EuroCon 2013 • 1-4 July 2013 • Zagreb, Croatia
About The Static Excitation System
with a Fully Controlled Rectifier
Petre-Marian Nicolae #1, Ileana-Diana Nicolae *2
#1
University of Craiova, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
*2 University of Craiova, Faculty of Automation, Computer Science and Electronics
Decebal Blv. No. 107, Craiova, 200440, Romania
e-mail: pnicolae@elth.ucv.ro; nicolae_ileana@software.ucv.ro
Abstract - The paper analyzes the potential influence of a rectifier
fully controlled with thyristors (RFCT) over some components of
a power group with static switching. Problems related to the
active power flows in distorting and/or non-symmetric regime
are briefly presented. Also there are revealed issues related to the
influence of non-linear and/or non-symmetric receivers of active
powers over the active powers flows along power non-symmetric
components when superior harmonics are considered. One
presents a complete system with static excitation from a power
group. The supplying is made from the power group’s main
generator terminals, through a power transformer and a RFCT.
The electric quantities were recorded with data acquisition
systems (DAS) specially designed and made for this application.
Based on the acquired recordings one used an original dedicated
software based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) that allowed
the determination of some power quality parameters and the
calculation/displaying of (re)active powers’ components for each
phase and respectively for the significant harmonics (whose
weights are over 1%) at the RFCT’s input. Analyzing the results
one could conclude that the RFCT behaves like a “power
converter” for the harmonic and/or non-symmetric powers. An
influence of harmonic and non-symmetric powers over some
components of the power group could be noticed as well.
Experiments certified that these influences result into the
shortening of some components’ lifetimes, owing to the power
flows along the superior harmonics and non-symmetric powers.
Keywords: active power flow, distorting and/or non-symmetrical
regimes, RFCT, static excitation system, power quality.
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of power converters is associated with many
benefits, such as: (a) wide range regulations of electric and
mechanic quantities at electric machines; (b) larger powers to
be transferred from sources to consumers under wide-range
regulation conditions; (c) simpler a.c./d.c. and d.c./a.c.
conversions etc. [1]-[4], [16]-[19]. Unfortunately, owing to
their non-linear nature, they often introduce unpleasant
quantities with drawbacks over the host circuits or networks.
The use of static converters at large power groups is mainly related
to the excitation area. Their major role is the main generator’s d.c.
supplying from the synchronous auxiliary generator (that provides
three-phase sine-shaped voltages at terminals).
The rectifier connected under these circumstances
introduces a significant distorting regime that influences other
components of the power group [5].
For the static excitation, the use of an auxiliary generator
for the supplying of the excitation winding through rectifier
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was not a valid option. Instead a rectifier fully controlled with
thyristors (RFCT) is used. This is supplied from the power
network (when the main generator is started) and directly
from the main generator (when the main generator is
operating at rated parameters).
The RFCT is practically supplied from the main generator
terminals through a Medium Voltage/Low Voltage transformer.
The advantages provided by this system are mainly related
to the reliability of the excitation’s supplying system and
respectively to the possibility to detect the transient processes
of the main generator, through excitation (the disconnection
can be done fast for fault situations).
The main disadvantages related to the adopted systems are:
- possible depreciation of the quality of the power provided
by the main generator to the power system;
- possible undesired (mainly active) power flows between
the power group, owing to the static converter;
- influences on measurements made with test apparatus,
with obvious effects over the precision class of the voltage
and current test transformers.
II. CONSIDERATIONS ON ACTIVE POWERS FLOW IN
DISTORTING AND/OR UNBALANCES REGIMES
The presence of nonlinear circuit elements in networks that
are basically formed from linear circuit elements leads to
active powers flows whose senses and orientations are
different from those corresponding to the active powers flow
along the fundamental harmonic. To be noticed the case of a
three-phase network that includes its supplying sources and is
connected to a power systems, as in this case active powers
flows will occur between network's various components along
different sequences (positive, negative or zero). Both
situations will be approached below, as distinct situations.
