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Težište
8. TEŽIŠTE
M = ∫ dm = ∫ ρ ⋅ dD
D D
G = g ⋅ M = ∫ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ dD
D
• Središte masa ili težište – točka hvatišta sile težine. Nalazi se na sjecištu dviju ili
više težišnica. Težišnica predstavlja pravac na kojem djeluje sila težine.
Pri zaokretanju materijalnog tijela središte masa ostaje na istome mjestu, dok se za
svaki novi položaj uspostavlja nova težišnica. Ova činjenica se koristi za određivanje
središta masa.
Težište se može eksperimentalno lako odrediti pokusom vješanja tijela na tanku nit.
Mehanika I 8. Težište
M 0 = ∫ r × dG = r T × G
D
∫ (x ⋅ i + y ⋅ j + z ⋅ k )× dG ⋅ e = (x T ⋅ i + y T ⋅ j + z T ⋅ k )× G ⋅ e
D
∫ x ⋅ dG (i × e) + ∫ y ⋅ dG (j × e) + ∫ z ⋅ dG (k × e) =
D D D
( ) ( )
= x T ⋅ G i × e + yT ⋅ G j× e + zT ⋅ G k × e ( )
∫ x ⋅ dG =x T ⋅ G , ∫ y ⋅ dG =y T ⋅ G , ∫ z ⋅ dG = z T ⋅ G
D D D
∫ x ⋅ dG ∫ y ⋅ dG ∫ z ⋅ dG
xT = D
, yT = D
, zT = D
G G G
Mehanika I 8. Težište
Težište volumena
∫
Homogeno tijelo ρ=const., dG = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ dV , G = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ dV = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ V
V
∫ x ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ dV ∫ x ⋅ dV
xT = V =V
g ⋅ρ⋅V V
∫ y ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ dV ∫ y ⋅ dV
yT = V =V
g ⋅ρ⋅V V
∫ z ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ dV ∫ z ⋅ dV
zT = V =V
g ⋅ρ⋅V V
Težište površine
∫
Homogena ploča (ρ=const.) deb. t, dG = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ t ⋅ dA , G = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ t ⋅ dA = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ A
A
∫ x ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ t ⋅ dA ∫ x ⋅ dA
xT = A =A
g ⋅ρ⋅ t ⋅A A
∫ y ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ t ⋅ dA ∫ y ⋅ dA
yT = A =A
g ⋅ρ⋅ t ⋅A A
∫ z ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ t ⋅ dA ∫ z ⋅ dA
zT = A =A
g ⋅ρ⋅ t ⋅A A
Težište linije
Homogeno tijelo (ρ=const.) vrlo malih poprečnih dimenzija u odnosu na duljinu
dG = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ ds , G = ∫ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ ds = g ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ s
s
∫ x ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ ds ∫ x ⋅ ds
xT = s
= s
g ⋅ρ⋅A ⋅s s
∫ y ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ ds ∫ y ⋅ ds
yT = s
= s
g ⋅ρ⋅A ⋅s s
∫ z ⋅ g ⋅ ρ ⋅ A ⋅ ds ∫ z ⋅ ds
zT = s
= s
g ⋅ρ⋅A ⋅s s
Mehanika I 8. Težište
Težište složenih tijela
zT ∑ zi ⋅ ∆Vi ∑ zi ⋅ ∆A i ∑ zi ⋅ ∆si
1 1 1
V A S
n n n
V= ∑ ∆Vi A= ∑ ∆A i S= ∑ ∆si
1 1 1
Mehanika I 8. Težište
Primjer 1: Odrediti težište pravokutnog materijalnog lika konstantne gustoće.
ρ = const , dm = ρ ⋅ dx ⋅ dy
M= ∫∫ ρ ⋅ dx ⋅ dy = ρ ⋅ a ⋅ b
G= ∫∫ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ (− j) = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ (− j)
i j k ba i j k
M0 = xT
0
yT 0 = x ∫∫
y 0 dx ⋅ dy
− G 0 0 0 0 − ρ⋅g 0
ba
x T ⋅ G ⋅ (−k ) = ∫∫ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ x ⋅ dx ⋅ dy ⋅ ( −k )
00
2
a
xT ⋅G = ρ⋅g⋅ ⋅b
2
a2
ρ⋅g⋅ ⋅b
2 a
xT = =
ρ⋅g⋅a ⋅b 2
b ⎛a b⎞
Analogno je y T = → T=⎜ , ⎟
2 ⎝2 2⎠
ρ=1, G≡1
T1 (5.0, 5.0 ) , T2 (3.5, 2.5)
F1 = 100 cm 2 , F2 = 35 cm 2
F = F1 − F2 = 100 − 35 = 65 cm 2
100 ⋅ 5.0 − 35 ⋅ 3.5
xT = = 5.81 cm 2
65
100 ⋅ 5.0 − 25 ⋅ 3.5
yT = = 6.35 cm 2
65
Mehanika I 8. Težište
Primjer 3: Četiri mase mi (i=1,...,4) raspoređene su duž osi x kao što je prikazano na
crtežu. Odredite položaj središta masa.
m1=2(kg), m2=3(kg), m3=2(kg), m4=1(kg)
4
∑ x i ⋅ mi 0 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 + 5 ⋅ 2 + 6 ⋅1
i =1
xT = = = 2.75 m
4 2 + 3 + 2 +1
∑ mi
i =1
Mehanika I 8. Težište
i x Ti y Ti Fi x Ti ⋅ Fi y Ti ⋅ Fi
35.29 28.50
xT = = 3.38 (m) , yT = = 2.73 (m)
10.43 10.43
Mehanika I 8. Težište
i x Ti y Ti z Ti li x Ti ⋅ l i y Ti ⋅ l i z Ti ⋅ l i