CHEMISTRY HANDOUTS

A. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
B. MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
I. Properties of matter
II. Classification of matter

Scope of Chemistry
- Study of matter
- Sometimes referred to as the “central science” because it relates to so many fields of sciences.

Scientific Method
- The systematic study of the natural world through experimentation and observation.
- In simpler words: ___________________________________________.
- 17th century with Galileo, Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle

Natural Laws- Concise statements often in mathematical form of the facts of nature.
Induction- process of observations leading to general statement/ natural laws.

FLOW OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Question observation and research hypothesis

Hypothesis false Analyze results Experiment

Record results Hypothesis true

PARADIGM- Pattern of thinking, changeable when it no longer works.

MATTER
_____________________________________________.
PROPERRIES OF MATTER
A. Physical Properties
- property not dictated by chemical composition
- during the physical change, the _____________ remains unchanged.

i. Extensive VS. intensive

a property that depends on the a does not depend on the amount of
substance
mount of substance. Examples: __________, ___________
Examples: Mass, volume, entropy, enthalpy ___________, __________

B. Chemical Properties
- the ability of a sample of matter to undergo a change in composition under stated
conditions.
- one kind of matter is converted to new kinds with different compositions during
chemical change.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

SEPARATING MIXTURES- physical means- takes advantage of various physical properties.

1. Filtration-
2. distillation
3. evaporation
4. Sublimation-
5.Separatory funnel
6. centrifugation
7. Chromatography-
*Decomposing compounds- heat treatment/ electricity treatment.
STATES OF MATTER
MATTER

Solid Liquid Gas

________________________ __________________________ ____________________________

 PHASE TRANSITION

MEASUREMENTS
Cutline: A. Non SI units D. Accuracy vs. Precision
B. SI units E. Significant Figures
c. Derived units F. Density and Its uses in problem solving

*Chemistry is a quantitative science thus there exist a need for measurement which increase a number and
units.
*Measurements are used to quantitatively describe objects and their characteristics.

A. Non standard units

i. local ways of measuring what was the impact of using NSU in trading goods in global
market?
= _______________
B. Standard units of measurements
= are more consistent = English + SI
 *Systeme Internationale d’unite’s (international; System of units) (SI)
-scientific system of measurements
-modern version of the metric system systems based on a unit of length called meter.

DECIMAL SYSTEM
- Quantities differing from the base unit by powers of 10, denoted by prefixes.

TEMPERATURE
Temperature scales: a) Centigrade scale (Anders Celsius)
b) Fahrenheit (Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit) no absolute zero
c) Kelvin (William Thomson)
d) Rankine (William John Macqourn Rankine) With absolute zero
a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale, some
engineering fields in the U.S. measure thermodynamic temperature using the
Rankine scale.
CONVERSION FACTOR:
5
𝑇°𝑐 = (𝑇°𝑓 − 32) 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝑐 + 273
9
9 9
𝑇°𝑓 = (T°c ) + 32 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇𝑅
5 5
CONVERSION FACTOR- Mathematical statement of 2 equivalent measurements of different units that can be
expressed in fraction form.
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS (factor labelled method)
Given unit------------------ base unit ----------------------- target unit
*it can be done between different SI units/ SI-English/ Eng-Eng

 If you want to know how many millimeters are in 2.5 meters, you need to convert meters (m) to
millimeters (mm). start by writing
m x conversion factor= mm

 This conversion factor must accomplish two things: It must cancel meters and it must introduce
millimeters- the unit wanted to answer.

𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚
𝑚
 We know that 1m = 1000 mm. from this relationship we can write two conversion factors:
1𝑚 1000𝑚
and
1000𝑚 1𝑚

 Next, you need to choose the correct conversion factor and after choosing you can now set up for the
calculation for the conversion of 2.5 m to mm.

1000𝑚𝑚
2.5 𝑚 𝑥 = 2500 𝑚𝑚
1𝑚

Note that, in making this calculations, units are treated as numbers; meters in the numerator are
cancelled by meters in the denominator.

Practice problem: convert 250 cm meters

Write your answer below:

Multiple Conversion Factors:

 Suppose we want to know the number of seconds in 1 day. We need to covert from the unit of
days to seconds in this manner:
Day hours minutes seconds

24ℎ𝑟 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 60 𝑠
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 x = 86, 400 s
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1 ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Exercises: Convert the following,

1. 610 seconds to hrs.

2. 53 0F to kelvin

3. 75 mm to m

4. 5 gallons to liters

5. 37 oC to oF

6. 60 cm3 to m3

DERIVED UNITS
-Measured properties expressed as combinations of these fundamental or base
quantities.
Velocity = distance over time
= m/s
Volume= Amount of space a substance occupies
= length x length x length

Conversion factors
1 cm3 = 1 ml
1m3 = 100 x 100 x 100 cm3
1L = 1 dm3

Uncertainties in Scientific measurements

 Systematic errors – inherent errors in measuring instruments
 Random errors- limitations in an experimenter’s skills or abilities to read scientific instruments
 PRECISION VS. ACCUARCY

___________________ __________________ ______________ _____________

_________________ ___________________ ______________ _____________

 Precision - _____________________________________________________
-Measured using standard deviation

SD = PRECISION

 Accuracy- ________________________________________________________
∑𝑥
a. uses means to establish accuracy: Mean (𝑥̅ ) = 𝑛
the closer to the value = accuracy

b. determining magnitude of error

% Error = / Theoretical value – Experimental value / x 100

Theoretical value

o SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
RULES: 1. Non-zeroes
2. zeroes between non zeroes SIGNIFICANT
3. Zeroes to the right of the decimal point
4.zeroes ending numbers
5. zeroes to the left of non-zeroes NON-SIGNIFICANT

EXAMPLE.
S (2)
NS (5) NS (5)
 0.004004500 > THERE ARE 7 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
S (3)

S (1)
ANSWER

400.035303 >

Try the following:

a. 500 - ______ b. 500.0- _______ c.52.450- __________ d. 0.02101-_______
e. 01.0230-______ f. 0.102500-_______ g. 702.01- _________ h. 831.00- _______