Contents 34-з5

36-з7
з8-з9
Bones ond muscles
Blood ond breothing
The digestion ride
Earth ond spoce science
94-95 Тhе Universe
LoNDoN, NEW YORK,
96-97 Storry skies
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, ond DELHI ]0-4I Heolth 98-99 Оur Solor System
Senior Editors Сqrriе Love, Coroline Stomps, 12-4з Food chqins l00-t0l
qnd Ben Моr9оп The Moon
+-1-45 Ecosystems 102-10З Eorth's structure
Sепiоr Designer Rochoel Smith
16-47 Stoying olive 104-105
Design tеqm Gеmmо Fletcher, Hedi Gutt, Rocks ond minerols
Lqurq Roberts-Jensen, Моrу Sondberg, +8-49 Eorth's cycles 106-107 Shoping the lond
ond Рорру Joslin )0-51 All living things 108-109 Soil
Editoriol teom Lorrie Мqсk, Alexonder Сох,
Wendy Horobin, qnd Joe Hqrris 110-1l1 Resources in the ground
Picture Reseorcher Liz Moore Moteriols science l12-11З Fresh ond sqlt wqter
proofreoder Annekq wohlhous 52-5з Whot's the mqtter? I14-I 15 The woter cycle
)4-5 5 Properties of motter
сопsцltqпts Donqld R Fronceschetti l16-117 The qtmosphere
ond John Fqrndon 56-57 Chonging stotes
Pockcging services supplied Ьу White-Thomson
1l8-119 Weother
)8-59 Amozing qtoms I20-I-2L
Publishing Ltd., Big Blue, qnd Bookwork The energy crisis
60-61 Molecules
Publishing Мопоgеr Bridget Giles 62-6з Elements Reference section
Art Director Rochqel Foster 64-65 Properties of elements I22-I2з Glossory
Cotegory РuЫishеr Mory Ling
production Editor clore Мсlеqп
Whot is science? 66-67 Mixtures ond compounds |24-L27 Index
Production Controller Pip Tinsley
4-5 whot is science? 68-б9 Reoctions ond chonges picture credits
],28
Jocket Designer Notolie Godwin 6-9 Advqnces in science 70-7 l Irreversible chonges
Jocket Editor Mqrizq O'Keeffe 10-11 Being о scientist
First puЫished in Greot Britoin in 2009
L2-]-з Science ond everydoy life Phgsicol science
This рореrЬосk edition published iп 201 l Ьу 72-7з Whot is energy? Аьочt this book
Dorlin9 Kindersley Limited,
80 Strond, London, WC2R ORL LЦ" science J4-75 Energy chonges The poges of this book hove speciol feotures thot
L4 15 The living world 76-77 Electricity will show you how to 9et your honds on os much
Copyri9ht О 2008 Dorling KindersIey Limited
А Penguin Соmропу L6-I7 Micro life 78-79 Mo9netism informqtion сrs possible! Look out for these:
246810975зl
18-19 Fungi 80-81 Energy woves
SD403 II/I0 2О-21 Whqt is о plont? 82-8з Li9ht
The Curiositg quiz will get
gou seorching thrочgh eoch
22-2З How plonts work 84-85 Sound section Jor the onswers.
All rights reserved. No port of this publicotion moy
24-25
Ье reproduced,
stored in о retrievol System, оr tronsmitted in ony form оr Ьу ony Plont reproduction 86-87 Heot Become оп expert tells
meorrs, electronic, mесhопiсоl, photocopyin9, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
26-27 Whot is on onimol? 88-89 Forces
gou where to look Jor more

28-29 Types of onimqls 90-9I Forces ond motion

inJormotion on о subject.

А CIP cotologue rесоrd fоr this book

is очоilоЫе from the BritishLiЫory, ЗO-ЗI Animol reproduction 92-9з Mochines Everg poge is colour-coded
з2-зЗ Inheritqnce to 5hoW gou which section
it is in.
Hordbock ISBN 978-t-40533-71 1-3
Poperbock ISBN 978-1-40535-989-4

Colour reproduction Ьу MDP, UK

#^frb."tl;,*-
'ndýlr;,
?"r,
buttons give
extro welrd cnd
wonderJul
Jocts.

,JэмSuD ач1 JoJ эJэч >Iээчэ ...

There is о question qt the bottom of eoch pqge...
Whot lS sci en се?
a
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whqt is science?
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,ý
Т:,, l,'

п USл
l
r
l --

All оЬочt chonge

People olwoys wont
to moke }ife better,
ond thqt's whot puts
us on the rood to dЕ

plonet Eorth
scientific discovery.
One bronch of science studies
row mctericls .onfung..
Whether it's inventing
the wheel, or sending

't,
ь,} l,
r'r#' rockets into spoce,
science drives us
-ri! -!
i
, onwords, chonging the
world we live in.

Pictures oJ Eorth Jrom

',
ý
-F*
spoce help scientists
lц" i
understond Eorth better

ql-
,/- -.е-* 'ёff|;,?. .t
,dбоlоо7
_

"€*
whot is the study of qnimqls ccrlled?
Advonces in science Advqnces in science

Advqnces in science
A or Uhqq)
.,,dt i lnventions
Моrе thon 2,000 gеоrs
j Inventions qnd
Science begins with problems. The world's greot . --
-- -
ллл
:.onklin
о9о, Greeh thinher Arbtotle : discoveries hove chonged
scientists were oll thinkers who wqnted to solve
recommended thot реор[е
- -: , -t
,-эпd
: the course of our history.
looh ot поturе, and ссrrg
life's problems. This need for understonding hos a,-, ,/
out experiments to Wheel (3,500 ВСЕ) The
first known wheel wos
produced mсrny greot inventions ond discoveries.
test ldeos.
Benjomin Fronklin used in Mesopotomio.

Johonnes GчtепЬеrg (с.lЗ98-1468)

[ 1 706-90)

.::lеriсоп scientist Benjomin

:'. :nklin experimented with --/
/. ):r
:ъ_l Е
Рореr (50 ВСЕ) This wos
invented in Chino, but kept
Gutenberg ployed о key role in printing. Experts secret fоr mony years.
believe he invented metol-type printing in Europe. - -.:ltr-ring qnd electricity. Lочis pqsteur .Ф
:

Gutenberg's press wos quick, occurote, ond hord-

Newton-fo-
White li9ht
weoring, compored to up of seven
eorlier woodbiock printing.
lsqoc Newton 642-1727)
(1
Newton investigoted fоrсе> * ,- -
light. Не reqlized thеrе m,-s- : -
q fоrсе thot keeps the pioll- -. -
orbit qround the Sun. Tod;-.
know this os grovity. Nerтic:--
olso discovered thot white ]-;-:
:_s tvork in the l700s loid (1822_1895) :Ё\ Compcss (t I90) The
mognetic compсrss wos
-lз foundotions for todoy's Best known
__.ctrico1 world. for discovering
:\р first used Ьу the Chinese.
posteurizotion Porochute (l783) Тhе first
(о process thot "ъ one flew centuries оftеr
uses heot to destroy bqcterio
Leonordo mode his drowings.
in food, porticulorly milk), Steqm troin (1829) The
posteur olso discovered thot eqrliest successful mode1
some diseoses were coused Ьу reoched 48 kph (30 mрh).
-

is mode up оГ oll the colout,:
Gutenber9's Jirst printed book
roinbow.
germs. Не encouroged
-
hospitols to Ье very cleon to
Соlочr photo (186l)
Firs1 produced Ьу physicist

i
wos the Bible in 1 455 the .
a
: ;-< ln risked his liJe Jlging о kite in о ,tor., ] stop germs spreoding. Jomes CIerl< Moxwell.
:
v
a

!",о.."", D..o..} :
..o.,.Q.o.a.....}

1 400 1 500 1 600 1 700 it 1800

. о... .}
до
Wooden replico of
А
a
a
Golileo GoliIei (1564-1 642)
',]
a
williom Herschel
a
a
I
do Vinci's Ornithopter.
a
a wiIhelm conrod
Golileo proved thot the Eorth (1 738-1 822) Rёntgen (1845-192з)
moves qround the Sun Ьу Herschel is well Rбntgen discovered
a looking ot the Solor System ]tnown for his work electromognetic roys
о
a through о telescope. А few in ostronomy (he (known todoy os x-roys)
a
a wise thinkers hod olwoys гirst identified the on November 8th, 1895.
Leonordo do Vinci (1452-1519) suspected the truth, but plonet Uronus). His importont
Dq Vinci wo.s о pointer ond inventor. most people ot the time не qlsо discovered discovery eqrned
Не drew plons fоr helicopters, believed thot оur iпfrоrеd rqdiotion him the first
oeroplones, ond porochutes. Eorth wos the centre this technology is used todoy fоr Nobel prize in
Unfortunotely, the technology оf the оf everything. rvireless communicotions, night vision, Physics in 1901.
time wos not good enough to build Replico of о
rveother forecosting, ond ostronomy.
X-rogs ollow doctors to
ony thot worked. centurg t€l look inside the humon bodg

who invented the bifocol lens? ,uII>IuDJ{ uтruоfuаg

Advonces in science Advonces in science

J
Alon Turing (1912-1954)
Movie projectors
Oronge juice .
good source :-
:

During the Second World

Modern inventions
developed quicklg феr KqrI Lqndsteiner vitomin С.
Edison's еоrlg work. Wor, Alon Turing, о Todog's computers Imogine the world
(1 868_1 943) ore lightweight ond

Austriqn-born physiologist brilliont mothemqticiqn, portoble - есrlg without these fqntqstic

Londsteiner discovered helped develop code- models Jilled
inventions:
whole rooms.
thot humon blood con Ье breoking mochines
divided into four moin thot eventuolly led Antibiotics The first
to the invention of ontibiotic, penicillin, wos
grоuрs - А, В, АВ, ond О. \ъ discovered occidentolly.
This loid the foundqtion of mоdеrп computers. ъ-
modern blood groupings. Albert Szent-Ggёr99i Тhе English used the Ccrs Some оf the eorly
models were driven Ьу
(1893_1 985) Enigmo mochine to
breok Germon codes cool or wood-fired engines.
The Hungсrrion scientist during World Wor ll
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi is best (sometimes known
Nчсlеqr power is
os WWll).
known for detecting vitomin efficient, but some people
С. Не olso pioneered reseorch think it could hqrm us.
a

into how muscles mоче qnd a

Computers (1941)
a
Plostics technology is
work. Не won the Noble prize о
a
The first computers Mobile phones (1980s) used to moke mопу of
fоr physiology ond a
a
wеrе huge mochines. Developed frоm the two- the things in your home.
Thomos Edison (1847-19З1 ) medicine in 1937. о
о
They couldn't соре with woy rodios of the 40s
Thomos Alvo Edison a
complicqted tosks l Compoct disks оrе smoll
a ond 50s, the first mobiles
produced more thon 1,000 You inherit gour
a
but worked on only \ were lorge ond heovy,
ond light, ond they store
lots of informotion.
one thing ot о time
a

inventions, including long- blood tgpe Jrom о

weighing obout З5 kg
9очr Porents.
a
\I
losting light bulbs, botteries, Blood tronsJusions рlоg
a
a a (77 lbs) - the sqme os Епеr gy-efficient li9ht
a
ond movie projectors. cn importont port in Red blood cells a
a о Modern mobile phone о 1O-yeor-old child. bulbs help sove energy
: modern medicine. : a a
Е in your hоmе.
a
Y
a a
: a a
....о.оо...} Y
a
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa оооо...}
1 800 1 850 1 900 1 950
aa aa.a.....a aaa.a.оa aоо.о о.a..} ..} .о.о.о.о...о..)> А
a]
a А о
о a
Albert a Eorthquokes
destrog homes
Chqrles Richter (1900-1985) DNA discovered (195З) The internet (1990s)
Einstein ond offce Richter developed сr woy Тhе identificotion of DNA with its roots in the
(1 879-1 955) to meosure the роwеr of (which holds informotion l9бOs, the Internet
Germon-born eqrthquokes. Не worked in humqn cells) led to DNA ъ
(short for Internotionol
I
physicist Albert on his scqle with profiling, о huge help to Network) Ьесqmе public
Einstein's fomous fellow physicist the police - criminols con during the mid 90s, ond
equotion E=mc2 Beno Gutenberg. now Ье identified Ьу о is now used for fun qnd
exploined how single hqir or spot of blood. educotion Ьу obout 1.5
Einstein's
energy, moSS, equotion billion people.
ond time qre oll reloted. It Nцсlеоr bombs (1945)
А "greot"
helped scientists understqnd sometimes science creotes monsters,
eorthquoke (8-9.9
BeJore DNA proJiling, police identiJied
how the universe works. оп the Richter scole) like the bombs the USA dropped on criminoIs Ьg their Jingerprints. This
strikes on оvеrс9е
once о чесr.
Jopon in WWII. They killed пеоrlу s9stem wcs developed in the'] 890s.

300,000 people qnd ended the wor.