A. Active Powers Flow in a Simple Unbalanced Network
Firstly one considers a simplified linear three-phase non-
isolated network that includes:
- a single symmetrical ideal generator with a voltage system
in positive sequence at terminals (subscripts “g”),
- a single inter-connection with a symmetric three-phase voltage
system in positive sequence (with theoretical infinite power)
(subscripts “b”),
- a balanced three-phase load (BL) (subscripts “1”) and an
unbalanced three-phase load (UBL) (subscripts “2”).
The rest of the network, consisting of the inter-connection lines
(subscripts “r”) is assumed to be balanced and passive, as in Fig. 1.
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Fig. 1. Network consisting of an ideal symmetrical generator (“g”), inter-
connection line (“b”), “link” network (“r”), balanced load (BL - 1) and
unbalanced load (UBL - 2)
Obviously, the presence of the unbalanced three-phase load is
the cause for the non-symmetric features of the steady operating
regime of the analyzed network (considered as a whole).
Using the theorem of active powers' conservation one obtains
the equations for the positive, negative and zero components of
active powers for all network's components [6], [8]:
­ Pg + + Pb + = Pr + + P1+ + P2+
° (positive sequence), and absorbs only the power P2 from it.
®0 = Pr − + P1− + P2−
°0 = P + P + P
¯ r0 10 20
Obviously, neither the generator, nor the inter-connections
are involved in the equations related to conservation, for the
zero and negative sequences. This is because the regime of
these elements with infinite power (and therefore nil internal
impedance) is not submitted to non-symmetries through the
presence of an unbalanced three-phase load. One can
introduce in the above equations the active powers
corresponding to the components for positive sequence, that
should be also called „powers of symmetrical regime”, as well
as the active powers corresponding to the components with
negative and zero sequences, that should be called also
„powers for non-symmetric regime” [6], [7].
Therefore the following equations related to the active
powers can be written:
- Active power for symmetric regime:
PS = P+ (2)
- Active power for non-symmetric regime:
Pn = P− + P0 (3)
Considering that the components for symmetric and non-
symmetric powers are superposed in the case of the operating
regimes' superposition, the active powers can be calculated with:
­° Pg s + Pb s = Pr s + P1 s + P2 s
® (4)
°̄0 = Pr n + P1n + P2 n
For the analyzed situation the power sources in symmetric
regimes are the generator and the system with theoretic
infinite power, whilst the non-symmetry active powers are
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mutually compensated. Therefore one can conclude that as
long as they are non-zero, the powers Pr n, P1n (Pr n > P1n) and
P2n cannot have the same sign. This can be used to demonstrate
the following theorem that helps in mentioning the signs of
non-symmetry powers: „A balanced passive load cannot
generate active power in non-symmetric regime” [6]. Based on
this theorem one can enounce the following corollary: „In a
non-symmetric three-phase network supplied by symmetric
generators and through the inter-connection terminals with
positive symmetric voltages, the unbalanced loads represent the
only active power sources of non-symmetry”. Therefore one
can write for the active powers of non-symmetry the equation:
P2 n = −( P1n + Prn ) (5)
As the network is symmetrical in rest, according to the
above theorem, P1n  0, Pr n > 0, so, according to the first
equation from the system (1), it follows that P2n  0. If P2n =
0, one gets Pln = Pr n = 0.
It means that if the unbalanced load, UBL, does not generate
active power of non-symmetry, if cannot belong to the system.
Considering the Eq. (4) and Eq. (5), one can conceive a
diagrame for the active power flows corresponding to these
equations, as depicted by Fig. 2.
P2 s = P2 − P2 n = P2 + ( Prn + P1n ) (6)
Fig. 2 illustrates that the unbalanced load (UBL) receives
from generator and network active power of symmetry
(1)
The remaining power is returned to network in order to
provide non-symmetry powers from its balanced side.
Obviously, as P1n 0 and Pr n  0, according to Eq. (6) it
follows that P2s  Ps and the difference from the left side of Eq.
(7) is supplied into the balanced part of the network, generally
under the form of additional losses (both in the supplying line
and in the balanced load respectively):
P2 s − P2 = Prn + P1n ≥ 0 (7)
The equivalent schema of a non-ideal generator will contain
the following components:
- its electromotive voltages;
- impedances for the zero-sequence (that should be present
in the schema with positive sequence);
- impedances for the positive and negative sequences.
