = x ɡɚ x > 0, a > 0 , a ≠ 1
ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ x > 0 ɬɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ a > 0 , a ≠ 1 ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɛɪɨʁ log a x .

Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x ) = log a x , f : R + → R ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɢɦ
ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ
log a x .
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x ) = log 2 x

ɯ 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8
log 2 x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
179
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɦɟɧ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ R +

• Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɨɫɭ ɯ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɢ Ⱥ(1,0)
• Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɯ-ɨɫɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ f ( x ) > 0 ɡɚ ɯ>1, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ
ɯ-ɨɫɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ f ( x ) < 0 ɡɚ 0<ɯ<1.
• Ⱥɤɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɥɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɜɚ f ( x ) = log 2 x ɪɚɫɬɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɤɚɠɟɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ R +
• ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɭ ɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɫɟ ɭ, ɫɟɱɟ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɢ
• ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ "1-1" ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɤɭɩɚ R + ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩ R
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɤɨɞɨɦɟɧ) ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ R
f ( x ) = log 2 x , f1 ( x ) = log e x , f 2 ( x ) = log 3 x ,
f 3 ( x ) = log10 x ......

ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɡɚ f ( x ) = log a x , a > 1 ɜɚɠɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ

ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x ) = log 1 x (524.ɚ))

2
ɯ 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8

log 1 x
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
2
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɦɟɧ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ

180
R+
• Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟɱɟ ɨɫɭ ɯ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɢ Ⱥ(1,0)
• Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɯ-ɨɫɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ f ( x ) > 0 ɡɚ 0<ɯ<1, ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ
ɢɫɩɨɞ ɯ-ɨɫɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ f ( x ) < 0 ɡɚ ɯ>1.
• Ⱥɤɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɥɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨ ɤɪɢɜɚ f ( x ) = log 1 x ɨɩɚɞɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
2
+
ɤɚɠɟɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɭ R
• ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɭ ɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɫɟ ɭ, ɫɟɱɟ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɚɱɤɢ
• ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ "1-1" ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɤɭɩɚ R + ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩ R
• Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɤɨɞɨɦɟɧ) ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ R
f ( x ) = log 1 x , f1 ( x ) = log 1 x , f 2 ( x ) = log 1 x , .....

2 3 10

ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɡɚ f ( x ) = log a x , a ∈ (0,1) ɜɚɠɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ

ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ.
Ɂɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x ) = log a x ɤɚɠɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ a>1, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ

ɨɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɚ<1.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( ɯ) = log 1 x ʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ f ( x ) = log a x ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɯ ɨɫɭ.

a
ɇɚɰɪɬɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = log 2 x ɢ f ( x ) = log 1 x

2
ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ
181
ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
1. f ( x ) = log 3 x ,
2. f ( x ) = log 1 x .
3
182
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɭ
1. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = log 2 x ,

ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
1) f 1 ( x ) = log 2 x + 1
2) f 2 ( x ) = log 2 x − 1
3) f 3 ( x ) = log 2 x − 4
183
2. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = log 3 x , ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ

ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
1) f ( x ) = log 3 x + 1 2) f ( x ) = log 3 ( x + 1) 3) f ( x ) = log 3 ( x − 1)
3. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ:
1) f ( x ) = log 2 x − 4
Ⱦɨɦɟɧ: x ∈ (0,+∞ )
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɩɪɟɫɟɤ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɯ):
log 2 x − 4 = 0 ɚɤɤɨ log 2 x = 4 ɚɤɤɨ x = 2 4 ɚɤɤɨ x = 16
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: log 2 x − 4 > 0 ɚɤɤɨ log 2 x > 4 ɚɤɤɨ x > 2 4 ɚɤɤɨ x > 16
log 2 x − 4 < 0 ɚɤɤɨ log 2 x < 4 ɚɤɤɨ x < 2 4 ɚɤɤɨ x < 16
Ɇɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɫɬ: Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɚ>1.
Ʉɨɞɨɦɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ.
2) f ( x ) = log 3 x − 1
Ⱦɨɦɟɧ: x ∈ (0,+∞ )
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ( ɩɪɟɫɟɤ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɯ):
log 3 x − 1 = 0 ⇔ log 3 x = 1 ⇔ x = 31 ⇔ x=3
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: log 3 x − 1 > 0 ⇔ log 3 x > 1 ⇔ x > 31 ⇔ x>3
log 3 x − 1 < 0 ⇔ log 3 x < 1 ⇔ x < 31 ⇔ x<3

184
3) f ( x ) = log 3 ( x + 2)
Ⱦɨɦɟɧ: x ∈ (− 2,+∞ )
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɩɪɟɫɟɤ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɯ):
log 3 ( x + 2) = 0 ɚɤɤɨ x + 2 = 30 ɚɤɤɨ x + 2 = 1 ɚɤɤɨ x = −1
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: log 3 ( x + 2 ) > 0 ɚɤɤɨ x + 2 > 30 ɚɤɤɨ x + 2 > 1 ɚɤɤɨ x > −1
log 3 ( x + 2) < 0 ɚɤɤɨ x + 2 < 30 ɚɤɤɨ x + 2 < 1 ɚɤɤɨ x < −1

Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 524. ɚ, ɛ)
1. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
1) f ( x ) = log 1 ( x − 1)
3
Ⱦɨɦɟɧ: x ∈ (1,+∞ )
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: log 1 ( x − 1) = 0 ɚɤɤɨ x −1 = 1 ⇔ x=2

3
185
0
§1·
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: log 1 ( x − 1) > 0 ɚɤɤɨ x −1 < ¨ ¸ ɚɤɤɨ x − 1 < 1 ɚɤɤɨ x<2
3 © 3¹
0
§1·
log 1 ( x − 1) < 0 ɚɤɤɨ x −1 > ¨ ¸ ɚɤɤɨ x − 1 > 1 ɚɤɤɨ x>2
3 © 3¹
Ɇɨɧɨɬɨɧɨɫɬ: Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɨɩɚɞɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɚ<1.

2) f ( x ) = log 2 (4 x − 3)
§3 ·
Ⱦɨɦɟɧ: x ∈ ¨ ,+∞ ¸
©4 ¹
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: log 2 (4 x − 3) = 0 ɚɤɤɨ 4 x − 3 = 20 ɚɤɤɨ 4 x − 3 = 1 ɚɤɤɨ x =1
Ɂɧɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: log 2 (4 x − 3) > 0 ɚɤɤɨ 4 x − 3 > 20 ɚɤɤɨ 4 x − 3 > 1 ɚɤɤɨ x >1
log 2 (4 x − 3) < 0 ɚɤɤɨ 4 x − 3 < 20 ɚɤɤɨ 4 x − 3 < 1 ɚɤɤɨ x <1

2. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ
1) log 3 2 ɢ log 3 5 2) log 1 2 ɢ log 1 5
3 3
3) log 2 3 ɢ log 5 3 4) log 1 4 ɢ log 1 4

3 5
2 3
5) log 3 2 ɢ ( log 3 2 = log 32 2 3 = log 9 8 < 1 )
3 2
6) log 9 80 ɢ log 7 50 ( log 9 80 < log 9 81 = 2 = log 7 49 < log 7 50 )
3. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

(
ɚ) f ( x ) = log 3 x 2 − x) ɛ) f (x ) = log10 x 2 − 4 ( ) (
ɜ) f ( x ) = log e x 2 − 4 x + 3 )
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 525. ɛ, ɜ), 526. ɚ), ɛ)
186
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɟɤɚɞɧɨɝ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɞɟɤɚɞɧɨɝ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɞɟɤɚɞɧɨɝ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɭ
2.ɆȺ.3.3.3. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 35 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ.
1) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: ɚ) log 7 3
ɛ) log 0.01 17
2) ɉɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɦɚ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
ɚ) 2250 ⋅ 1,0512
0 , 36
§4·
ɛ) ¨ ¸
©5¹
ɜ) 5 ⋅ 8 2,254
187
3) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ: ɚ) log 2 x = 1,028
ɛ) 2 x = 3 x +5
4
ɜ) 3 x + =5
3x
ɝ) 49 x − 6 ⋅ 7 x + 5 = 0
1 3
3+
ɞ) 64 x + 2 x
+ 12 = 0
188
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɢɯ
ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
1) log 5 x = 3
2) log 0, 04 ( x − 3) = −1
x+2
3) log 2 =0
2x − 2
§ 3 ·
4) 7 − log 3 ¨ ¸=6
©5− x¹
5) (527. ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log ( x −1) 3 = 2
189
6) lg 5 x − lg16 = lg(21x − 8) − 1
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ 527, 528, 529
190
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: __________________
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
ɚɭɬɨɪɢ: ɀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. Ɉɝʃɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
1) lg ( x − 9 ) + 2 lg 2 x − 1 = 2
2) log 2 ( x + 14) + log 2 ( x + 2) = 6
( )
3) log 2 x 2 − 4 x + 12 = 3
4) (527. ɞ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log 3 (5 + 4 log 3 ( x − 1)) = 2
5) (528. ɛ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log 15 log 4 log 3 x = 0
191
6) (528.ɜ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log 2 log 2 x = log 2 3 + log 2 4
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ 530, 531, 532
( ) (
1) log 1 13x − x 2 − 42 = log 1 13x − x 2 − 40 )
2 2
2) (529. ɜ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log 22 x + 2 log 2 x − 2 = 0
3) (530. ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log 2 x − 2 log 8 x + log 2

(2 x ) = 20
3
4) (531.ɻ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log 2 182 − 2 log 2 5 − x = log 2 (11 − x ) + 1
1
5) (531. ɢ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log 1− x 3 − log 1− x 2 − =0
2
192
( ) ( )
1) log 2 2 x + 1 ⋅ log 2 2 x +1 + 2 = 2
2) (534. ɞ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 91+log3 x + 31+log3 x = 210

3) (534. ɝ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 8 lg x + 3 − lg x ⋅ 24 lg (10 x ) = 25
4) (535.ɚ),ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) log x 2 ⋅ log 2 x 2 = log 4 x 2 5)
1 1
log16 x − log16 x +
5) (534. ɜ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 4 log16 x
−3 2
=3 2
− 2 2 log16 x −1
Ɍɨɤ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ
x
3− log10
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɢ 2001) x 3
= 900
log 3 x
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ,2005) x =3
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ,2016) x log 2 x = 16
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2003) x log x
= 10
193
5. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɎ 2007) (log 7 x )2 + (log 7 5)(log 5 x )) = 2

5
6. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ,2004) log 5 x + log 52 x = 1
x
194
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ

ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɢɯ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ
log a x < log a y ɚɤɤɨ x< y (a > 1)
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ:
log a x < log a y ɚɤɤɨ x> y (0 < a < 1)
1) log 5 x < 3
2) log 0 , 04 ( x − 3) ≥ −1
x+2
3) log 2 >0
2x − 2
4) log 2 ( x + 14) + log 2 ( x + 2) ≥ 6
195
( )
5) log 2 x 2 − 4 x + 12 < 3
6) log 1 (5 + 4 log 3 ( x − 1)) ≤ −2

3
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ 545, 546
196
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ.

Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɧɢ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
( ) (
1. (546. ɟ)) log 0, 2 x 2 − x − 2 > log 0, 2 − x 2 + 2 x + 3 )
2. log 2 5 x > log 2 (x 2
+ 2 x + 2)
log 1 x+3
3. 3
<1
log 1 ( x + 1)
3
4. (log10 (10 x )) ⋅ log 2 x < 2 log 2 10

( )
5. log x +3 x 2 − 9 x − 10 ≤ log x +3 12
6. log 0,5 log 4 log 3 x > 0
197
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɦɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɢɦɚ (ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ)
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȽɎ, 2015) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: log x (3 x − 2) > 2 .

2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɋɎ, 2015) Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɰɟɥɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ x ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɚ
ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ log 2 ( x + 1) + log 2 ( x + 2 ) < 2 log 2 (5 − x ) .
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɆȺɌɎ, 2014) ɇɚʄɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
log 2 (log 4 x) + log 4 (log 2 x ) < 2 .
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ, 2010) ɇɚʄɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ: log 3 ( x) < log 9 ( x + 2 )
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ - ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɱɚɫɚ, 548.
198

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɬɚɦɫɤɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

3−log10 5
log10 25
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ, 2014.) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: 5 .
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ, 2014.) ɇɚʄɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
2013 x
= 2013log x 2014 .
2014
log 27
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ, 2014.) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = log 2
3
64 − 3 3
3
, ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ
9
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ (a + 9 ) 2
a+
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ, 2014.) Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

1
log x − 2 + 3 log ( x + 2 ) = + log x 2 − 4
2
199
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ - ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɱɚɫɚ, 549, 550, 553.

1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɋɎ, 2014.) ɇɚʄɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
§ § 19 · ·
log 1 ¨¨ log 2 ¨ x 2 − x + ¸ ¸¸ ≥ −1 .
2© © 16 ¹ ¹
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȽɎ, 2014.) ɇɚʄɢ ɡɛɢɪ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
3
log x 2 5 + log x 4 5 = .
2
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, Ɏɚɪɦɚɰɟɭɬɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, 2014.) ɂɧɜɟɪɡɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
( )
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x) = 5 + log 3 x 2 − 4 ɡɚ x < −2 , ʁɟ?
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, Ɏɚɪɦɚɰɟɭɬɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, 2014.) ɇɚʄɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
log 1 (log 27 (x 2 − 1)) > 1 .
3
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ - ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɱɚɫɚ, 551, 552, 554. ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɭ
ɡɧɚʃɚ
200
Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
4. Tɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɚ
ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ
ɍɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɭɝɥɚ; ɦɟɪɟʃɟ ɭɝɥɚ, ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧ.
Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɚ ɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ; ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɚ ɤɨɝ
ɭɝɥɚ, ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬ.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɰɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ; ɝɪɚɮɢɰɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ:
ɭ= Ⱥ sin (ɚɯ+b) ɢ ɭ= Ⱥ ɫɨs (ɚɯ+b).
Ⱥɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɟ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ (ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɭɝɥɨɜɚ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɛɢɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ).
Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ.
ɋɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ; ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɟ (ɭ ɦɟɬɪɢɱɤɨʁ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɢ, ɮɢɡɢɰɢ, ɩɪɚɤɫɢ).
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɲɬɪɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ ɤɨɞ

ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɦ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɨɞ 30°, 60°, 45°.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
2.ɆȺ.1.2.7. ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ.
2.ɆȺ.2.2.5. ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ.
201

Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɚ
ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɭ

ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɭ.
ɉɨɞɫɟɬɢʄɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɭɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɬɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ.
ɋɜɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ʁɨɲ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɦɟɪɟʃɚ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɦɟɪɟʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɡɜɨɞʂɢɜɨ.
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ, ɩɨɦɨʄɭ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɡɨɜɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɚ. (ɝɪɱɤɢ: trigonus-ɬɪɨɭɝɚɨ, metron-ɦɟɪɚ). Ʉɨɪɟɧɟ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɟʄɟɦɨ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɭ ȿɝɢɩɬɭ ɢ ȼɚɜɢɥɨɧɭ. ɍ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɫɟ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɚ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦ ɦɟɪɟʃɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɢʁɚ ɛɚɜɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɢɧɭɫ, ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫ, ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɢ ɤɨɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ, ɨɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɚɜɧɨ
ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨ. (Ⱥɥ-ɏɨɪɟɡɦɢ je kɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ɧɚɡɢɜ ʇɚɢɛɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɜɚɪɟɧɨ ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɟɱɢ ʇɢɜɚ,
koja ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɬɟɬɢɜɭ ɥɭɤɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɥɭɤ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɛɨɪ (ʇɟɩ). Koɞ Ⱥɪɚɩɚ, ɩɨʁɚɦ ʇɚɢɛ koji ʁɟ ȿɧɝɥɟɡ ,
Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɨɞ ɑɟɫɬɟɪɚ, ɩɪɟɜɟɨ ɨɤɨ 1145. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɩɚɧɢʁu, ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɧɭɫ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɢɫɬɨ,
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɧɚɛɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɟʄɢ, ʇɟɩɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɝɢ ɪɟɰɢɦɨ).
ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɥɟɝɥɚ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ

sin α = cos α =
ɯɢɩɨɬɟɧɭɡɚ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɧɭɡɚ
ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɥɟɝɥɚ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ

tgα = ctgα =
ɧɚɥɟɝɥɚ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɬɚ
202
Ɂɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɲɬɪɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɦɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ

ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ:
α sin α cos α tgα ctgα
1 3 3
30° 3
2 2 3
2 2
45° 1 1
2 2
3 1 3
60° 3
2 2 3
ȼɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɚɧ ɭɝɚɨ α ɪɚɱɭɧɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ1: Ⱦɭɠɢɧɟ ɤɚɬɟɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ Ⱥȼɋ ʁɟ a = 16 , ɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦɧɨɝ

ɭɝɥɚ ʁɟ α = 30 $ . Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɬɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ2: Ⱦɭɠɢɧɟ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɧɭɡɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ Ⱥȼɋ ʁɟ c = 8 , ɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɨɲɬɪɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ

α = 52 $ . Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɬɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
Ɂɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ Į ɢ ȕ (Į+ȕ=90º) ɜɚɠɟ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ: sin α = cos β , sin β = cos α ,

tgα = ctgβ ɢ ctgα = tgβ .
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ:
sin 32 $ + 5 cos 58 $ sin 10 $ ⋅ sin 30 $ ⋅ sin 50 $ ⋅ sin 70 $

ɚ) ɛ)
2 cos 58 $ cos 20 $ ⋅ cos 40 $ ⋅ cos 60 $ ⋅ cos 80 $
sin 52 − 2tg 52 − cos 38
$ $ $
ɜ)
sin 38 $ + ctg 38 $ − cos 52 $
1) Ⱦɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɧɭɡɚ c = 24 ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ ɢ α = 60 $ . ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɬɟ.

5 sin 25 $ + 7 cos 65 $
2) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ: ɚ)
2 sin 25 $
ctg 60 $ + ctg 45 $
ɛ)
tg 30 $ + tg 45 $
sin 20 $ ⋅ ctg 70 $
ɜ)
cos 70 $ ⋅ tg 20 $
3) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɤɪɚɤ b ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɤɪɚɤɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ Į = 32° ɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ h = 12.
203
204
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɚɞɚɰɢɦɚ
ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ.
Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ. ɍɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ. ɉɨɧɨɜɢɦɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɟ
sin α cos α
sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 , tgα = (cos α ≠ 0) , ctgα = (sin α ≠ 0)
cos α sin α
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ:
a2 + b2 = c2 / : c2
a
2 2
§a· §b· sin α a
¨ ¸ +¨ ¸ =1 = c = = tgα
©c¹ ©c¹ cos α b b
sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 c
205
sin α cos α a b
tgα = , ctgα = , tgα ⋅ ctgα = ⋅ = 1
cos α sin α b a
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɨ:
5 4
ɚ) sin α = ɛ) tgα =
13 5
3 sin α + 2 cos α − 1
2 2
2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: A = , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɨ: tgα = 1 .
sin 2 α − sin α ⋅ cos α + 2
3 sin α − cos α
3. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ = 1 ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ tgα .
sin α + 2 cos α
3 sin α − cos α 3tgα − 1 3
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ = 1 , ɞɟʂɟʃɟɦ ɫɚ cos a, ɢɦɚɦɨ = 1 , ɬʁ. tgα = .
sin α + 2 cos α tgα + 2 2
sin α 1 + cos α
4. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ: ɚ) =
1 − cos α sin α
ɛ) 1 + sin α + cos α + tgα = (1 + cos α )(1 + tgα )
cos α cos α
ɜ) − = −2ctg 2α
1 + cos α 1 − cos α
sin α 1 + cos α sin α (1 + cos α ) sin α (1 + cos α ) 1 + cos α
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɚ) ⋅ = = =
1 − cos α 1 + cos α 1 − cos 2 α sin 2 α sin α
sin α
ɛ) 1 + sin α + cos α + tgα = (1 + cos α ) + (1 + cos α ) ⋅
= (1 + cos α )(1 + tgα )
cos α
cos α cos α cos α − cos 2 α − cos α − cos 2 α − 2 cos 2 α
ɜ) − = = = −2ctg 2α
1 + cos α 1 − cos α 1 − cos 2 α sin 2 α
1 1
5. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ sin α ɚɤɨ ʁɟ sin 2 α − cos 2 α + cos 4 α = . [ sin α = ]
81 3
tgα − cos α
1) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ A = ɚɤɨ ʁɟ sin α = 0,6 ɢ α + β = 90 $ .( A = −1 )
cos β − ctgβ
( ) ( )
2) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ: sin α ⋅ cos 90 $ − α + sin 90 $ − α ⋅ cos α = 1 .
1 tg 2α
3) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ: ɚ) cos 2 α = ɛ) sin 2 α = .
1 + tg 2α 1 + tg 2α
3 sin 3 α − 4 cos 3 α
4) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ: Y = , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = a .
5 sin 3 α + cos 3 α
206
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɍɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɭɝɥɚ, ɦɟɪɟʃɟ ɭɝɥɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ ɢ ɦɟɪɟʃɟ ɭɝɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɦɟɪɭ ɭɝɥɚ ɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɭ
ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɨɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɧɚɰɪɬɚ ɭɝɚɨ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɫɬɨɝ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧ
Ɋɚɞɢʁɚɧ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɦɟɪɟʃɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ. Ɋɚɞɢʁɚɧ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɚ

ɥɭɤɚ Ⱥȼ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɟ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɬɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ȺɈȼ ɢɡ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɤɪɭɝɚ. ɉɭɧ ɭɝɚɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 2ʌ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧɚ.
π
180 $ = π rad 1$ = rad ≈ 0,017
180
180 $
1rad = ≈ 57 $17′45′′ ɬʁ. 180 $ : α 0 = π : ϕ rad
π
ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɭ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ kP + α , ɝɞɟ ʁɟ k ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ, Ɋ ʁɟ ɩɭɧ
ɭɝɚɨ, α ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɢ ɭɝɚɨ. ( ɍɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɪɚɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɢ, ɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ)
207
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧɫɤɭ ɦɟɪɭ ɭɝɥɚ ɨɞ: 300º, 15º, 135º, 330º, 225º, 18º, 12º15', 18,5º, 6,4º.
5
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɚ) 180 0 : 300 0 = π : ϕ rad ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ 300 0 = π rad
3
π π 3π 3π 7π 8π
2. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɦɟɪɭ ɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɝɥɚ: , , , , , .
2 12 2 4 12 9
3. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧɫɤɭ ɦɟɪɭ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ: 420º, 780º, 900º, -120º, -225º, -840º.
π 3π 3π 32π 13π
4. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɦɟɪɭ ɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɭɝɥɚ: 4π , − , − , − , , .
12 2 4 12 6
5. ɂɡɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɭ ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧɢɦɚ ɭɝɚɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɚɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɡɚʂɤɢ:
ɚ) ɭ 10h ɛ) ɭ 7h ɜ) ɭ 9h
208
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɝɭ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɞɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɚɱɤɚ ɫɚ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɟ ɬɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɚ ɬɨɝ
ɛɪɨʁɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɫɧɚɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ
ȳɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ

ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɪɭɝ. ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɢ ɭɝɚɨ
ϕ = α + 2kπ , α ∈ [0,2π ] ʁɟ ɭɝɚɨ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɢ ɤɪɚɤ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɯ ɨɫɟ, ɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɤɪɚɤ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɚ ɞɭɠ ɈN.
Ɍɚɱɤɚ Ⱥ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɚ ɬɚɱɤɚ.
ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɫɦɟɪ ɭɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɦɟɪ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɚɧ ɤɚɡɚʂɤɢ

ɱɚɫɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɂɧɚɤɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟɦɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɤɪɚɤ ɈM
ɭɝɥɚ. (Ɉɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɟ )
209
MN ON
sin α = cos α = . Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɈM=1, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ:
OM OM
sin α = MN cos α = ON Ɉɞɧɨɫɧɨ: Ɇ(ɯ,ɭ) sin α = y cos α = x
Ɍɚɱɤɚ Ɇ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɟɱɧɢɤ 1,

ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ sin α = y ɢ cos α = x
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɚɠɢ:
− 1 ≤ sin α ≤ 1 ɢ − 1 ≤ cos α ≤ 1 ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ
ɭɝɚɨ α
Ɂɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫɚ ɢ ɤɨɬɚɧɝɟɧɫɚ ɭɜɨɞɟ

ɫɟ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɬɟ t1 ɢ t2 . ɉɪɟɫɟɤ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɚɜɟ OM ɫɚ ɬɢɦ
ɬɚɧɝɟɧɬɚɦɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɫɚ P ɢ Q. Ɍɚɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ tg α =AP,
ctg α =CQ.
cos 0 = 1 sin 0 = 0
π π
cos =0 sin =1
2 2
cos π = −1 sin π = 0
3π 3π
cos =0 sin = −1
2 2
cos 2π = 1 sin 2π = 0
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɢ ɤɨɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɜɚɠɢ

tg 0 = 0 π
ctg =0
2 π 3π
tgπ = 0 , ɚ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ tg , tg , ctg 0, ctgπ , ctg 2π ɧɢɫɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢ.
3π 2 2
tg 2π = 0 ctg 0
2
1. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ

ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɯ (ɨɞɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ, ɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɟ
ɡɚɞɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ):
Ⱥ) 70º,-60º, 120º, -140º, 220º, 330º, 390º, 780º

π π 5π 7π 10π 11π 14π 13π
Ȼ) , − , , ,− , , , .
5 6 4 6 9 6 3 4
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ 1.
210
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɝɭ

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɞɚɬɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɞɚɬɢɯ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɫɧɚɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ
ɍ ɤɨɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɤɪɚɤ ɭɝɥɚ α ɚɤɨ ʁɟ

1) sin α > 0, cos α < 0 2) sin α < 0, cos α < 0 3) tgα < 0, cos α > 0
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ:

ɚ) 3 sin 4 90 $ − sin 90 $ − 2 cos180 $ [4]
π
ɛ) 3 ⋅ cos − 2 ⋅ sin 45 $ − 2 ⋅ cos 60 $ [0]
4
2
§ π·
¨1 − 3 ⋅ tg ¸
© 6¹
ɜ)
π
tg
3
(
− cos 30$ ) −1
211
π
ɝ) sin 180 $ ⋅ cos 2
2
(
+ cos 360 $ )
−1
+
(
1
sin − 270 $ ) [2]
2. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɤɪɚɤ ɭɝɥɚ α ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɚ) tgα = 2

ɛ) ctgα = −2
3. ɉɪɢɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɭɝɥɚ α ɚɤɨ ʁɟ:
2π 5π 5π π 4π
ɚ) α = ɛ) α = ɜ) α = ɝ) α = − ɞ) α = −
3 4 6 4 3
4. Ɍɨɱɚɤ ɫɟ ɨɛɪʄɟ ɛɪɡɢɧɨɦ ɨɞ 4π ɪɚɞɢʁɚɧɚ ɭ ɦɢɧɭɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɝɚɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɧɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɬɨɱɚɤ ɡɚ
3 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ ɢ 40 ɫɟɤɭɧɞɢ?
5. Ʉɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɤɭ ɢɡɪɚɡ cos 5 ⋅ sin 10 ?
212
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɨ:

3 3π
ɚ) sin α = − ɢ < α < 2π
2 2
π
ɛ) cos α = −0,2 ɢ <α <π
2
2
ɜ) tgα = − ɢ 0<α <π
3
sin 2 x cos 2 x ⋅ (sin x + cos x )
2. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ: ɚ) − = sin x − cos x
sin x − cos x sin 2 x − cos 2 x
ɛ) sin 3 x ⋅ (1 + ctgx ) + cos 3 x ⋅ (1 + tgx ) = sin x + cos x
ɜ) 3(sin 4 x + cos 4 x ) − 2(sin 6 x + cos 6 x ) = 1
213
sin 2 x cos 2 x ⋅ (sin x + cos x ) sin 2 x ⋅ (sin x + cos x ) − cos 2 x ⋅ (sin x + cos x )
− = =
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɚ) sin x − cos x sin 2 x − cos 2 x sin 2 x − cos 2 x
=
( )
(sin x + cos x ) sin 2 x − cos 2 x = sin x − cos x
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
§ cos x · § sin x ·
sin 3 x ⋅ (1 + ctgx ) + cos 3 x ⋅ (1 + tgx ) = sin 3 x ⋅ ¨1 + 3
¸ + cos x ⋅ ¨1 + ¸=
ɛ) © sin x ¹ © cos x ¹
§ sin x + cos x · § cos x + sin x ·
= sin 3 x ⋅ ¨
sin x
3
¸ + cos x ⋅ ¨
cos x
( 2
)
¸ = (sin x + cos x ) sin x + cos x = sin x + cos x
2
© ¹ © ¹
( ) ( )
3 sin 4 x + cos 4 x − 2 sin 6 x + cos 6 x =
ɜ) = 3(sin x + cos x ) − 2(sin x + cos x )(sin x − sin x cos x + cos x ) =
4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
= sin x + cos x + 2(1 − cos x )cos x = (sin x + cos x )(sin x − cos x ) + 2 cos
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x =1
214
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ
ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ:
sin x cos x sin x cos x sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
ɚ) + = + = + =
1 + ctgx 1 + tgx 1 + cos x 1 + sin x sin x + cos x sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
sin x cos x
6 6 2 2
ɛ) sin x + cos x + 3 sin x ⋅ cos x [1]
2 2
tg x 1 + ctg x
ɜ) ⋅
1 + tg 2 x ctg 2 x
ɝ) =
( )
sin 3 x − cos 3 x (sin x − cos x ) sin 2 x + sin x cos x + cos 2 x
= sin x − cos x
1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin x cos x
ɞ) cos 3 α ⋅ (1 − tgα )(1 + tgα )
215
( )( )
ɻ) sin 4 α − cos 4 α + sin 2 α ⋅ ctg 2α = sin 2 α + cos 2 α sin 2 α − cos 2 α + cos 2 α = sin 2 α
ɟ) cos 2 α ⋅ (2 + tgα )(1 + 2tgα ) − 5 sin α cos α [2]
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 620-624.
216
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɚ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.
π 1 5π 1 7π 1 11π 1 § π· 1
sin = sin = sin = sin = sin ¨ − ¸ =
6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 © 6¹ 2
ɇɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɪɭɠɧɢɰɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ:
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬ: sin (α + 2kπ ) = sin α cos(α + 2kπ ) = cos α k∈Z

tg (α + kπ ) = tgα ctg (α + kπ ) = ctgα
217
ɉɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɨɫɬ: sin (− α ) = − sin α cos(− α ) = cos α
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ: tg (− α ) = −tgα ctg (− α ) = −ctgα
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ:

7π 9π 13π 5π 5π 13π
, , ,− , − , .
3 4 6 6 3 3
2. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭɝɚɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ 2 sin α + 3 cos α = 5 ? Ɉɛʁɚɫɧɢ.
sin 765 $ ⋅ sin 420 $
3. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
( )
cos 405 $ ⋅ tg 225 $ ⋅ ctg − 210 $
218
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɚ ɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɲɬɪɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ.
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɬɢ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɲɬɪɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɫɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɧɚ
ɩɪɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɚɫɧɢ
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ α = π ± 2kπ ɢɥɢ α = 2π ± 2kπ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɟʃɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɤ

ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ.
π 3π
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ α = ± 2kπ ɢɥɢ α = ± 2kπ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɟʃɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ
2 2
ɤɨɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ, ɚ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɤɪɭɝɚ.
219
§π · §π ·
sin ¨ − α ¸ = cos α cos¨ − α ¸ = sin α
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§π · §π ·
tg ¨ − α ¸ = ctgα ctg ¨ − α ¸ = tgα
©2 ¹ ©2 ¹
§π · §π ·
sin ¨ + α ¸ = cos α cos¨ + α ¸ = − sin α
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§π · §π ·
tg ¨ + α ¸ = −ctgα ctg ¨ + α ¸ = −tgα
©2 ¹ ©2 ¹
sin (π − α ) = sin α cos(π − α ) = − cos α

tg (π − α ) = −tgα ctg (π − α ) = −ctgα
sin (π + α ) = − sin α cos(π + α ) = − cos α

tg (π + α ) = tgα ctg (π + α ) = ctgα
§ 3π · § 3π ·
sin ¨ − α ¸ = − cos α cos¨ − α ¸ = − sin α
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§ 3π · § 3π ·
tg ¨ − α ¸ = ctgα ctg ¨ − α ¸ = tgα
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
220
§ 3π · § 3π ·
sin ¨ + α ¸ = − cos α cos¨ + α ¸ = sin α
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§ 3π · § 3π ·
tg ¨ + α ¸ = −ctgα ctg ¨ + α ¸ = −tgα
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
sin (2π − α ) = − sin α cos(2π − α ) = cos α

tg (2π − α ) = −tgα ctg (2π − α ) = −ctgα
2π 3π 4π 7π 8π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ: , , , , .
3 4 3 6 3
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 632.
221
222
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɚ ɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɲɬɪɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ.
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɡɧɚʃɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɡɧɚʃɟ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɧɚ
ɩɪɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬ
cos(180 $ + α ) ⋅ tg110 $ sin 324 $ sin 90 $