8 ,чеы uI 'э{эSрJIв эJuаJDIэ 9
who invented frozen food?
Being о scientist Веiпg о scientist

Beirg cl scientist Experiments соп involve

А closer look
During the
17th century,
Tgpes of scientist
Almost everything in
the world is the subject
Scientists study the world oround toxic Jumes or chemicols thot
might explode, so scientists the microscope of study Ьу о scientific
us. They look fоr gops in оur weor protective goggles. lvos developed
speciolist.
Ьч Dutchmqn Anton
knowledge ond try to find the von Leeuwenhoek ond Zoologists study onimols
qnswers. Not oll scientists study refined Ьу Robert Hooke of oll kinds, except for
in Englond. Eorly models humqп beings.
the sсrmе things - they speciolize reveoled the tiny orgonisms in
Biologistsore interested
in different oreos. woter, while modern versions , t l/
i '|.
,, in everything obout liГе
con look inside о single cell. ond living or9onisms.
,/
Poleontologists know
Testin9, testing qbout fossils, ond try
to leorn from them.
Scientists explore their ideqs ond theories
using tests colled experiments. In this
book, there qrе lots of experiments уоu Mixing it up Ж-iтillт;i;il;:;l"*
!*1r, type'. uпо рlопт grоuрs.
con do to "get mucky", ond Experimenting with chemicols on;
try things out
fоr yourself.
their reoctions con produce solnc
mixed results. some mixtures con L,e
dongerous, while others сqп Ье tlre }-_ -
.* Ёf,*#Jijн;;:ii,

(9
onswer the scientists ore ofter. Л Аstrопоmеrs .,rе experts
lnside view
\\'hen you 9о to hospitol, :,т:хт',Я{tчт*j;;
:hе doctor mоу send you
Гоr о body scon. Using
о powerful mochine, лТr#[i*"",";.тн;:
the medicol teom con see

О
rvhot's going on inside you.

р mцсhу fi*:f;d:;:у;у*
a BQt
ч "Illхтlл &
' t,j Т, Archoeologlsts оrе

U
.l
,I
t
оf post peoples qпd lives.
ь-.+
-i*.f }
woter, ond odd о Jew t., *

.- , Ecologists study the

drops oJ Jood со[оuri,пg. Plonts toke up Jood relotionship between living
Сut the end ф the stem ond woter Jrom the soil i J
,.t4sj things ond their environment.
ond tronsport it up the
oJ о Jlower ond рut the stem. Experiments ollow

&
( }
flower i,п the woter. scientists to observe ЧJ
ono tneorlze now thlngs
, l-

дц:fд
work опо wnt,
qt:-Ё!:э} ;,н,,."#J:ffт,5:х:

11
How much bigger do things look through о, microscope? isэIцтl 0о0'I о1 dn dзтuбоur uоэ sэdоэsоJэтцI эшоS
ScienG€ ond evergdog lф ScienG€ ond ever do

Science qnd everydoy life э4-?

SUrgeonS get о
helping hcnd Jrom
со m Puter5.

Science is not just used Ьу

r" ,,1
Тфоп ;,. J.b
experts workirg in loborotories. Invented in 19З8, Teflon
It is port of oll our lives. Frоm wos used in spoce suits.
In everydoy life it stops
brushirg уоur teeth to settirg stuff stickin9

уоur olorm, science is with you

oll do}, €very doy.
EIectricitg
Electricity lights up the
world ond gives us the
energy to cook, trovel,
work, ond ploy.
Cities ot night оrе bright
ploces, |it up Ьg фiсе,
to hot
surfoces.
Plostic fontostic ln the best of heolth lr4osks, oprons, ond
gloves help doctors
Look oround you ond you rчill s.,,
- _ ]l9 о9о, people relied on herbs to
keep operotion rooms
dozens оf things mode оf plostlc free Jrom inJection.
: эduce cures for diseose. Thonks
Frоm contqiners to toys,
':+ l plostic is q versotile , _ rпоdеrп science, mony illnesses
ond hord-weoring ,:]ct wеrе once untreotoble сqп
mqteriol. Mony
_,]\\, Ье cured оr prevented.
-.
plostics con
now Ье recycled. Clothing technolog9
jvqnces in sports clothing

d
Plostic tJ, -_
Frоm here to there
medicine ,:,-hпоlоgу hove impocted Science qnd technology moke
bottles : everydoy clothes. it much eosier to get qrоuпd.
З:еqthоЬlе fobric, stretchy Troins, plones, ond cqrs
::ondex, ond thermol moke the world о smoller
*lderweor were developed ploce ond ollow us to visit
_:оm speciolized sports ond exotic destinqtions. They
_clsure clothes. ore qlso useful for getting to
,| school on time.
As fqst os о speeding bullet
tro"in
Bullet troins in Jopon

i t\_l*'*5n;"oooon
-
*д&ý]Щ
1

Весоmе
оп expert...
on heolth,
poges 4О-4|
on electricity,
poges 76-77

ъ....---\
:--.-_.
ýi#':':'i-. E
,aý6I uI uolull lаIлоS эqr dq 13 l
Whot wqs the first sqtellite in spoce? рэчэuпDI sDлr 1т '1 >1Tulnd5
 LЦ. science The living world

*
w
е The living world Curiositg q uiz
Look through the life-
science poges ond see
Оur omqzing world is filled with millions
lnsects such os
butterJlies оrе
if you con identify the
of species, оr types of living thing. They
j
nve rte brotes.

pictures below.
con Ье os big os сrn elephont оr so Р lo nts
:t 1Р smqll you hove to look through plonts connot mоче
oround like onimols. То
сt microscope to see them.
Spider
Dro9onfl9
*ь survive ond grow, they
Micro-or9onisms hqче to moke their own
ж, Animols Micro-orgonisms ore very food. In turn, plonts
ф"
The qnimol kingdom is tiny - they ore mode up
of о single cell. provide food for mony
mode up of vertebrqtes
This оmоеьq is onimqls ond fungi.
(onimols with о bockbone) mognified mоrе
qnd invertebrqtes (onimols thon I00 times. Signs of |,f"
without о bockbone). Living things shore some
j.sцъ chorocteristics. They oll
N4ommols, birds, Suфower need food ond oxygen. Тhеу
reptiles, omphibions, olso grоw, reproduce, ond
Corol reef ond Jish оrе vertebrotes
odopt to their environment.

mushrooms, ond moulds)

ore neither plonts nor
onimols, but they're more
like plonts thqn qnimqls.
Fungi

i! l Весоmе
on expert...
}+

11
]t]
on how plonts work,
.i pqges 22-23
on types of onimols,
poges 28-29

Which group of onimqls hos the most members? ,sэтээds

iDtuIuD TID Jo 1uээ .Tad a6 dn a>IDIu {эqr - sэ}DJqа]JалuI
 ,rу_,5
Lф science М icro Lf"

Micro life
Viruses ore mопу times smoller thon
Most living things оrе
bqcterio. Тhеу qrе shoped like spheres
mqde up of just one cell, or rods. Viruses ore not reolly olive,
ond сtrе too smol1 to see. l., becouse they ore not mode of cells.
То study them we must 0,I l f
They only become qctive when they
use powerful microscopes.
I
invode о cell. They сору themselves
Ьу toking очеr the cell ond turning it
into о virus foctory.
Bocteriq
Bqcteriq ore single-celled Whip-like structures
plqnt viruses
life forms. They qrе found
push the bocterium
Bacteriol colonies
Plqnt viruses con chonge the woy
оlопg. Theg spin
thot plonts develop. Fоr ехоmрlе,
in the oceqn, in the qir, qnd
round like screws. DNA or
RNA strond one virus offects the pigment in
even in оur bodies. Тhеу con