Owing to these components, the generator becomes receiver
for non-symmetry power, this resulting into reversed torques.
Fig.2. Diagram with flows of (non)symmetry active powers
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The inter-connection with the symmetric system of infinite power
can always be substituted through an equivalent ideal generator.
In the above presented variant, the complex flows of active,
reactive and apparent powers along the components of distinct
sequences (positive, negative or zero) were firstly demonstrated
by the Romanian Academician Andrei Tugulea for active and
reactive powers [6]. But in [8] it was proved that, owing to the
interactions between the components of different sequences, the
real power balance is not limited to the active, reactive and
apparent powers for the unbalanced networks, assertion
sustained by other papers too ([9]- [12] etc).
As a consequence, the power flows circulation can be
demonstrated and keeps its validity only for active powers (which
have a clear physical meaning), as presented in this paper [8].
B. Evaluation of Power Effects Induced by the Non-symmetric and
Non-sinusoidal Permanent Regimes in Power Systems
One can demonstrate similar theorems for the conservation and
circulation of active power flows in the three-phase network from
Fig. 1 for non-symmetric and non-sinusoidal regimes considering
the presence of a linear load (L), a non-linear load - or distorting
load (D), a connection line (l) and a generator (G) that provides
the symmetric voltages [7]. Firstly one assumes that the inter-
connection network is not present (a schematic similar to that
from Fig. 1 can be used, substituting the element BL by a linear
load (L) and the element UBL by a non-linear load (D).
If all types of loads are present, it means that a load is linear
and balanced and the rest are nonlinear and/or unbalanced. In
this case it is possible to perform a combination between the
power flows circulations presented for the distorting regime
and the power flows’ circulations from the three-phase
networks presented in the previous paragraph, considering the
theorems for the power conservation and the power balance
for each conservative power at a time.
The working hypothesis is that the power system includes
balanced and linear three-phase receivers as well as unbalanced
and/or distorting three-phase receivers. It is assumed that the
three-phase generators provide symmetrical voltages in positive
sequence, with sinusoidal variation. To understand the basic
phenomena, only the active power flows for the permanent
regimes will be presented. For this case the three-phase voltages
and currents will be in general non-sinusoidal and non-
symmetric quantities, in steady-state regimes.
The following notations will be used:
a) The active power of the fundamental harmonic and the
power of symmetry supplied by the generator (the only active
power theoretically supplied by generators):
PG = P G1 = Pgs
b) The sum of active powers dissipated through conductors:
Pl = Pl1 + P l n d = Pl1s + Pl 1n + Pl d
where:
- Pl1s, Pl1n – active power of symmetry/ non-symmetry along
the fundamental harmonic;
- Pld – residual active power – along all the superior
harmonics and along all sequences (it can also be called
distorting residue of the active power).
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c) The sum of active powers absorbed by linear balanced receivers:
PL = PL1 + PL n d = PL1s + PL1n + PL d (10)
where:
PL n d = PL1n + PL d (11)
in which:
- PL1s, PL1n – active power of symmetry/non-symmetry along
the fundamental harmonic of the linear load;
- PLd – residual active power of the linear load – along the
superior harmonics and all sequences (it can also be called
distorting residue of the linear load's active power).
d) The sum of active powers absorbed or generated by the
unbalanced and/or distorting loads:
PD = PD1 + PD n d = PD1s + PD1n + PD d (12)
where:
PD n d = PD1n + PD d (13)
in which:
- PD1s, PD1n – active power of symmetry/ non-symmetry
along the nonlinear load's fundamental harmonic;
- PDd - residual active power of the non-linear load ––
along the superior harmonics and all sequences (it can also be
called distorting residue of the non-linear load's active power)
The equations for the active powers’ overall or partial balance are:
PG1 = PGs = Pgs = Pl 1s +PL1s +PD1s =
= Pl +PL +PD = Pl1s +(Pl1n +Pld ) +PL1s +(PL1n +PLd ) +PD1s +(PD1n +PDd ) (14)
(Pl1n +Pld )+(PL1n +PLd ) +(PD1n +PDd ) =0
Obviously, a power balance can be written as:
( Pl 1n + Pl d ) ≥ 0 ; ( PL1n + PL d ) ≥ 0 (15)
so:
( PD1n + PDd ) ≤ 0 (16)
A diagram for powers circulation as in Fig. 3 can be built.