1)
sin (90 $ + α )cos120 $ ctg 70 $ cos180 $
( ) ( ) ( ) (
2) sin 90 $ + α cos 270 $ − α + sin α − 90 $ cos α − 180 $ )
§ 3π · § 3π ·
3) sin ¨ + α ¸ sin (4π + α ) − cos¨ − α ¸ cos(α − 2π )
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
223
4)
( ) (
sin 3 α − 270 $ cos 360 $ − α )
( ) (
tg 3 α − 90 $ cos 3 α − 270 $ )
5) 2 sin 40 $ + cos 130 $ − 3 sin 160 $ − cos(− 110 $ )
cos 727 $ + 2 sin 173$ 2 cos 263$
6)
(
5 cos − 7 $ )
§ 3π ·
tg 2 ¨ +α ¸
sin (π + α )
2
© 2 ¹
7) +
§ 3π · ctg (π + α )
2
sin 2 ¨ +α ¸
© 2 ¹
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 63. ɚ,ɛ,ɜ,ɝ,ɞ,ɻ)
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɟ:
§π · § 3π · §π · § 3π · §π ·
1. sin ¨ + α ¸ cos(π − α )ctg ¨ + α ¸ = sin ¨ − α ¸ sin ¨ − α ¸ctg ¨ + α ¸
©2 ¹ © 2 ¹ ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹ ©2 ¹
§ 3 π · § 3π · § π ·
2. ctg ¨ − α ¸ sin ¨ − α ¸ sin ¨ α + ¸ = tg (π + α ) cos(π + α ) cos(2π − α )
© 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹
3. tg 44 ⋅ tg 45 ⋅ tg 46 = 1
$ $ $
4. tg10 $ ⋅ tg 20 $ ⋅ tg 30 $ ⋅ tg 40 $ ⋅ tg 50 $ ⋅ tg 60 $ ⋅ tg 70 $ ⋅ tg 80 $ = 1
5. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: 1) 10ctg135 $ ⋅ sin 210 $ ⋅ cos 225 $

2) 2 sin 2 225 $ − ctg 330 $ ⋅ tg 405 $
3)
( )
ctg − 1230 $ cos 570 $
tg 675 $ − sin 570 $
10π 11π 4π 5π
4) sin cos + cos sin
3 6 3 6
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 634. ɟ, ɠ, ʁ)
224

Ɉɛɥɢɤ ɪɚɞɚ: ɝɪɭɩɧɢ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɡɧɚʃɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: ȼɪɲɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ
ɢɫɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɨɦ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɱɚɫɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɚ
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɎ 2004.) cos 2 12 + cos 2 24 + cos 2 36 + cos 2 54 + cos 2 66 + cos 2 78

3 cos 50 $ − 4 sin 140 $
cos130 $
sin 765 $ ⋅ sin 120 $
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɋɎ 2003.)
(
cos135 $ ⋅ ctg − 30 $ )
§π ·
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2005.) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = −7, α ∈ ¨ , π ¸ , ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ
©2 ¹
3 sin α + cos α
ɢɡɪɚɡɚ:
cos α − 3 sin α
5. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɎ 2002.) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ tgx − ctgx = m ɢɡɪɚɡɢ tg 3 x − ctg 3 x ɭ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ m .
6. Ⱦɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ sin 100 $ , tg100 $ , cos1000 $ . ɉɨɪɟɻɚʁ ɢɯ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ.
225
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
226
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ.

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɭɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɰɢɦɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɰɪɬɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɰɪɬɚʃɟɦ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ ɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɭɨɱɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɭ ɛɪɡɨɝ ɢ ɬɚɱɧɨɝ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
ɍɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɦɨ ɰɪɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.

ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ (ɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɜɟɡɨɦ) ɧɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɥɢɧɤ
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/trig-tour/latest/trig-tour_en.html ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɥɢɧɤɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ
ɫɢɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x ) = sin x

ɉɨɞɫɟɬɢɦɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɭɥɚ.
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟɱɟ ɯ ɨɫɭ: − 3π ,−2π ,−π ,0, π ,2π ,3π
227
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɟɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( x ) = sin x ɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ -1 ɢ

ɧɚʁɜɟʄɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ 1.
§ § 3π · § π· §π · § 3π · ·
¨¨ sin ¨ − ¸ = 1, sin ¨ − ¸ = −1, sin ¨ ¸ = 1, sin ¨ ¸ = −1.....¸¸
© © 2 ¹ © 2¹ ©2¹ © 2 ¹ ¹
ɋɩɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f (x ) = sin x
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( x ) = sin x ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ x ∈ R . Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɞɨɦɟɧ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ

ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ. Ʉɨɞɨɦɟɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = sin x ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ [− 1,1] .
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ 2π .
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f (x ) = sin x ʁɟ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ x ∈ R ɜɚɠɢ sin (− x ) = − sin x . Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ

ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = sin x , ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ, ʁɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ=1 ɢ ɭ=-1.
228
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2.ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f (x ) = sin 2 x .

ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɛɢɪɚɦɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɟ ɤɚɨ ɭ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
ɍɨɱɚɜɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ π .
§1 ·
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f (x ) = sin ¨ x ¸ .
©2 ¹
ɍɨɱɚɜɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ
4π .
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f (x ) = cos x

ɉɨɞɫɟɬɢɦɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɭɥɚ.
− 3π − π π 3π
ɇɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɟɱɟ ɯ ɨɫɭ: , , , ....
2 2 2 2
Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɭɧɨɫɢɦɨ ɧɭɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ cosx ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ -1 ɢ 1. ɋɩɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ (ɭɡ
ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ) ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ:
ɍɨɱɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = cos x ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f (x ) = sin x

π § π·
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɦɟɪɢ ɭɥɟɜɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ . ( Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ cos x = sin ¨ x + ¸ )
2 © 2¹
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f (x ) = cos x ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ x ∈ R . Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɞɨɦɟɧ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɤɭɩ

ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ. Ʉɨɞɨɦɟɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = cos x ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ [− 1,1] .
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ 2π .
229
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( x ) = cos x ʁɟ ɩɚɪɧɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ x ∈ R ɜɚɠɢ cos(− x ) = cos x . Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ

ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɭ ɭ.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = cos x , ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ, ʁɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ=1 ɢ
ɭ=-1.
1. ɇɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

x
ɚ) f ( x ) = cos 2 x , ɛ) f ( x ) = cos
2
230

ɉɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ (ɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɜɟɡɨɦ) ɧɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɥɢɧɤ
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/trig-tour/latest/trig-tour_en.html ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɥɢɧɤɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ
ɫɢɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = tgx . ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫɚ ɭ

§ π π·
ɩɪɜɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ. Ⱥɤɨ x ∈ ¨ − . ¸ ɨɧɞɚ tgx ∈ (− ∞, ∞ )
© 2 2¹
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɬɪɟʄɟɦ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬɭ. Ⱥɤɨ

§ π 3π ·
x ∈ ¨ . ¸ ɨɧɞɚ tgx ∈ (− ∞, ∞ ) ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɢɫɬɨ.
©2 2 ¹
Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = tgx ɡɨɜɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫɫɨɢɞɚ, ɚ

ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɨɜɚɤɨ (ɫɥɢɤɚ ɞɟɫɧɨ):
ɇɭɥɟ ɨɜɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ (ɬɚɱɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɨɦ ɯ) ɫɭ
kπ , k ∈ Z
π
ɉɪɚɜɟ x = + kπ ɫɭ ɚɫɢɦɩɬɨɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = tgx
2
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( x ) = tgx ʁɟ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɧ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɭ ɨɫɭ.
Ɉɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɧɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = tgx ʁɟ π
231
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɰɪɬɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ f ( x ) = ctgx ɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɫɟ

§ π·
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢ. (ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ ctgx = −tg ¨ x − ¸ ).
© 2¹
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

1
ɚ) f (x ) = sin(2 x + 3)
3
x
ɛ) f ( x ) = −2 cos( − 1)
2
ɜ) f ( x ) = 2tg (4 x + 1)
2. ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ

ɚ) f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos x
sin 2 x + cos 3x
ɛ) f ( x ) =
x2
sin x − cos x
ɜ) f ( x ) =
tgx
232

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɭ ɛɪɡɨɝ ɢ ɬɚɱɧɨɝ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ

1. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɨɦɟɧ R?
2. Ʉɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɚɪɧɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟ?
1
1. (831. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ f ( x ) = . ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ
1 − cos x
§π · § π ·
ɩɨɬɜɪɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ f (0), f ¨ ¸, f ¨ − ¸ .
©3¹ © 4¹
§ π·
2. (836. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ y = sin x − sin ¨ x + ¸
© 4¹
233
3. (837. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: y = − sin x

§ π·
4. (842. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: y = cos¨ x − ¸
© 4¹
§4 π·
5. (848. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: f ( x ) = 2 sin ¨ x + ¸
©3 3¹
4 § π·
6. (850. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: f (x ) = sin ¨ 2 x + ¸
3 © 4¹
234

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ, ɤɪɢɬɱɤɨɝ
ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɡɧɚʃɭ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɭ ɛɪɡɨɝ ɢ ɬɚɱɧɨɝ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɰɪɬɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: ȼɪɲɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɞɚʁɟ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɱɚɫɚ
ɜɪɲɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ
§x π·
1) (851. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: f (x ) = −2 sin ¨ + ¸
©2 6¹
§x π·
2) (852. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: f ( x ) = 2 cos¨ − ¸
©2 3¹
§ π·
3) (853. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: f (x ) = 2 cos¨ 2 x + ¸
© 4¹
4) (858. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ:
ɚ) f (x ) = sin 2 x ɛ) f ( x ) = sin 2 x cos x ɜ) f ( x ) = sin 3 x
ɝ) f ( x ) = cos 4 x ɞ) f ( x ) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x ɻ) f ( x ) = sin 6 x + cos 6 x
235
ɉɪɢɤɚɡɢɜʃɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɝɪɭɩɚ, ɨɰɟʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɭɩɚ

236
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ⱥɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ
ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
§ π·
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɦɨ: sin ¨ α + ¸ = cos α , cos(α + π ) = − cos α , .......
© 2¹
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɥɭɤɨɜɟ:

AB = β β ∈ (0,2π )

AC = α α ∈ (0,2π )

BC = α − β α >β
237
ɍɨɱɢɦɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɬɚɱɤɭ D ɬɚɤɜɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɥɭɤɚ AD = α − β :
Ʌɭɤɨɜɢ BC ɢ AD ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ.
Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɞɭɠɢ BC ʁɟ
BC = (cos α − cos β )2 + (sin α − sin β )2

BC = cos 2 α − 2 cos α cos β + cos 2 β + sin 2 α − 2 sin α sin β + sin 2 β
BC = 2 − 2 cos α cos β − 2 sin α sin β
Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɞɭɠɢ AD ʁɟ
AD = (cos(α − β ) − 1)2 + (sin (α − β ) − 0)2