-t1
tulips' petols. It stops the pigment
reproduce чеrу quickly Ьу Model of о bocterium
vqccinqtions
frоm working in
some ploces. This
splitting in two. Some bqcteriq Voccinotions con help to
,ъЪ} ; mokes the petols
cсtn moke energy from Thin hoirs ottoch _
--1 protect people from hormful

,,#
the bocterium to l look stripey.
sunlight. However, most feed diseqses. А person is injected
\ о surJoce.
with q weokened fоrm of
on deod plonts qnd onimols." о virus or bqcterium. This А virus hos mode
]=-- light potches
\.-u
рrерсtrеs the immune system орреоr on

Hormful bocterio The cell is Jull oJ о

for the reol thing. these leoves

some bocterio con соusе jellg-like substonce

thot helps it to Тhе streoked potterns
serious illnesses such os
сhоlеrq ond tetonus. Good
work ond grow
The bocterium's Hormful viruses оп this tulip cre coused
Ьg о virus.
DNA code is held
sonitotion qnd ontibiotic in the nucleus. yiruses con couse
drugs help fight diseqses different illnesses.
cqused Ьу hormful bocterio. The cell woll holds Protists
;i",. Chickenpox is eosy to

W
the bocterium protists qrе onother
together ond

tt
protects it, cotch. The moin symptom kind of single-celled
is spots thqt itch. life fоrm. They ore
Good bqcterio чеrу vqried. Some
Some bqcterio ore helpful protists qrе similor
to fungi, onimqls, or
to humqns. Bqcterio in
our guts protect us from plonts. Some protists
illnesses. other bocteriq qrе group together into
used to moke foods suсh os colonies.
yoghurt qnd cheese,
l,-F
1_

& ,l}.
,t" ъ"
17
How mапу copies con о single bocterium moke of itself iп 24 hours? uочIIш uоIIIпu uоIшIш 000'3 э>IDIu uDэ }J
 Life science Fчп9 i

Fun9i Breod mould penicillin

In l928, Sir Alexonder
Fleming mode on importont
ч
discovery. Не reolised
Mushrooms/ toodstools, yectsts, ond thot the mould Репiсillium
moulds сrrе oll kinds of fungi. Fungi 7 поtаtum mokes q chemicol
thot kills bocterio. Thot
сrre neither onimqls поr plonts. They chemicol, colled penicillin, is
feed on livirg оr deod onimols or used todoy os q medicine to The bocterio hove
treot mony illnesses.
plonts, ond qbsorb their nutrients.
retreoted Jrom the
penicillin, leoving
Моч lds о сlеоr ring,
l
Moulds ore microscopic fun9i axonder Flеmiп9 (1881-1955)
j Uses of fungi
м ushrooms which grow in long strqnds -,;ffes i Fungi hqче mсrпу uses in
cqlled hyphoe. They feed on -
Mony fungi оrе hidden in the deod orgonic motter - like оur ___]es оrе strong- : the hоmе qnd in industry.
soil, or inside food sources like food - Ьу moking it rot. _ ___:r9 fungi thot grow

..:llrоцпd. They сlre сl Medicine: Fungi qrе used

\"'F,|fu,,цr,
trees. They only become _ i"ъi in diГГеrепt medicines,
.,J,cv used in cookery. \.
?z visible when they -__]е hunters use pigs
such os ontibiotics.

's 9row mushrooms.

.-. : ;ogs to sniff them out. Wine: Yeost turns сrоре
t .,.": Mushrooms Scotter -V .lцlсе lnto wtne Dy moKlng
\7
\ ,*\ spores, which will
-*:
White truffle
* sugor into olcohol.
.{ý Yeost
i\' grоw into new fungi.
. -.i].

r
:
Yeost ore microscopic, /.,.- cheese: Blue cheeses ore
The gills releose mode with о mould colled
spores into the oir single-celled fungi. When ; .,
Peпicillium roquefortii.
AthIete's foot
mushrooms
l
picking wild jfi,r;:;:;J} they feed, they turn sugor
Athlete's foot is о diseose ъ
into corbon dioxide gos
Mony йild -.rrhrooms ore not only edible, ::::T:Jj].,JT; cqused Ьу ringworm fungi ond olcohol. Yeost ploys
Soy souce: This is mode Ьу
odding fungi ond yeast to
but delicious. However, others Ore highlY rounded red сор
growing on humon feet. It on importont port in soy beons qnd roosted wheqt.
poisonous! Нqrmful mushrooms оrе often Jlottens to rечеоl
the Зills'' mokes the skin between уоur
Block
Perigord breod moking. As it releqses
bolled toodstools. They sometimes use bright toes turn red ond floky. а trulfle : fr Pesticide: Fungi con Ье оп
onimols not to eot tпеm.
worn onlmols
colours to WоrП .#-:* . \\ *.-**
them.#.:* 9os, it mokes breod rise. drЩ environmentoliy friendly woy
'. ," L
_l. :_ '#*tfi ,,
of killing insects or weeds.
J.

*.-=gж,Щ,#ж:*lrё'J
_
jрс99ч porosol
rооm Соmmоп
Chicken of
chonterelle
" Jell9 ontler fungus woods
mчsпrдэIп
д- ..
," *ф+?-l

'\... et
Реппg bun ъ,
\il, ^r;
\ l\
ili
l']
"л
l -о,...._ /
*л;l*
\лр;
rffi*,ъ
i,,{t -fr-.r.Лrf,'r"
W
l ý
+l
_r,
a

l\
},
-, ,}"Ь. ,{ а
t} =

18 E,t:& Е5л
Whеrе is the world's lorgest mushroom? ,(
1Tru э;опЬs 7,5) sэ"цэtuоII>I алопЬs 6,8 sJэлоэ lT
sэттrr 'VSп '1sэ.rод IDuoI}DN JпэчIDW
 LЦ" science Whot is о Io nt?