From Eq. (14)-(16) and Fig. 3 one can see that the
generator(s) inject into system active power only along the
positive sequence of the fundamental harmonic. A part from
this quantity is consumed by the unbalanced and/or distorting
load(s), the rest of it being reintroduced into the system as
non-symmetry power that penetrates the linear balanced load
and the connection line. From Eq. (15)-(16) one can see that
the exceeding active power, that is usually useless, will be:
(8)
(9)
Fig.3. Diagram for power flows in non-symmetric and distorting regime for a
network that includes a three-phase generator that supplies through a line a
linear balanced receiver and an unbalanced and/or distorting receiver
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PD1n + PDd = −( PD1n + PDd ) = ( Pl1n + Pld ) + ( PL1n + PLd )
(17)
This additional active power, whose circulation flow is
opposite to that of the flow along the fundamental harmonic in
positive sequence, will “charge” the generator and will be
absorbed usually as additional losses in the generator and along
the power transmission line. As all the quantities involved in the
active powers' balance are conservative, one can emphasize in an
individual manner the contribution of each (non)linear load to the
undesired active powers circulation. The loads that generate these
active powers are the distorting and/or unbalanced, whilst the
linear and balanced loads are more frequently affected by the
undesired active powers flows side effects.
III. ANALYZED SCHEMATIC FOR THE STATIC
EXCITATION SYSTEM WITH A RFCT
The schematic with the main elements from the static excitation
system with a fully controlled rectifier is depicted by Fig. 4.
The system with static excitation represents a modified
variant at one of the groups from a power plant with respect to
the system with auxiliary generator’s excitation.
Practically the main generator’s excitation winding is
directly supplied from the power system through an excitation
transformer (denoted by 2 în Fig. 4) of 3.256 MVA, 24/0.65
kV, supplied in the first moments from the power system
through the system transformer (denoted by 1), in connection
Δ / Y of 400 MVA, 24/400 kV. The three-phase generator
(denoted by 3) (330 MW, 24 kV), has the excitation winding
(denoted by 4) supplied through a three-phase rectifier in
bridge with thyristors (denoted by 5) from the secondary
winding of the transformer denoted by 2.
The rated voltage from the secondary winding of the
transformer used to supply the excitation is kept at a level of
650 V (phase to phase voltages), that is the value of the
supplying voltage for the fully-controlled rectifier with
thyristors. The output of the rectifier will supply the d.c. side.
This solution offers a series of advantages, but also results into
some drawbacks, especially concerning the power flows along
superior harmonics and for non-symmetry cases created by the
fully-controlled rectifier with thyristors. These reversed power
flows can generate undesired effects over other components from
1 I1s-max = 1387.24 A; I2s-max = 1439.18 A; I3s-max= 1360.99 A
5
2
~
=
RS
RT
ST
4
3
3
~
Fig. 4. Schematic with the main monitored elements of the power group
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internal system of power generation [12]. The secondary
effects are especially related to the apparition of some
distorting regimes, with high order harmonics and possible
resonance-related phenomena that occur in the internal system
for the main generator’s excitation supplying.
IV. WAVEFORMS RECORDING AND THEIR PROCESSING
The analysis of the above mentioned phenomena involves the
designing and realization of a complex data acquisition system
meant to monitor the main components of the power group. As
the system used for analysis, monitoring and diagnosis includes
several quantities that must be recorded, one had to design
several data acquisition systems that should simultaneously
record the electric quantities [12], [13]. In the same time one had
to conceive specialized software for the synchronization of the
data acquisition systems. Another specialized software package
was also required to perform a simultaneously processing of the
recorded quantities [13]. Further developments of the realized
software were required for the determination of powers and
power flows along the fundamental harmonic and superior
harmonics in order to detect possible effects over the power
group’s components. The main source for disturbances (from the
power quality’s point of view while considering the influences
over the rest of the components) is the RFTC.
