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Seepage Through Cofferdam PDF
Seepage Through Cofferdam PDF
nf
Q = k. H .b b = width of channel = 56 cm
nd
For calculation, consider H = 20 cm.
ndA = number of head drops at A, ΔH = head drop for each equi-potential line = H/nd
You get values in terms of H
1
4. H average = (H A + H B )
2
H average
5. i=
D
6. In order to blowout the dam, i = ic
Calculate H for blowout with this.
Seepage
Darcy’s law is applicable when flow of water is in one direction. In real world problems,
seepage occurs in all three dimensions. Solution for 3D problems is complicated and needs
advanced mathematical calculations. In many cases, 3D problems are simplified to 2D and
seepage flow is calculated accordingly.
∂h ∂h
But ix = and iy =
∂x ∂y
∂i x ∂i y
i x + dx = i x + .dx and i y + dy = i y + .dy
∂x ∂y
Substituting these values in equation (1)
∂i x ∂i y
.dx.dy + .dy.dx = 0
∂x ∂y
∂ ∂h ∂ ∂h
Or ( )+ ( ) =0
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂ 2h ∂ 2h
Therefore, + =0 (2)
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Laplace equation requires 2 families of curves that meet at right angle. One is called flow
line and the other is called equi-potential line. The network of these lines is called “Flow
Net” (figure 2).
Properties of flow net
Same flow quantity (Δq) through each flow channel.
Same head drop (Δh) between each adjacent pair of equi-potential lines
(except for partial drop).
EGCE 324L (Soil Mechanics Laboratory) Spring 2008
Instructor: Binod Tiwari, PhD Date: 3/24/2008
5
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
From figure 3,
Δh b
Δq = k .i. A = k. .b.1 = k .Δh.
l l
b
Δq and Δh should be the same for every element. Then, must also be the same for every
l
element.
l
However, if we can make = 1 by making square flow net grid,
b
q = k .H .$ (6)
and Q = q. L
where, L is the length of dam in a perpendicular direction
Note
For k x ≠ k y ,
ky
we make horizontal scale = x vertical Scale
kx
and plot the structure. Then we follow the same procedure. This gives,
H .n f
q = k x .k y .
nd
nd = 7 H=7m
Head Loss at each equi-potential line = 7/7 =1m
Head at A, i.e. hA = (9 – 1 x 1) =8m
Uplift pressure UA = 8. γw
Likewise, UB = 7. γw
At liquefaction, σ = uA
γ’. Z = i . γw . Z
Gs − 1
ic = (7)
1+ e