Whot is cl plсrnt?
Tgpes of plonts
Е[оче о Iook oround уоu. Not оII plonts ore
а.аmе. But some plonts ore mоrе similor thqn
plonts mqkе their own food frоm the
Most coniJer
Sun's roys. Most hqче leoves thot Ferns
trees keep their
leoves oll gеоr

rеqсh outwqrds to copture sunlight, Ferns lоче domp ond

rou nd,

ond roots thot dig deep for nutrients shody сrreos. They
Seoweed
qnd stobility. seoweed looks like о
hqve prong-like |,
plont, but is on olgoe. leqves ond spreod ;,,1

nt
|-1
using spores.
Plo ро rts
It doesn't hqче roots, 9l)
so it hqs to stick to rс;_,,
тhеrе оrе loods оf different or floot with the tide. '.l
plonts. But most ore Moss Соп if"r, the
mode of the some vitol
,ir1
Тhе petols ottroct
insects ond birds tzlosses love Conifer trees grоw cones;
ports - roots, stems, ,о thot collect pollen,
_sture ond $row "..' l
thot store their seeds.
lec,ves, ond flowers. "+. tlЁ.------.ъ=-Тhе stomen ond _:lclumps. They Most conifers hove ,

Stems ion't hоче roots

corpels Jorm the
reproductive orgons needle-shoped leoves.
Stems support the leoves oJ о plont.
or grow flowers. r
ond flowers ond ollow Flowers тhеrе оrе obout You соп
identiJg с tree l
woter ond food to flow Flowers ore key to plont
12,000 species oJ moss :.r
?-

from the roots to the leqves. reproduction. They moke

FIowerin9 pIonts Ьg the shope
oJ its leoves.
r*,_i;,
,,'t,.,J|чi

pollen ond develop seeds, This is the bi99est grоuр оf plonts.

Roots
ond fruit.
Leoves
They produce flowers, fruits ond
.\ seeds, which moinly 9row in ъfl,
Ash leof ,
These ore the foundqtions These ore the work fqctories Seosonol cvcles. $_О

of the plont. They dig of the plont ond copture the Л, fi,=,

deep into the dirt giving Sun's energy. Roinforest

stobility, os well qs These wоrm ond
sucking up nutrients. wet forests qrе hоmе
to neorly hоlf the
О7 YhqФ world's plont sресiеs;д
l5-+^ -а)-
,п
''ъ
4crTA
The Vепus Jlgtrop doesn't
", Woter lilg just get i.ts епеrgg Jrom
l
l:
l..
|{i
The woter lily's flot leqves Deciduous
,: ., i. the Suп. It оЬо lures ond
r{; floqt on the pond surfoce, Deciduous plonts
Jeeds оп uпsusресtiпg
,Il }i
qs its roots sink into the
insects. Yum! !
shed their leqves
to sove food ond

Еi
f,pond bed.

ffi i h.!'я
,\*;ii,
a!1 1 survive drier seсtsons.
рр
\|'/ 20 r лi ;LU ,6uо1 (taaз
61) sэ.rlаur vZ о] dn мо"rб }Dч1 sэлDэI sot1 tulod DTJJDJ эчJ
Whqt plont hos the lorgest leqves?
 :jЁýi,ýr|:_;ffi,,1ýi:,:i::ll:j,:'l,,"lу'",:,. ]
ý*SЁ',l1:!*-ф:,Y,',;,Ч: ,j;,]]ý]l

L,f" science . How ptonts work

How plonts work
i_,Ё New growth
Plqnts use sugor qnd storch Desert p!onts
qs fuel. The fuel is tronsported Plonts thot live in dry
to cells where it is burnt to orecrs such qs deserts hove
Plonts hqve сrn сrmo;zin.g releose energy, which is used to sove their woter. Mony
hqче leqves thqt qrе thick
to grow new cells ond rероir
system for mo.king old ones.
qnd covered in wox to stop
qnd tцffiporting cross-section
through о
tronspirotion. Cqcti hove
spines rother thon leoves
food toщh,ýir leof vein
Wilting leqves ond thick stems in which
they con store woter.
different
-,,Р
On worm, sunny doys, plonts
lose lots of woter frоm their
leoves. If they lose too muсh
Photo their leqves collopse. This is
The green piфent cqlled wilting. If plonts don't
.bbi"pbyir #&р, sunlight get enough woter their leoves
in the leqves. The Sun's will shrivel ond die.
епеr9у is then used to
chonge woter qnd corbon
Food is moved Jrom leoves
to roots ond growing tips.

dioxide into Sugor.

olong о set oJ tubes collec
д woste product oJ phloem vessels.
photosgnthesis is
охU9еп, which onimols
",., Some woter evoporotes through Storin9 food
ting holes colled stomoto in the
Spore food is stored for future
surJoce oJ the leoJ. This process
is colled tronspirotion. use. Plonts such os hyocinths
store food in the bose of their
Ting tubes colled xglem vessels, leqves. This mokes the leoves
соrrч woter up the stem Jrom
the roots to the leoves. Corrot plonts swell ond form о bulb. The

cross-section
store Jood in
their roots. Y, bulb survives the winter ond
in spring it sprouts new leoves.
through о
Veins соrrg Woter stem
oround the

-u"kyli
ýcet
Р[осе о stem oJ се[еrg [п а
;[oss oJ woter со[оцrеd wltl
Jew drops oJ Jood соlоurlп
ter two hоurs, cut ocross t
еm. Yоц wl[[ see ting dots r

со[оur showi,ng the tubes

thot соrrg the woter.

,sтsэq}udsоlоqd dq
Аrе plonts the only orgonism to use photosynthesis? роод э>IDIu osID DтJэ}эDq duoru 'оц
Life science Plont reproduction
Plqnt reproduction :s ond seeds
_-]li ilos tэeen
_]е о\-оrч
Nectorine

!,.: ,

Most plonts stort life os seeds.

_

;:ld becomes
!. l
Peor Рlчm
when the conditions сrrе a Stomens

right they stort to grоw. a

D ra \
Ovorg

,--
,Ei _
- _]ci-C Оrе
fruit.
.,-pe s оf
mOnY
'*.t,! i

As fully grown plonts air 'J.''l

_ :leslrv ond
-'
they moke new seeds
-
_' . .llr!, ond others 0
ъ
*;lс1 hcrrd. е
ond the cycle stqrts .)l D
seeds оrе enclosed
within о Jruit.
сI0сl.1n.
J . .
т
./с ::ttering seeds
};,
**
А |t - their seeds
t" life
t- r_]ttег
} New \о_;
) - l':ilt \,VOyS.
t