A. Per-Phase Recordings for the RFTC
In the test points no. 5 (Fig. 4) one recorded the currents
flowing through the RFTC’s phases (similarly to those from
the secondary windings of MV/LV power transformer). The
same test points were used to record the voltages across the
RFTC’s phases.
The waveforms recorded with a distributed data
acquisition system (specially conceived for this application)
are depicted by Fig. 5.
B. The Decomposition of the RFTC’s Phases Quantities
The harmonic decompositions obtained with an original
software based on FFT are provided by Fig. 6 and Table I – (for
the main harmonics of phase-currents’s waveforms) and by Table
II (for the main harmonics of phase-voltages’ waveforms). Fig. 6
depicts only the harmonics with weights overcoming 1% from
the main harmonic (both for voltages and currents).
The RMS values of the phase currents from Fig. 5, are:
I1s-rms = 1005.21 A; I2s-rms = 1065.18 A; I3s-rms = 1011.12 A
The magnitudes of the phase currents were:
Fig. 5. Waveforms for phase currents and voltages at the input in the RFTC
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The distorting residues for the currents through phases were: The RMS values of the voltages from Fig. 6 were:
I1s-dr = 291.51 A; I2s-dr = 305.1 A; I3s-dr = 287.72 A U1s-rms = 501.14 V; U2s-rms = 521.28 V; U3s-rms = 527.43 V
The total harmonic distortions of phases currents were: The magnitudes of the phase voltages were:
ITHD1s-rms = 29 %; ITHD2s-rms = 28.64 %; ITHD3s-rms = 28.46 % U1s-max= 749.4 V; U2s- max= 995.8 V; U3s- max= 1038.58 V
The distorting residues for the phase voltages were:
U1s-dr = 99.69 V; U2s-dr = 101.96 V; U3s-dr = 97.72 V
The total harmonic distortions of the phase voltages were:
UTHD1s-rms = 19.89 %; UTHD2s-rms = 19.56 %; UTHD3s-rms = 18.53 %
C. Power Flow of the RFTC’s Active power
For the recorded waveforms (Fig. 5), using the harmonic
decompositions from Fig. 6, one determined the (re)active
powers of the fundamental harmonic and of the superior
harmonics. These are described for harmonics with weights
over 1% from Fig. 7.
Based on the powers’ spectral decomposition one can draw
a diagram (Fig. 8) representing the flows on active powers
along the fundamental harmonic and the superior harmonics
Fig. 6. Harmonics decompositions for the phase currents and voltages respectively for the main components of the power group.
TABLE I
CURRENTS FROM THE SECONDARY WINDING OF THE EXCITATION
I1 I2 I3
Harm. Mag. Initial Weight Mag. Initial Weight Mag. Initial Weight
order [A] Phase [deg] [%] [A] Phase [deg] [%] [A] Phase [deg] [%]
1 961.9 -4.6 100 1020.5 -123.7 100 969.3 114.6 100
5 201.9 157.2 20.9 203.5 -78.8 19.9 195.3 33.1 20.1
7 126.8 145.4 13.1 143.4 31.2 14 134.1 -100.3 13.8
11 91.1 -51.9 9.4 86.9 76.5 8.5 84.4 178.8 8.7
13 65.5 -63.1 6.8 78.9 -172.6 7.7 72.5 46 7.4
17 58.6 98.7 6 52.9 -128.1 5.1 52.2 -35.4 5.3
19 42.4 88.3 4.4 54.6 -16.6 5.3 49.1 -167.5 5
23 43.3 -110.3 4.5 36.7 27.4 3.5 36.8 109.9 3.8
25 29.9 -121.3 3.1 41.3 138.6 4 36.3 -21.6 3.7
29 33.4 39.9 3.4 26.9 -178 2.6 27.4 -104.9 2.8
31 22.1 30.1 2.3 32.8 -66.1 3.2 28.3 123.7 2.9
35 26.8 -169.9 2.7 20.3 -23.3 1.9 21 39.7 2.1
37 16.7 -179.4 1.7 26.6 88 2.6 2.2 -91.2 2.3
41 22 -20.5 2.2 15.5 131 1.5 16.3 -176.3 1.6