AD = cos 2 (α − β ) − 2 cos(α − β ) + 1 + sin 2 (α − β )
AD = 2 − 2 cos(α − β )
BC = AD
,
2 − 2 cos(α − β ) = 2 − 2 cos α cos β − 2 sin α sin β
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ
cos(α − β ) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
Ⱥɤɨ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ β ɭɡɦɟɦɨ − β ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ cos(α − (− β )) = cos α cos(− β ) + sin α sin (− β ) , ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɫɭ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫ.
238
Ⱥɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫ:
§π · §§ π · · §π · §π ·
sin (α + β ) = cos¨ − (α + β )¸ = cos¨¨ ¨ − α ¸ − β ¸¸ = cos¨ − α ¸ cos β + sin ¨ − α ¸ sin β
©2 ¹ ©© 2 ¹ ¹ ©2 ¹ ©2 ¹
sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α
Ⱥɤɨ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ β ɭɡɦɟɦɨ − β ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ sin (α + (− β )) = sin α cos(− β ) + cos α sin (− β ) , ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
sin (α − β ) = sin α cos β − sin β cos α
Ɂɚɞɚɰɢ
5π
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: sin 105 $ , cos
12
3 § π· 5 § 3π ·
2. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ sin α = , α ∈ ¨ 0, ¸ ɢ sin β = − , β ∈ ¨ ,2π ¸ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ sin (α + β )
5 © 2¹ 13 © 2 ¹
§ π · § 3π ·
3. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ cos¨ α + ¸ , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = 2 , α ∈ ¨ π , ¸
© 6 ¹ © 2 ¹
239
240

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫ
§ π· § π· 3 §π ·
1) (649. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜ) sin ¨ α + ¸ ɢ cos¨ α + ¸ , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = − ɢ α ∈ ¨ , π ¸
© 4¹ © 4¹ 4 ©2 ¹
2) (652. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ cos(α + β ) , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
24 15 §π · § 3π ·
tgα = − , tgβ = ɢ α ∈ ¨ , π ¸ , β ∈ ¨ π , ¸
7 8 ©2 ¹ © 2 ¹
§π · §π ·
3) (655. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɜ) 2 sin ¨ + α ¸ sin ¨ − α ¸ + sin 2 α
©4 ¹ ©4 ¹
4) (655. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɟ
ɞ) cos 2 α − 2 cos α cos β cos(α + β ) + cos 2 (α + β ) = sin 2 β
sin 20 $ cos10 $ + cos 160 $ cos 100 $
5) (658. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: ɛ)
sin 21$ cos 9 $ + cos159 $ cos 99 $
241
242

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɢɡɪɚɡɚ

sin α cos α
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɦɨ: tgα = , ctgα =
cos α sin α
§ sin α sin β ·
cos α cos β ¨¨ + ¸
sin (α + β ) sin α cos β + sin β cos α cos α cos β ¸¹
tg (α + β ) = = = © , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β § sin α sin β ·
cos α cos β ¨¨1 − ¸¸
© cos α cos β ¹
π
α, β ≠ + kπ , k ∈ Z ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ
2
tgα + tgβ
tg (α + β ) = .
1 − tgαtgβ
243
tgα + tg (− β )
Ⱥɤɨ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ β ɭɡɦɟɦɨ − β ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ tg (α + (− β )) = , ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
1 − tgαtg (− β )
tgα − tgβ
tg (α − β ) =
1 + tgαtgβ
ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɜɟɞɭ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ:
ctg α ctg β − 1
ctg (α + β ) =
ctg α + ctg β
ctgαctgβ + 1
ctg (α − β ) =
ctgα − ctgβ
ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢ.
§ π· 3
1. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ tg ¨ α − ¸ = , ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ tgα .
© 4¹ 4
§ π·
tg ¨ α + ¸ − tgα
4¹
2. (654. ɜ) ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ©
§ π·
1 + tg ¨ α + ¸tgα
© 4¹
m 1
3. (657. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ tg ( x + y ) , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tgx = , tgy =
1+ m 1 + 2m
1 1
4. (660. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ɫɭ α ɢ β ɨɲɬɪɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɢ ɢ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = ɢ tgβ = , ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
2 3
π
α +β = .
4
244

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɢɧɭɫ, ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫ, ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɢ

ɤɨɬɚɧɝɟɧɫ.

p q− p § π π· π
1. (661. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = , tgβ = ɢ α , β ∈ ¨ − , ¸ ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ α + β = ɢɥɢ
q q+ p © 2 2¹ 4
3π
α +β =− . Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ
4
π 17 2 § π·
2. (664. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ α − β = , cos β = ɢ β ∈ ¨ 0, ¸ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ sin α ɢ cos α .
4 26 © 2¹
11
3. (665. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ α > 0 $ , β > 0 $ , α + β = 60 $ ɢ cos α = , ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ cos β .
13
4. (667. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɡ A = sin (α + x ) − 2 sin α cos x sin (α + x ) + cos 2 x ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ
2
ɨɞ ɯ.
245
5. (676. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ:

( ) ( )
tg 45 $ + x − tg 45 $ − x
= 2 sin x cos x .
( ) ( )
tg 45 $ + x + tg 45 $ − x
6. (677. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ α + β + γ = π ɚɤɨ ɫɭ α , β ɢ γ ɨɲɬɪɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɢ ɢ
ctgα ⋅ ctgβ + ctgα ⋅ ctgγ + ctgβ ⋅ ctgγ = 1 .
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 662, 663, 666, 668.
246
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ.
sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α ɚɤɨ ɭɡɦɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ β = α ɛɢʄɟ sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α
cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β ɚɤɨ ɭɡɦɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ β = α ɛɢʄɟ cos 2α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α
tgα + tgβ 2tgα

tg (α + β ) = ɚɤɨ ɭɡɦɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ β = α ɛɢʄɟ tg 2α = , tgα ≠ ±1 , cos α ≠ 0
1 − tgαtgβ 1 − tg 2α
ctgαctgβ − 1 ctg 2α − 1
ctg (α + β ) = , ɚɤɨ ɭɡɦɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ β = α ɛɢʄɟ ctg 2α = , ctgα ≠ 0 , sin α ≠ 0
ctgα + ctgβ 2ctgα
247
§π ·
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ sin α = 0,8, α ∈ ¨ , π ¸ , ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ sin 2α , cos 2α , tg 2α , ctg 2α .
©2 ¹
1. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ cos 4 α − sin 4 α ɚɤɨ ʁɟ cos 2α = 0,4
2. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ cos 4 α + sin 4 α ɚɤɨ ʁɟ cos 4α = 0,5
1 1
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2009) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = ɢ tgβ = − ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
2 3
sin α + sin (α − 2 β )
.
cos α + cos(α − 2 β )
63 § π· 7
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2006) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ cos 2α = − , α ∈ ¨ 0, ¸ ɢ cos β = ,
65 © 2¹ 130
§ π·
β ∈ ¨ 0, ¸ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ α + β ?
© 2¹
1 + cos 2α
ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ: ȼɟɨɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ = cos 2 α ɢ
2
1 − cos 2α
= sin 2 α ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɟ.
2
248

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ

ɭɝɥɚ

1 − tg 2 15 $
1 + tg 2 15 $
2. (684. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ; ɚ) sin 3α = 3 sin α − 4 sin 3 α ɛ)
cos 3α = 4 cos 3 α − 3 cos α
§π · §π ·
3. (694. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ tg ¨ + α ¸ − tg ¨ − α ¸ , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tg 2α = 3
©4 ¹ ©4 ¹
1 1 1 1
4. (703. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ sin 2 2α , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ + + 2 + =7
sin α cos α tg α ctg 2α
2 2
1 1
5. (713. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ɫɭ α ɢ β ɨɲɬɪɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ tgα = , ɢ tgβ = , ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ
7 3
α + 2β = 45 . Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ.
$
249
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɂɛɢɪɤɚ: 685,690,691, 692. ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
250

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦɚʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɜɪɲɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɢɫɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɪɚɞɟ.
π
1. (693. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɂɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ tg = 3 ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ
3
2π 2π 2π 2π
ɚ) sin ɛ) cos ɜ) tg ɝ) ctg
3 3 3 3
2. (699. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ: cos 4 α + sin 4 α = 1 − 0,5 sin 2 2α

1 − cos 2α + sin 2α
3. (701. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ: = tgα
1 + cos 2α + sin 2α
4. (705. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ tgx = 2 − 3 , ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ
ɚ) sin 2 x ɛ) cos 2 x ɜ) tg2 x ɝ) ctg2 x
§ π·
5. (706. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɟ tg 2α ɢɥɢ 2tgα , ɚɤɨ α ∈ ¨ 0, ¸
© 2¹
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ

251
252

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɜɟɠɛɚɜɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɭɝɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ

ɭɝɥɚ
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ sin 18 $ ⋅ cos 36 $
2 sin 18$ cos 18$ cos 36 $ sin 36$ cos 36 $

sin 18$ ⋅ cos 36$ = = =
2 cos 18$ 2 cos 18$
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ $
2 sin 36 $ cos 36$ sin 72$ cos 18$ 1
= = = =
4 cos 18 $
4 cos 18 $
4 cos 18 $
4
2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ cos 36 $ ⋅ cos 72 $
2 sin 36$ cos 36 $ cos 72$ sin 72 $ cos 72$

cos 36 $ ⋅ cos 72$ = = =
2 sin 36$ 2 sin 36$
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
2 sin 72 $ cos 72$ sin 144 $ sin 36 $ 1
= = = =
4 sin 36 $
4 sin 36 $
4 sin 36 $
4
253
π 4π 5π
(704. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɚ) A = cos cos cos
7 7 7
1 3 1 3
3. (708. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɚ) − =4 ɛ) + = 8 sin 75 $
sin 10 $
cos10 $ cos15 sin 15
$ $
3
4. (724. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ sin 20 $ ⋅ sin 40 $ ⋅ sin 80 $ =
8
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ sin 3α = 3 sin α − 4 sin 3 α
( ) (
sin 20 $ ⋅ sin 40 $ ⋅ sin 80 $ = sin 20 $ ⋅ sin 60 $ − 20 $ ⋅ sin 60 $ + 20 $ = )
§ 3 1 ·§ 3 1 ·
= sin 20 $ ⋅ ¨¨ cos 20 $ − sin 20 $ ¸¸¨¨ cos 20 $ + sin 20 $ ¸¸
© 2 2 ¹© 2 2 ¹
§3 1 ·
= sin 20 $ ⋅ ¨ cos 2 20 $ − sin 2 20 $ ¸
©4 4 ¹
1
(
= sin 20 $ ⋅ 3 cos 2 20 $ − sin 2 20 $
4
)
1
(
= sin 20 $ ⋅ 3 − 4 sin 2 20 $
4
)
1
(
= 3 sin 20 $ − 4 sin 3 20 $
4
)
1 3
= sin 60 $ =
4 8
3
5. (711. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ sin 6 x + cos 6 x = 1 − sin 2 2 x
4
254
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ
α α ½
cos 2 + sin 2 =1
2 2 °° α
¾+ 2 cos 2 = 1 + cos α
α 2 α 2
cos 2
− sin = cos α °°
2 2 ¿
α α ½
cos 2 + sin 2 = 1
2 2 °° α
¾− 2 sin 2 = 1 − cos α
α 2 α 2
cos 2
− sin = cos α °°
2 2 ¿
ɂɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ:
255
α 1 + cos α
cos 2 =
2 2
α 1 − cos α
sin 2 =
2 2
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨ ɢ
α1 − cos α
tg 2 = cos α ≠ −1
2 1 + cos α
α 1 + cos α
ctg 2 = cos α ≠ 1
2 1 − cos α
π π π π π π
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ sin , cos , sin , cos , sin , cos
8 8 12 12 24 24
7π 3π 11π
2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ sin , cos , tg
12 16 24
3. (729. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ tg 7 $ 30′ .
24 § 3π · α α α
4. (731. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = ɢ α ∈ ¨ π , ¸ , ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ sin , cos , tg .
7 © 2 ¹ 2 2 2
§ π 4x · §π x ·
5. (735. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɚ) 12 cos 2 ¨ − ¸ ɛ) 2 sin 2 ¨ + ¸ − 1 .
©4 3 ¹ © 4 2¹
256
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ

α § 3π ·
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ cos ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = 4 5 , α ∈ ¨π , ¸
2 © 2 ¹
α
2. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ sin α + cos α = 0,2 , ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ tg
2
3. (737. ɚ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ
π π 3π 5π 7π
cos 4 + 13 cos 2 + cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4
8 4 8 8 8
α
4. (741.ɚ), ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ sin α , cos α , tgα , ctgα , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tg =3
2
π π
5. (743, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ: ɚ) tg15 $ + ctg15 $ = 4 ɛ) ctg − tg =2
8 8
257
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 733, 737. ɛ), 741. ɛ), 739.
258
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪ ɢɥɢ

ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɭ ɭɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α

sin (α − β ) = sin α cos β − sin β cos α
ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ:
sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β ) = 2 sin α cos β
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɚɠɢ:
1
sin α cos β = (sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β ))
2
259

ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ: cos(α + β ) + cos(α − β ) = 2 cos α cos β
1
cos α cos β = (cos(α + β ) + cos(α − β ))
2

ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ:
cos(α − β ) − cos(α + β ) = 2 sin α sin β
1
sin α sin β = (cos(α − β ) − cos(α + β ))
2
1. (753. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ)
5π 7π 5π 7π
ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɚ) sin cos ɛ) 2 cos sin ɜ)
12 12 12 12
§ π· § π·
4 sin ¨1 + ¸ cos¨1 + ¸
© 6¹ © 3¹
2. (760. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɉɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ:

ɚ) sin 20 $ ⋅ sin 40 $ ⋅ sin 60 $ ⋅ sin 80 $ ɛ) tg 20 $ ⋅ tg 40 $ ⋅ tg 60 $ ⋅ tg 80 $
3. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ: sin 6 $ ⋅ sin 42 $ ⋅ sin 66 $ ⋅ sin 78 $
260
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
( )(
sin 6 $ ⋅ sin 42 $ ⋅ sin 66 $ ⋅ sin 78 $ = sin 6 $ ⋅ sin 66 $ ⋅ sin 42 $ ⋅ sin 78 $ =)
=
1
2
(
cos 60 $ − cos 72 $
1
2
) (
cos 36 $ − cos120 $ )
1§1 ·§ 1· 1§1 1 1 ·
= ¨ − sin 18 $ ¸¨ sin 54 $ + ¸ = ¨ − sin 18 $ + sin 54 $ − sin 18 $ sin 54 $ ¸
4©2 ¹© 2¹ 4©4 2 2 ¹
=
1§1 1 1 1
¨ − sin 18 + sin 54 − cos 36 − cos 72 ¸
4©4 2
$
2
$
2
$
( $ ·
)
¹
1§1 1 1 1 1 · 1
= ¨ − sin 18 $ + sin 54 $ − sin 54 $ + sin 18 $ ¸ =
4©4 2 2 2 2 ¹ 16
(
4. (756. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ sin 60 $ − α sin 60 $ + α = ) ( ) 1
4
(2 cos 2α + 1)
1
5. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɋɎ 2000 ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ 4 cos 2000 $ − .
sin 1990 $
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
1 1
4 cos 2000 $ − = 4 cos 200 $ −
sin 1990 $
sin 190 $
1 − 4 cos 20 $ sin 10 $ + 1
= −4 cos 20 $ + =
sin 10 $ sin 10 $
− 4 sin 10 sin 70 + 1
$ $
1
2
(
− 4 ⋅ cos 60 $ − cos 80 $ + 1 )
= = =2
sin 10 $
sin 10 $
261
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɛɢɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɛɢɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɛɢɪɚ ɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ

ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪ
sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β ) = 2 sin α cos β ɧɟɤɚ ʁɟ α + β = x, α −β = y

x+ y x− y
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ α= , β=
2 2
x+ y x− y
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
x− y x+ y
Ⱥɤɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨʁ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɭɡɦɟɦɨ –ɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ sin x − sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
cos(α + β ) + cos(α − β ) = 2 cos α cos β ɧɟɤɚ ʁɟ α + β = x, α −β = y
262
x+ y x− y
2 2
x+ y x− y
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos
2 2
cos(α − β ) − cos(α + β ) = 2 sin α sin β ɧɟɤɚ ʁɟ α + β = x, α −β = y

x+ y x− y
2 2
x+ y x− y
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɦɨ cos x − cos y = −2 sin sin
2 2
§π · §π ·
1. (765. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛ) sin ¨ + α ¸ + sin ¨ − α ¸ = cos α
©6 ¹ ©6 ¹
§π x ·
2. (773. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɛ) 1 − sin x = 2 sin 2 ¨ − ¸
© 4 2¹
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2016.) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ
sin 6 $ − sin 42 $ − sin 66 $ + sin 78 $
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
(sin 6 $
) ( ) ( )
− sin 66 $ + sin 78 $ − sin 42 $ = 2 sin − 30 $ cos 36 $ + 2 sin 18 $ cos 60 $
− 2 sin 36 $ cos 36 $ sin 18 $
(
= − cos 36 $ + sin 18 0 = sin 18 $ − sin 54 $ = 2 cos 36 $ sin − 18 $ = )
sin 36 $
− sin 72 $ sin 18 $ − 2 cos18 $ sin 18 $ − sin 36 $ 1
= = = =−
sin 36 $
2 sin 36 $
2 sin 36 $
2
2 cos 40 $ − cos 20 $
4. (784. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ = 3
sin 20 $
π
5. (786. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ α + β = , ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ (1 + tgα )(1 + tgβ ) = 2
4
263
264

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɚ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɋɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
3 § π·
1. (849. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɰɪɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ: f (x ) = sin ¨ 2 x − ¸
2 © 3¹
π 11
2. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ α , β > 0, α +β = cos α = ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ cos β .
3 13
sin 80 − cos 110 $
$
cos100 $ + cos 20 $
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ =
( )
sin 80 $ − cos110 $ − 2 sin − 50 $ sin 60 $ 2 sin 50 $ sin 60 $
= = tg 60 $ = 3
cos100 + cos 20
$ $
2 cos 60 cos 40
$ $
2 cos 60 sin 50
$ $
5 −1
4. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ sin 2 24 $ − sin 2 26 $ , ɚɤɨ ʁɟ sin 18 $ =
4
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ
265
1 − cos 48$ 1 − cos 12 $ 1

2 $ 2
sin 24 − sin 26 =$
2
−
2
(
= cos 12$ − cos 48$ =
2
)
1
2
( )
1
= (− 2) sin 30$ sin − 18$ = sin 18$
2
1 + cos 2α 1 − cos 2α
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɦɨ: = cos 2 α = sin 2 α
2 2
3
5. (787, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ sin 3α cos 3 α + sin 3 α cos 3α = sin 4α
4
Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɧɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɨɦ
266
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _________
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

Ɍɢɩ ɱɚɫɚ: ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɢ: ɨɛɪɚɞɚ, ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɬɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɢɫɤɭɬɭʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɉɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ: ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ.
Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ʄɟɦɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ

ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
sin x = a cos x = a tgx = a ctgx = a
ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɚ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ.
267
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ sin x = a . Ɂɚ a ∈ [− 1,1] ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ

ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 .
ª π πº
ɍ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ «− , » ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ sin x = a ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ
¬ 2 2¼
ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɚ x = arcsin a ( ɱɢɬɚɦɨ ɚɪɤɭɫ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɚ )
(Ɉɡɧɚɤɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɱɢ arcus=ɥɭɤ)
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ sin x = a ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɭ ɥɭɤɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɢɧɭɫ ʁɟɞɧɚɤ ɚ.
ª π πº
ɇɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɋɚɦɨ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ x ∈ «− , » ɢ a ∈ [− 1,1] ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ sin x = a ɢ x = arcsin a
¬ 2 2¼
ɫɭ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɟ!
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. sin 0 = 0 ɚɤɤɨ arcsin 0 = 0
π 1 1 π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. sin = ɚɤɤɨ arcsin =
6 2 2 6
§ π · 1 § 1· π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. sin ¨ − ¸ = − ɚɤɤɨ arcsin¨ − ¸ = −
© 6¹ 2 © 2¹ 6
π π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. sin =1 ɚɤɤɨ arcsin 1 =
2 2
3π 3π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. sin = −1 ɚɥɢ arcsin (− 1) ≠
2 2
Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ x ∈ [0,2π ] ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɢ Ⱥ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɬɚɱɤɭ
ɋ(0,ɚ) ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɢ ɯ, ɫɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɤɪɭɝ ɢ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɢ ȼ ɩɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ
x = π − arcsin a ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ sin x = a .
ɍɨɩɲɬɟ ɫɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ sin x = a ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɧɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɧɨ ɯ ɜɚɠɢ sin ( x + 2kπ ) = sin x, k ∈ Z , ɦɨɠɟɦɨ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ sin x = a , ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ a ∈ [− 1,1] , ɞɚɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ:
x = arcsin a + 2kπ
x = π − arcsin a + 2kπ k ∈Z
1 2 3 § π· 1
1) sin x = 2) sin x = 3) sin 9 x = 4) sin ¨ 8 x + ¸ = −1 5) sin 2 x =
2 2 2 © 6¹ 4
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 855. a,ɛ,ɻ), 856. a)
268

ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ cos x = a . Ɂɚ a ∈ [− 1,1] ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

ɢɦɚʁɭ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ − 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 .
ɍ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ [0, π ] ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ cos x = a ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ

ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɚ x = arccos a ( ɱɢɬɚɦɨ ɚɪɤɭɫ
ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫ ɚ )
ɇɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɋɚɦɨ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ [0, π ] ɢ a ∈ [− 1,1] ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ cos x = a ɢ x = arccos a ɫɭ

ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɟ!
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. cos 0 = 1 ɚɤɤɨ arccos1 = 0