FertiIizin9 f!owers
I::il:"r:ededto ф
_. Dапdеlfопs 1rcrve seecls
grоw о new plont. With ?
А flower hos fеmоlе ,
-,:l pclrcrchutes thcrt
ti11\,
Poss the pollen ports thot moke е995, _ :-l сtlt-гiеd bv the wind.
enough food, woter, ond
light the seed sprouts S*Ёi' i,
Pollen ploys о vitol port in ovo, qnd о ring оf пlс.- Sl,comore sceds hovc tt q root ond ЬоЬу stem, .
:', -'z.:j "].:lý

plont reproduction. It looks ports, colled stomens, t>- -t "*в* wing thot ollows 1hеm lrl known os о shoot. l ",Ь ]1;

which moke pollen. S.. glide to the ground. /

like tiny pieces of dust ond develop when pollen t Shoot /
con Ье blown from flower to А Jlower's bright
colours опd sweet
ferti]izes the femole о\-.. a
о
Brrrrs Llecomc crttcrched }ts
э.* to onimcrl fur ond 9et
flower. It olso sticks to insects smell ottroct insects on onother flower. This
is colled pollinotion. ';t ccrrried lhr owcry. 7чl
ond birds qnd 9ets flown to
l-^

new flowers. flgrý if;T:i::;: т]:

|-,

'Ё- ' ,,,,] llr..gi,,-,u,ld. Seed nЁ'u

Seed begins to 9row
New plont forms
Woving in the wind
А cqtkin is the flower Running owog
оf the willow tree. In Not oll new plonts
rt (let -u"kL,o,
cotkins, the mole ond
fеmоlе ports ore on
grow frоm seeds. The
strowberry plont S Mohe gоur ry
seporote flowers. Cotkins produces long stems, own smo[[ gоrdеп
mоvе in the wind ond colled runners/ thot grow lnslde о jоr оr tin. Fi[[ it
releose lots оf pollen, <-riong the ground. When wlth some soi.[, then
{ which then pollinotes the the runner touches the plont some seeds. Wоtеr
\ \ fеmоlе flowers. ground, о new plontlet them ond wotch
\ DeeS соrrч tokes rооt ond becomes them grow!
роllеп in socs о new plont.
on their legs,

Whot is о spore? ,sэlэiЭ эзr1 эп6lО рuп rбrrП1 LIr эIоJ эLuDs эql s,{oicl puD рээS D о] JDIIшIS SI
25
}I
 Life Sclen се
a
whot is on qnimol?

communicote with eoch other.

А key definition of qп onimol, os opposed
to о plont, is thot most qnimols сqп mоче Pgthons соп 9о Without
Jood Jor months oJter
voluntorily. Animols must olso eot other living Moking bobies
one BlG meolI

things to survive. Let's toke q look qt some оf Most onimols reproduce when q

the things сrnimсrls do.

l:r
fеmоlе е99 is fertilized Ьу о mоlе
sperm. Some qnimqls give birth to
bobies, while others loy e99s.
#, tа
lr4ost beetles will send "messoges" to other
beetles using speciol chemicols.
чý

Fооd is fuel ]irds lоg hord-shelled eggs,

hotch into chicks оr
AIl onimols hqче to find ",nich
: lcklinos_

ond eot food to survive. \\

cqrnivores ore qnimqls thot
Bold eo9le eot meot. Herbivores eсrt т
moinly plonts. Omnivores
ore creotures thot eot
Getting oround both plonts ond meot. ВоЬ9 birds hove to Ьrеоk out

Mony onimols hove Squirrels eot 5е.:

nuts, Jruit, ond ,clJes hove seven vertebroe
oJ the egg оп their оwп. Нопеg bees constontlg communicote. Theg 9ive
directions with о speciol donce.
Ju,:
muscles, which ollow
--
- :neir necks - the some os
*эst оthеr mammols. Theg
them to move rn о
а
l tb" Monkegs screom
voriety of woys. ý
t**рщ{
ot eoch other to
* \ sound on о|оrm.

Flying: birds fly Ьу

flcpping win9s or gliding
" ,, эiЁп J

Animqls hqve ' *}

l
on сurrепts of hot oir.
пеrчеs, which соrrу
Swimming: qnimqls informqtion from their
like fish swim Ьу moving Sense orgons. Most
their bodies ond fins.
onimols hove
Slitherin9: some snqkes
broins to
wri99le, others rqise qnd monitor this
flqtten their bodies. informotion. The
&I
Jq - П€ГV€S OISO CСlrr}
Wclking ond ruппiпg: orders frоm the
ny onimols wqlk qnd '
"broin to the orgons

t\
run using legs.
qnd muscles - such os
(r., ,,_,,'l,, Recching: seсr qnemones instructioris to stoy btill,
rеqсh out their tentqcles ottock, оr ruп owoy!
|r&"'о
t
to sting рrеу. tlý, ""

q".::t"iч.+. .ir -. -i{F*ч

" -д<ailЁ{.-г+t-
._ ; .
; },',9t,д .l
}
How mопу species of onimol qrе there on Eorth? ,раIJIluэрI uээq алDч uотIIтLu
8,I }поqD lпq'JэмSuD }эDхэ эч1 SMou>I
l

l
L,f" science Tgpes of onimols

фТуреs of сrnimqls Birds

All birds hqve wings,
Spineless creotures
Animols without
bockbones ore colled
Тhеrе ore mony different types,
so ond most (but not ol1)
invertebrotes. There
оr species, of qnimols thot con fly. They hove
ore severol types of
feothers qnd о beok.
scientists put them in groups ВоЬу birds hotch
invertebrotes.
so it's eqsier to study them. *r l

f frоm e99s. Insects, spiders, ond

?t
Mommols, birds, reptiles,
t-,---"
omphibions, ond fish оrе
vertebrotes. Creepy-crqwlies Reptiles
Most reptiles hqче d.y,
сtre invertebrotes.
scoly skin. Тhеу moinly
{ live on lond. Neorly oll
\' reptiles loy e99s, but some
give birth to bobies.
Аm ph ibions
Mommols
Mommqls usuolly hove live
frWи
., crustoceons сtre port of
the lorgest опimql grоuр.
Snoils ond slugs ore port
of qn invertebrqte grоuр
colled gostropods.
Worms hove long,
soft bodies ond no legs.
They like domp oreos.
Ostriches соп ruп Jost Jellyfish, stcrfish, ond
but con't Jlg. sponges qre invertebrqtes
thot live in woter.
_:_|:ribiqns live both
Octopus ond squid live
-* in the seq. They hcrve
у-/
" Jtеr ond on lond. eight orms.
-,,,

bobies, which feed on their _ - --., usuolly hove

mother's milk when they're
skin. ВоЬу
_:1-.-
born. Mqmmols often hove _:_:hibions hotch
fur on their bodies. Нumqпs
: jelly-like e99s.
оrе mommols.
IL{
I

ý*,' solomonder
.;

Fish
Fish need to live
in wqter. They
Ьrеоthе through lnsects
gills, qпd most Тhеrе ore mоrе types of
Deer Jown сtre covered in insects on Eqrth thon ony
scqles. Fish use other onimql. Insects con live
olmost onywhere. They hove
their fins to mоче six legs ond bodies with three
Lion cub through woter. sections.
Mouse
28 ,lDq эчI 29
Whcrt is the only mqmmd thot con fly?
L,f" science Animol reproduction

Animol reproduction
Bobies fro- e99s
_Most birds, fish,
Сhqпgе ond grow
insects, ond reptiles some qnimols, like
loy e99s. The number butterflies, chonge
Every kind of qnimol hos young
А mother
т:.о1ч9.
mопkеч holdln9
оf e99s cqn ronge from
her Ьоьц ёt ' enormously during
- this is colled reproduction.
_1
one to millions!
their life cycle.
Usuqlly, it hoppens qfter mсrles А ЬоЬ9 с rocodi l