43 12.5 -29.3 1.3 21.8 -118.6 2.1 18.1 53.2 1.8
TABLE II
VOLTAGES FROM THE SECONDARY WINDING OF THE EXCITATION
U1 U2 U3
Harm. Mag. Initial Weight Mag. Initial Weight Mag. Initial Weight
order [V] Phase [deg] [%] [V] Phase [deg] [%] [V] Phase [deg] [%]
1 491.1 -0.9 100 511.2 -114.7 100 518.2 117.2 100
2 32.4 -154.2 6.6 23.1 71.5 4.5 18.1 -112 3.4
3 14.4 -98.9 2.9 16.6 45.6 3.2 14.1 121.9 2.7
5 23.2 82.3 4.7 17.9 -107.9 3.5 21.1 -41.7 4
7 24.3 -47.1 4.9 23.1 -119.6 4.5 22.3 65 4.3
11 24.6 -174.4 5 22.4 35 4.3 20.4 70.9 3.9
13 23.3 63.1 4.7 21.4 27 4.1 21.6 174.8 4.1
17 21.9 -67.1 4.4 22 -176.2 4.3 18.1 -178.7 3.5
19 23.2 169.4 4.7 19.6 174.3 3.8 22.5 -78.9 4.3
23 20.2 44.1 4.1 21.8 -25.4 4.2 16.6 -69.1 3.2
25 21.2 -82.3 4.3 18.2 -36.8 3.5 21.5 28.4 4.1
29 18.5 151.7 3.7 20.9 122.7 4 14.9 38 2.8
31 19.5 26.5 3.9 16.3 111.2 3.2 20.7 132.4 4
35 16.4 -97.1 3.3 19.6 -86.5 3.8 13.1 149.5 2.5
37 18 135.7 3.6 14.6 -99.3 2.8 19.5 -116.7 3.7
41 14.6 12 2.9 18.3 61.4 3.5 11.3 -103.7 2.1
43 15.9 -116.3 3.2 13 48.2 2.5 18.7 -12.1 3.6

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Fig. 7. Active and reactive powers for the fundamental harmonic and for the
superior harmonics
Fig. 8. Diagram with active powers flows along the fundamental harmonic
and along superior harmonics
In this figure the three-phase generator (“3”) from Fig. 4 is
represented by “G”. The line used for the connection with the
power system from Fig. 4 (represented by the system’s
transformer) is represented by “N” (denoted by “1” in Fig. 4).
The linear receiver from this figure stands for “Transformer
MV/LV” (considering the charging up to currents’ rated values –
the case of the accomplished recordings) and is denoted by “L”
(denoted by “2” in Fig. 4). The supplying cables are symbolized
by “l” and the non-linear (distorting) receiver, represented by the
RFTC is denoted by “D”. Practically, the RFTC generates the
power circulation along the superior harmonics, with reversed
flows of these powers (denoted by “5” in Fig. 4).
V. CONCLUSION
The power flows generated by the three-phase fully
controlled rectifier with thyristors (RFTC) affect the rest of
the components from the power group. The voltages and
currents from the MV/LV transformer are distorted (almost
the same harmonic distortions was noticed for the primary and
secondary windings) [12].
The reversed active powers flows along the superior
harmonics generated by the RFTC may indirectly affect,
through the MV/LV transformer, other components from the
power group as well, not represented in Fig. 5, e.g. the test
current and voltage transformers from the power group. This
phenomenon was noticed by the power group’s technical staff
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who manages the energy, as the affected components’ recorded
life-time shortening (they were considerably affected by active
powers flows along the superior harmonics).
Knowledge on the active powers flows inside a power group
is compulsory for the improvement of these groups’ schematics,
through the inclusion of some protection elements for group’s
components (e.g. one should connect at the RFCT’s input
reactance coils or filters (passive, active or hybrid)).
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