π 1 1 π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. cos =ɚɤɤɨ arccos =
3 2 2 3
§ 2π · 1 § 1 · 2π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. cos¨ ¸=− ɚɤɤɨ arccos¨ − ¸ =
© 3 ¹ 2 © 2¹ 3
π π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. cos =0 ɚɤɤɨ arccos 0 =
2 2
7π 3 § 3 · 7π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. cos =− ɚɥɢ arccos¨¨ − ¸≠
¸
6 2 © 2 ¹ 6
Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ x ∈ [0,2π ] ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɢ Ⱥ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɬɚɱɤɭ
D(a,0) ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɢ ɭ, ɫɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɤɪɭɝ ɢ ɭ ɬɚɱɤɢ ȼ, ɩɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ
x = − arccos a ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ cos x = a .
ɍɨɩɲɬɟ ɫɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ cos x = a ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɧɨ ɯ ɜɚɠɢ cos( x + 2kπ ) = cos x, k∈Z ,
ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ cos x = a , ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ a ∈ [− 1,1] , ɞɚɬɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɚ:
x = arccos a + 2kπ
x = − arccos a + 2kπ k ∈Z
269
2
1) cos x = −
2
3
2) cos x = −
2
2
3) cos 6 x =
2
§ π· 1
4) cos¨ 2 x + ¸ = −
© 6¹ 2
§ π· 3
5) cos¨ 6 x − ¸ = −
© 4¹ 2
6) 2 sin x cos x − sin x = 0
7) 1 − 4 cos 2 x = 0
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 855. ɜ, ɝ, ɞ), 856. ɛ)
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ tgx = a . ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɚ.
§ π π·
ȳɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ tgx = a ɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ ¨ − , ¸ ɢ ɬɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɦɨ ɫɚ
© 2 2¹
x = arctga . ɋɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ tgx = a ɞɚɬɚ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ x = arctga + kπ , k ∈ Z , ɩɪɢ
ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ( tg ( x + kπ ) = tgx, k ∈Z )
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. tg 0 = 0 ɚɤɤɨ arctg 0 = 0

π 1 π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. tg = 3 ɚɤɤɨ arctg 3=
3 2 3
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3.
§ π·
tg ¨ − ¸ = − 3 ɚɤɤɨ ( )
arctg − 3 = −
π
© 3¹ 3
270
π π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. tg =1 ɚɤɤɨ arctg1 =
4 4
3π 3π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. tg = −1 ɚɥɢ arctg (− 1) ≠
4 4
§ π·
1) tgx = − 3 2) tg 5 x = 1
3) tg ¨ 3x + ¸ = 0
© 4¹
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ctgx = a . ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɚ.
ȳɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ ctgx = a ɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ (0, π ) ɢ ɬɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɦɨ ɫɚ
x = arcctga . ɋɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ctgx = a ɞɚɬɚ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɦ x = arcctga + kπ , k ∈ Z , ɩɪɢ
ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɬɚɧɝɟɧɫɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ( ctg ( x + kπ ) = ctgx, k ∈Z )

π π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. ctg =1 ɚɤɤɨ arcctg1 =
4 4
π 3 3 π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ctg = ɚɤɤɨ arcctg =
3 3 3 3
§ 2π · 3 § 3 · 2π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. ctg ¨ ¸=− ɚɤɤɨ arcctg ¨¨ − ¸=
¸
© 3 ¹ 3 © 3 ¹ 3
π π
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. ctg =0 ɚɤɤɨ arcctg 0 =
2 2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5. ctg
7π
6
= 3 ɚɥɢ arcctg 3 ≠
7π
( )
6
1) ctgx = 1
3
2) ctgx = −
3
3
3) ctg12 x = −
3
§ π·
4) ctg ¨ 2 x + ¸ = 1
© 4¹
271
272
Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: ____________

ɩɪɨɞɢɫɤɭɬɭʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ, ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɫɜɟɞɟ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ.
1) sin x = 1
2) sin x = 1
3) 4 sin 2 x − 3 = 0
§ π· § π·
4) cos¨ 2 x − ¸ ⋅ cos¨ x − ¸ = 0
© 3¹ © 3¹
5) sin 3x ⋅ sin (1 − x ) = 0
273
x § π·
6) sin ⋅ cos¨ x + ¸ = 0
2 © 4¹
7) sin x = cos x
8) tg x − 2 = −1
9) sin 2 x + 2 sin x = 0
3x
1) sin cos x = 0
2
2) cos 3 x + cos 5 x = 0
§ π· § 3π ·
3) sin ¨ x − ¸ + sin ¨ + x¸ = − 2
© 2¹ © 2 ¹
4) cos 2 x − 2 sin x cos 2 x = 0
5) tg 3 x cos x = 0
6) 3tg 2 x + tgx = 0
7) 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
8) cos x + cos 2 x = 0
9) sin 2 x + cos x + 1 = 0
10) 2 sin 2 x + 2 sin x − 3 sin x = 3
274
1) sin x + 3 cos x = 1
2) (1 − tgx )(1 + sin 2 x ) = 1 + tgx
3) cos 6 x + sin 6 x = 4 sin 2 2 x
4) 3 sin 2 x − 4 sin x cos x + cos 2 x = 0
1
5) sin 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
2
6) 2 sin 2 x + ( )
3 − 1 cos x(sin x − cos x ) = 1
7) 3 sin 2 x + 2 3 sin 2 x + 7 cos 2 x = 1
π π 2
8) cos sin x + sin cos x =
6 6 2
275
276

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ: ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ, ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ.
ȼɚɫɩɢɬɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: Ɋɚɡɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚ, ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɫɚɦɨɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦɚʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɪɚɞɭ, ɜɪɲɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɟ
1
1) (897, ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) sin 2 x = −
2
2) (902. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 4 sin 2 x cos 2 x + 1 = 0 ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ (0, π )
sin x x
3) (908. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) = sin
1 + cos x 2
3
4) (916. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) sin x + cos x =
2
5) (918. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) sin 3 x + cos 2 x = 1
ɇɚ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɢ ɜɪɲɢ ɫɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ

ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 904, 905, 906
277
278

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: Ɉɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɦɧɢɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɦɚ
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɞɚʁɟ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɨɧɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɦɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɢɬɚ
ɡɚ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɟ.
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɋȺɈ ɢ ɎɈɇ, 2002.)
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɛɢɪ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟɝ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:

x x
cos 2 x + sin 4 = cos 4
2 2
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ ɢ ɉɆɎ, 2002)
ª π πº 1 1
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ «− , » ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ cos 2 x − sin 2 x = .
¬ 2 2¼ 2 2
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ, 2003)
279
ª π πº
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ «− , » ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
¬ 2 2¼
§ π· § π·
cos¨ x + ¸ + sin ¨ x + ¸ = 2 cos 2 x .
© 3¹ © 6¹
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ, 2003.)
3 1
§ πº (cos x )sin
2
x − sin x +
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ ¨ 0, » ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ 2 2 = 1.
© 2¼
5. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɉɆɎ, 2004)

Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ [0,2π ] ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ sin 2 x = cos x .
6. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ, 2008)

Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɛɢɪ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ sin 2 x = 1 + 2 cos x + cos 2 x ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ (0,2π ) .
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ, 2008.)
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɛɢɪ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟɝ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:

§ π· § 3π ·
cos¨ 2 x − ¸ + sin ¨ 2 x + ¸= 2
© 4¹ © 4 ¹
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ, 2009.)
§ π 3π · x
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ ¨ , ¸ ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ cos 2 x − 3 cos x = 4 cos 2 .
©2 2 ¹ 2
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ, 2010. )
280
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ [0,2π ] ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ sin 4 x − cos 4 x = cos 4 x .
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ, 2011. )

1 1
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɛɢɪ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ sin 2 x + + cos 2 x + = 2 ɧɚ
2 2
ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ [0,2π ]
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ 3tg 2 x − 8 cos 2 x + 1 = 0 ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ (0,2π ) .

3x 1
Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ cos x + cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 + cos 4 x = ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɭ
2 2
[0,2π ] .
281
282
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ - ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɪ
ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɨɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɰɪɬɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɚ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɞɚ „ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚ“ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɪ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɭ Ƚɟɨɝɟɛɪɢ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɢ, ɩɪɚɬɟ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ
ɰɪɬɚʁɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɭʁɭ ɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ
x2
1. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ cos 4 x = ?
4
Ɋɟɲɟʃɟ ɞɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ ɞɟɫɧɨ.
2. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ

§ π·
2 cos¨ 3 x + ¸ = 3 x + 1 ?
© 2¹
283
3. Ʉɨʁɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪ ɚ ɞɚ

ɛɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ 4 sin x + 3 cos x = a ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɪɟɲɟʃɚ?
4. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ

§ π·
− 2 sin ¨ x + ¸ = x 2 − 4 x + 3 ?
© 6¹
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 1019.,1023.
284
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɍɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚɬɭ
ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɫɜɟɞɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ, ɞɚ ɪɟɲɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ
ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɢɫɤɭɬɭʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ,.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɋɚɡɦɨɬɪɢʄɟɦɨ ɧɟɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨʁ ɯ.
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ (ɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ): sin x > a .

Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a < −1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ sin x > a ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɯ
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a > 1 ɬɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ sin x > a
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = 1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ sin x > a
ɧɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = −1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ sin x > a
ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ
Ⱥɤɨ a ∈ (− 1,1) ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɯ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɜɚɠɢ sin x > a ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɡɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ y = sin x ɢɡɧɚɞ
ɩɪɚɜɟ y = a
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ɋɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ y = sin x ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ y = a ɢɦɚʁɭ

ɛɟɫɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
2 sin x − 3 > 0
1. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 sin x + 1 > 0

2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 sin x − 1 ≥ 0
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ (ɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ): sin x < a .

Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a < −1 ɬɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ sin x < a
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a > 1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ sin x < a ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɯ
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = −1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ sin x < a ɧɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = 1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ sin x < a ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ
Ⱥɤɨ a ∈ (− 1,1) ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɯ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɚɠɢ
sin x < a ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ y = sin x ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɟ
y=a
3. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 sin x − 3 < 0

4. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 sin x + 1 < 0
5. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 sin x − 1 ≤ 0
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ : 2 sin x − 2 ≥ 0 , sin x − 1 > 0 , 2 sin x − 2 < 0 , sin x + 1 > 0 , sin x + 1 ≤ 0
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ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɍɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ

Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ
Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ:
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ (ɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ): cos x > a .

Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a < −1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ cos x > a ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɯ
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a > 1 ɬɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ
ɛɪɨʁ ɯ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ cos x > a
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = 1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ cos x > a
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = −1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ cos x > a ʁɟ
ɬɚɱɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ
cos x > a ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
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ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ y = cos x ɢɡɧɚɞ ɩɪɚɜɟ y = a

Ʉɨɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ y = cos x ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ y = a ɢɦɚʁɭ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ.
1. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 cos x − 3 > 0

2. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 cos x + 1 > 0
3. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 cos x − 1 ≥ 0
ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ (ɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ): cos x < a .

Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a < −1 ɬɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɢ cos x < a
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a > 1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ
cos x < a ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢ
ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɯ
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = −1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɚ cos x < a
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ a = 1 ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ cos x < a ʁɟ
ɬɚɱɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯ
cos x < a ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚ y = cos x ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɟ y = a
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ.
4. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 cos x − 3 < 0

5. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 cos x + 1 < 0
6. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ 2 cos x − 1 ≤ 0
π π 1
7. (974. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: sin x cos + cos x sin <
6 60 2
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ : 2 cos x − 2 ≥ 0 , cos x − 1 > 0 , 2 cos x − 2 < 0 , cos x + 1 > 0 , cos x + 1 ≤ 0
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Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ:
1. (973. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɚ) sin x − cos x > 0
2. (975. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) sin x + sin 2 x + sin 3 x > 0
3. (976. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) cos 2 x − sin 2 x ≥ 0
2
4. (978. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) 2 sin x cos x ≥
2
5. (980. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ctg (π − x ) < −1
6. (981. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɚ) cos x − sin x < 1 ɛ) tgx − sin x > 0
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 972. ɜ, ɝ), 973. ɛ), 977, 979.
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ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɇɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɪɚɱɭɧɚʁɭ
ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɉɪɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɢɧɭɫɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɚ
2.ɆȺ.3.2.5. ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɦ
Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ, ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ
ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ Ⱥȼɋ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɚɧ ɬɪɨɭɝɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɚ ʁɟ a = BC ,

b = AC , c = AB . ɇɟɤɚ ɫɭ α , β , γ ɪɟɞɨɦ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɞ
ɬɟɦɟɧɚ Ⱥ, ȼ, ɋ.
a b c
ɋɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ: = =
sin α sin β sin γ
Ʉɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos α
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ɋɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ

ɭɝɥɨɜɟ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ „ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ“ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʄɟɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ:
• Ⱦɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɚ, b, ɫ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. a = 7, b = 5, c = 8
b2 + c2 − a2 1
cos α = = ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɦɨ α = 60 $
2bc 2
a2 + c2 − b2
cos β = ≈ 0,7857 ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɬɨɪɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɦɨ β = 38 $11′
2ac
γ = 180 $ − α − β = 81$ 49′
• Ⱦɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɭɝɚɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯ:
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. a = 7, b = 3, γ = 82 $ 30′
c 2 = a 2 + a 2 − 2ab cos γ
• Ⱦɚɬɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɢ ɧɚɥɟɝɥɢ ɧɚ ʃɭ:
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 3. a = 3, β = 30 $ , γ = 70 $ . Ɉɞɚɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɭɝɚɨ α , ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ

ɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ
a b a c
= =
sin α sin β sin α sin γ
• Ⱦɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɭɝɚɨ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ:
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4. a = 10, b = 18, α = 28 $ 35′

Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ
a b a c
= =
sin α sin β sin α sin γ
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 1034. ɚ), 1035. ɚ), 1036. ɚ), 1037. ɚ)
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ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɋɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚ

2.ɆȺ.3.2.5. ɉɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɦ

ab sin γ
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɧɭ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɭ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ, ɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ P =
2
1. (1038. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ɋɟɲɢ ɬɪɨɭɝɚɨ ɛɟɡ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɥɚ

ɚ) a = 2 2 , β = 45$ , β = 120 $ ɛ) a = 3 + 3 , b = 3 2 , α = 75$
2. (1040. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) Ⱦɭɠɢɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ ɫɭ ɚ-2, ɚ ɢ ɚ+2, ɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭɝɚɨ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ ʁɟ
120°. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɚ.
3. (1041. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɭ Ⱥȼɋ c = 2, a : b = 7 : 3, α = 60 $ . ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ

ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
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4. (1043. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɍ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɭ Ⱥȼɋ ʁɟ b + c = 7, a = 19 , α = 60 $ . ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ

ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
5. (1044. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ) ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɭ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ Ⱥȼɋ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ AB = 6cm, AC = 10cm , ɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ AD = 5cm .
Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 1038. ɜ, ɝ), 1039, 1042.

ab sin γ
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɧɭ ɢ ɤɨɫɢɧɭɫɧɭ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɭ. ɉɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ P =
2
1. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɋȺɈ 2016.) Ⱥɤɨ ɫɭ b = 20, c = 10 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɚ α = 60 $ ɭɝɚɨ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ

Ⱥȼɋ ɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɬɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
2. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2015.) ɍɝɚɨ ɤɨɞ ɬɟɦɟɧɚ ȼ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ Ⱥȼɋ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɭɝɥɚ
ɤɨɞ ɬɟɦɟɧɚ Ⱥ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ AC = 3cm, BC = 1cm ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɞɭɠɢɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ⱥȼ.
3. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ɎɈɇ 2014.) Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ⱥȼ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ Ⱥȼɋ ʁɟ 2 6cm , ɚ

ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢ ɭɝɚɨ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦ ɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ʁɟ 60° Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ ɞɚɬɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ
3cm 2 ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɛɢɪ ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ Ⱥɋ ɢ ȼɋ.
4. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2016. ) Ⱦɚɬ ʁɟ ɬɪɨɭɝɚɨ Ⱥȼɋ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ AB = 2 , AC = 3 .

ɇɟɤɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɤɚ D ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ ȼɋ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ BAD = 30 $ , CAD = 45 $ . ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɞɭɠɢɧɭ
ɞɭɠɢ AD.
5. (ɉɪɢʁɟɦɧɢ ɢɫɩɢɬ, ȿɌɎ 2016. ) ɍ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɤɪɚɤɨɦ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɭ Ⱥȼɋ ʁɟ AB = AC = b ɢ

BAC = 30 $ . Ɉɞɪɟɞɢ ɡɛɢɪ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɬɨɝ ɬɪɨɭɝɥɚ.
294
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ

ɐɢʂ ɱɚɫɚ: ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ, ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɍɱɟɧɢɤ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ: ɋɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɜɚ
§π · 4 § 3π ·
1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ cos¨ − α ¸ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ tgα = ɢ α ∈ ¨π , ¸ .
©3 ¹ 5 © 2 ¹
3
2. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ: sin 6 x + cos 6 x = 1 − sin 2 2 x
4
§ 20π · 21π
tg ¨ −
3 ¹
(
¸ ⋅ sin − 1385 ⋅ cos
$
) 4
3. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: ©
§ 23π ·
sin ¨ −
6 ¹
( )
¸ ⋅ ctg − 585 ⋅ cos 575
$ $
©
4. Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: cos x = cos 3 x + 2 sin 2 x
§ π·
5. ɇɚɰɪɬɚʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ f ( x) = cos¨ 2 x − ¸
© 4¹
6. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɬɪɨɭɝɚɨ: b = 6 α = 37 $ 25′ γ = 102 $ 45′
295
Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɨɦ.
296

Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ: ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɚ, ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɟ
ɉɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɢɝɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢʁɟ.

π· 3π ·
1. Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: cos§¨ 2 x − §
¸ + sin ¨ 2 x + ¸= 2
© 4¹ © 4 ¹
3
2. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ cos 2α = ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ sin 4 α + cos 4 α .
3
3
3. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ: sin 6 x + cos 6 x = 1 − sin 2 2 x
4
§ 20π · 21π
tg ¨ −
3
( )
¸ ⋅ sin − 1385 ⋅ cos
$
4
4. ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ: © ¹
§ 23π ·
sin ¨ −
6
( )
¸ ⋅ ctg − 585 ⋅ cos 575
$ $
© ¹
5. ɋɚ ɫɜɟɬɢɨɧɢɤɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 120m ɢɡɧɚɞ ɦɨɪɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɛɪɨɞ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɨɞ 15 $ 30′ . Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ
ɛɪɨɞ ɭɞɚʂɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɜɟɬɢɨɧɢɤɚ?
297
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɢʄɢɦɚ.
1. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ:
sin 4 α + cos 4 α − 1 2 1
ɚ) = ɛ) cos 2 α + 2 sin 2 α + sin 2 α ⋅ tg 2α =
sin 6 α + cos 6 α − 1 3 cos 2 α
2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ: ɚ) cos 6 α + sin 6 α + 3 sin 2 α ⋅ cos 2 α = 1

1
ɛ) = cos 2 α
cos α + cos α ⋅ sin 2 α + sin 2 α + tg 2α
4 2
x x
3. Ɋɟɲɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɧɭ: ɚ) 8 sin 2 x + 6 cos x = 3 ɛ) cos = 2 sin 2
2 4
4. Ɋɟɲɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɥɢ ɬɪɨɭɝɚɨ: ɚ) a = 9 β = 81$ 20′ ɛ) t c = 5 a=6
sin 2α
5. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: sin 4 α − cos 4 α + cos 2α + + sin 2 α
2tgα
298

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ɋɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ

ɋɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ

ɍ ɉɚɧɱɟɜɭ ɇɚɞɚ Ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ

ɂɡɜɨɞ ɢɡ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ:

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ – ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ

Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _____

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ

2.ɆȺ.1.1.2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɜɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɧɨɝ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɟ,

ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ:

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 30 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

* Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ: a, b ∈ R , n, m ∈ N , m < n

ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ

ɂɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ: a n ( ) = (a )

ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ: ȼɚɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɞɚ (a ) n m

3. ɇɚɩɢɲɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɞɜɚ ɚ) 512 ɛ) 1024 ɜ) 6 ⋅ 2 6 + 20 ⋅ 2 5

Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ:_____

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ

ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ:

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 35 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

a, b ∈ R + §¨ a = b ɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ a n = b n ·¸

Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _____

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ

ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɚ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 35 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 1, 2

Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _____

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ

ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ:

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɉɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ.

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 35 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

1. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ 3a 2 − 7 a + 1,75 ɚɤɨ ʁɟ a = 5 ⋅ 10 −1 [1]

Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 3, 4, 6. ɜ,ɝ)

Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _____

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɰɢɦɚ

ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ:

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɚ. ɍɱɟɧɢɤ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɚɰ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɛɥɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ:

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 30 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧ

Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 9

Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _____

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɚɥɝɟɛɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɦɰɢɦɚ

ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 35 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ɋɚɞ ɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɬɪɚʁɟ 25 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ.

1. (10. ɡɛɢɪɤɚ): ɍɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ:

Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 5 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ: 10. ɚ, ɛ, ɜ), 11. ɛ, ɝ)

Ɋɟɞɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɚɫɚ: _____

ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ: Ⱦɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ

ɍɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ:

ɍɜɨɞ ɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ. (ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɟɰɢɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɧɨɦ

Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɱɚɫɚ: 30 ɦɢɧɭɬɚ

Ɂɚɩɢɫ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɯ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ x = a ⋅ 10 k ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1 ≤ a < 10 ɢ k ∈ Z ʁɟ

1. ɋɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ a ⋅ 10 k , ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1 ≤ a < 10 ɢ ɤ ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ:

ɚ) 0,001 = 1 ⋅ 10 −3 ɛ) 0,00001 = 1 ⋅ 10 −5 ɜ) 0,06 = 6 ⋅ 10 −2 ɝ) 0,028 = 2,8 ⋅ 10 −3

2. ɂɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ

3. ɋɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ a ⋅ 10 k , ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1 ≤ a < 10 ɢ ɤ ɰɟɨ ɛɪɨʁ:

Ʉɨɪɟɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭɜɟɤ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɬɢ

Ʉɨɪɟɧ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭʁɟɦɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭʁɟɦɨ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ.

Ʉɨɪɟɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɭʁɟɦɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨɰɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɚ ɩɨɦɧɨɠɢɦɨ, ɚ ɩɨɬɤɨɪɟɧɭ