А butterfly begins its life

qnd femqles mote.
h otch in 9 out oJ
9out(
its е99 , os on е99, which hotches
into q tiny coterpillor.
\_\ _..
Mommql reproduction Young ond free The coterpillor ottoches
After onimols mote, е99 cells once hotched in the itself to о twig qnd forms
develop inside the mother. sond, ЬоЬу turtles ý о hqrd outer shell.
With mommols, the eggs hove to find their
develop fully into bobies Ьеfоrе Helpless сrеоtчrеs own woy into the seq.
Inside the shell, the

Monkeys ond opes need \,е;:

coterpillor chonges
she gives birth. € ond grows.
of nurturing before ther, сс:: :,&i",",
inside its rnother look ofter themselves.

ffi
Zebro mother ond ЬоЬg The shell, which is often

&e{e\ops for two рочсh bobies comoufloged, eventuolly

splits open.
- Fеmqlе kongoroos hqve pouches on
r
+

their tummy. After it's born, the А butterfly

^n*,
emerges.
}"*оф tiny ЬоЬу crowls into This process is known
qs metqmorphosis.
VР Fomil9 ties
the pouch, where it Ф
stoys for oround
Elephonts look ofter
three mоrе
their уоuп9 Wg.r ,'g;
months,
thqn опу other
j]onimol оршt'' feeding ond
growing.
from humons.

L,ъ
:i:

Весоmе
qn expert...
Fomilg ties
plont reproduction,
poges 24-25
Femole elephonts stoy
on inheritonce,
Like oll mоmmоl with their fomily their Mole emperor
bobies, elephonts
poges 32-3З drink milk Jrоm whole lives. Moles penguins look
their mother. oJter the
leqve when they оrе goung while
the Jemoles
oround 13 yeors old. seorch Jor Jood.

,чэтJlSо эчJ
Which onimol loys the lorgest е99?
 L,f" science

{*'*,\
ln hеritопGе

\*\aI Inheritqnce соIочr blindness

Some people hqче о gene which
\ Р Yоur genes сrrе о set of chemicol couses them to Ье colour blind.

#\t ý iпstruЪtiопs fоr building someone just Look ot the circle below. If you con

;, ý like уоu. You inherit them frоm your

'? 'Де_О4о., pqrents, which is why уоu ore like
7J'
/ {h, uo* ihem in mсrny wclys. But unless you
// / сrrе о twin, your genes сrrе unique.
l}l*Tl]1ljij;o., 'w4j,а Ting cel!s
Hj
Ti Seeing dоцЬlе
Cells ore the building blocks thot moke up ,3.}.*; laQr Identicql twins shore 100 per cent of their

jý\$lЛ t* \ ý ш'Иý]Ё*__*._" h*:жiж:пt}:r;l;r'

oll living things. Eoch cell in уоur body
,t!I l_..3! *Ё
Test gour
Jomilg ond
genes. А quorter of these оrе mirror twins
which meons thot they ore о mirror imoge
Jriends to
see iJ спgопе of eoch other. Fоr exqmple, they might hove
gou know is qп identicol mole, but on the opposite qrm
colour blind.
to еqсh other.
Nucleus
Весоmе
Who do 9оч look like? The chromosomes oJ gour
оп expert...
Jother determine whether
children hqve о mixture оf gou will Ье о Ьоg оr о girl
on onimol
AmozingDNA Sý qenes frоm their porents. reproduction, poges
DNA looks like q long, Ъ This is why уоu might д| 30_зl
thin, twisted ropelodder. Еосh
chromosome contoins two metres
&--fýьW Membrone
10че your mum'S eyes оп heolth, ро9е9

of DNA. DNA is mqde up of four chromosomes эut your dqd's smile!

types of chemicol units, which work v Your genes ore orgclnised into 46 -- . :hild
like letters in qп olphobet. Together chromosomes, qrronged iп 2З poirs.
hos
--:,]ted her hoir
they spell out q code thot tells your Genes qnd chromosomes оrе mqde :-; skin colour
,-:-. hеr mother.
cells how to moke о humqn being. frоm о chemicol colled DNA.

Whot is о gene?
Every cell in your body
4,ж sets of genes. You've 9ot two
of eoch gene, one frоm уоur

ilж
contoins о set of 25,000
.dr} mother qnd one from уоur
genes. All living things fother. Sometimes the gene
pclss on their genes to from your mother comes into
their offspring. Sexuol oction, ond other times your ý,tr:
reproduction combines two
You con опlg rоll чоur tongue
iJ the right gene is octive.
fother's gene wins out.
32 ,рIэD эIэIэпuоqтлdхоэq
Whot does DNA stond fоr?
 Lф science Bon€s ond muscles

Bones qnd muscles Bending bits Muscle mogic

Skull

Different kinds of joints Muscles ore rubbery,

о11 очеr your body keep stretchy strops.
\ t
1
You would Ье like о lump of jelly without You moving. you con control
The pectorolis
muscle moves
Biceps ond
tricePs bend

уоur skeleton - о frоmе of bones

gour orm ot the ond stroighten

l some of your muscles, 9our оrm

thot holds уоu uр ond protects l .

t &
Ribcoge
Jf
/i'

Л, -I
ТhчmЬs hove joints thot
ollow them to rotote,
like the muscles in your
уоur internol orgons.
\'ý u: which fingers connot do. orms ond legs. Others,
\& !, such os your heqrt ond
Ankles contqin different
joints for up-ond-down blodder, operote without
Bendin9
bockbone
ond side-to-side movement.
you hoving to think
your bockbone Wrists hove о joint thot obout it.
The wrist is
contoins 24 smoll ollows them to turn but
mode up oJ
not go oll the woy round.
bones colled eight smoll
bones.
vertebroe. They Neck bones feoture о
mоче olmost pivot joint thot ollows
The vertebroe iп
gour bock ollow gou
every time ',$ your heod to turп.
to twist ond bend. you do.
t. '

Heqd Gоsе
Ё'.
The tibiolis
The hiр is о t,loking foces
The bones thot mqke uр уоur muscle bends
boll ond socket
].luscles in your foce qrе gour foot.
skull join ofter you оrе born. joint, ollowing the
::toched to skin os well qs
The skull hos two ports - l
legs to move oround.
] ]пе. They ollow you to
the lower jow ond cronium. Pulling poirs
I

::ake qll kinds of expressions

Only your jow con mоче. Muscles соп pull
. - show hоw you ore feeling.
вопе mоrrоw but they con't
supplies gour push. They work in
bodg with red
blood cells. Тhе hопеgсоmЬ poirs thot pull in
structure oJ some opposite directions.
bone mokes it
weigh less thon
The biceps
iJ it wos solid.
controct to Pull
Both the kпее ond elbow оrе hinged the Joreorm up.
joints thot опlg move iп one direction.

BrilIiont Ьопе Ribco9e

Bones hove о Snoke ribcoges А ribcoge hos
clever structure thot con run olmost
long, curved bones
the entire
mokes them light but length oJ thot protect vitol
strong. They con heql i their bodies
orgons such qs the The triceps rеlох
themselves if broken. heort ond lungs. ond stretch when
the biceps controct.
з4 ,uоlэIэчS
How mопу bones does on odult humqп hove? }IпрD uD uI Sэuоq 90z эJD эJэчI
Lф science Blood ond breothing

Blood ond breqthirg Lungs

Every few seconds you breothe in qir.
Your lungs toke out the oxygen qnd
send it into уоur blood. The blood
corries oxygen qll round your body.
Liqчid of life Tronsport sgstem
Blood is mqde up of
cells flooting in о liquid
colled plosmo. There
ore three types of cells:
Red blood cells, the
Your lungs fill most of the spclce
inside уоur ribcoge. They toke in
oxygen frоm the oir qnd send out
rvoste соrьоп dioxide.
No lungs
Not every onimol hos lungs.
There ore other woys
onimols breothe.
Blood trovels oround уоur
body in tubes colled blood
vessels. Blood vessels
colled orteries (red) соrrу
you breothe
blood сrwoy frоm your through gour
heort. Vessels colled поsе оr uоur
veins (blue) саrrу blood mouth

most common type оf

bock to your heort.
о blood cell, сqrrу oxygen.

@
White Ыооd cells, which
qrе part of the immune
system, fight diseose.
Frоgs con obsorb oxygen
Plotelets hеlр to through their skin - ечеп
rероir other cells if underwqter.
Ф they оrе domoged.

Yочr beoting heort

Every time your
heort beots it pumps
blood oround your
body. Holf of the
heort sends blood Insects such os coterpillors
through уоur lungs. breothe through body
The other holf sends openings colled spirocles.
ыооd qround the
rest of your body.

Blood Jrom
right lung Your lungs оrе like The
sponges. Тhеg оrе чочr
The righгhопd Jull oJ ting chonnels the dioi
The leJt-hond
pump sends blood ond chombers. moves
pump squirts
to the Iungs to to moke

J
blood to the
receive ох99еп
orgons ond
лМопу seq creotures such os
muscles. shorks breothe through gills.
Blood Jrоm legs ond Jeet Blood to legs ond Jeet
36 ,dop D saluт}
How mony times does your heqrt beqt every doy? о0O'одI puD 00o'0f I uээмlэq SlDэq цDач S,рIтчэ V
L,f" science Heolth

Heqlth S-o-doy
Keeping сIеоп
Dirt contqins hqrmful
bocterio. Keeping cleon
Оur wqу of life offects оur heolth. you need to
helps you stoy heolthy.
Eoting properly, exercising regulorly,
Ч
eot ot leost five
qпd getting епоugh sleep qrе qll portions of fruits ond
vegetobles eoch doy. is о good gt;{i##T;:#
importqnt for stqying hoppy ond fit.
exercising oll
gour muscles.

А bolonced diet ttч:l",l-ц,.*йi#fi

._r"Р
fi iJ:;-
ЧYr"'р"".пt gоu Ь..оmЙj ii,,'"'' *
ы
ffi
H;]:,.TJi:,y'ffi;::
,iоёъt'.'ч'_ gд.а-
It is vitol to eot о Ьqlqпсе of the а Weoring cleqn clothes,
right foods. Тhеrе qrе five mojor the Цф ;[:]:JJ';:;o"""""О
food groups qnd they oll help heort, qnd
your body in different woys. Ь the production
chemicqls colled
s. These mqke
d ond qct to
iy
ро ln.
Мопg children
relox mоrе eosilg
into sleeP With о
speciol cuddlg tog.
Reod о book!
Heolth is not just obout
fu *, Sleep уоur body; it helps to hove
Drink up! il '(
^
When уоu sleep, your body rests on octive mind. Reoding is
we con lost )r- il о good octivity becouse it
quite о lon9 tm. t ond уоur mind refreshes itself.
\-\l
ý
stimulqtes your broin.
*-\t

\-/

f,
without food, but } When уоu ore young you need о
;о
/#Ф lot of sleep, but you need less os
f, ilжТ:Ё:т"*::,fr;
digest food ond уоu 9et older.
flush оut woste. *
li
Become
Low wqter levels t qп expert...
ti"
1dёЬуаrоtiоп) .оr,
Ы:
couse heodoches, ,{n. on muscles,
dry skin, ond poges З4-З5
tiredness. {Г: оп digestion,
,r+Я* you need to drink
f" А child needs poges З8-З9
Woter Jrequentlч between 10 ond 'l 2
eoch dog оr gou hours sleep о night.
will dehgdrote.

4о ,sэuоq бuо,цs JoJ 41

Which vitqmin do we get frоm sunlight? luolJodTuT sI чэIчм 'q uтurоlтл
 Lф science Food choins

Food choins Scoven9ers Seo food

Deod meot is known os corrion
ond is eoten Ьу scovengers
such os hyenos, vultures, qnd
Everything in the living world bold eogles. These сrеоturеs
needs food to survive. And rorely kill for food, they find
qnimols thot hоче died of
everything must feed on пqturql cquses ond eqt оthеr
The further уоu go up the
choin, the fеwеr onimols there
ore. so in the seo, there ore
countless plonkton, fewer fish,
just о few seol, qnd even less
polor beors.
jе'-э!п,,
i;r " .,. ,
,

somethirg else. This is,,,*.,,

:1"
onimols' leftovers. <
..:-т

colled о food chcrin. ,,''_---,'' г-j

;:t:1

Decomposers
fi
..i,э. _i; r

Еосh species is
j:Т !*i
#;= i-'_8
At the stqrt ond end i*ж,g",*i
;; pqrt of severol of every food choin cornivores polor beor

thеrе оrе decomposers, Cornivores only eot

i" different food such os eorthworms, meot. On the Аfriсоп
-I
cnorns. fungi, ond dung ploins, cornivores
beetles. They help include lions, leopords,
breok down deod ond cheetohs.
qnimols ond plonts,
releosing the nutrients
bock into the soil. ,-1
ffi
",f,,,.*,#
"'a*ц*d.

Plonts such
qs qсqсiо trees
';
оr grosses 9et
their епеr9у from
the Sun. They ore
known os producers.

Zooplonkton
, {..,r'- '

;H _tf_

,ъW

Phgtoplonkton

4з
Whot ccrrnivorous plont cqtches qnd ecrts flies qnd spiders?
 LЦ" science

Ecosystems Mountoins
Climote conditions chonge
.]s you 9о up о mountoin,
8* ,Y
All очеr the world, living things exist ;о different ecosystems сqп
,:xist here.
in distinct kinds of ploces colled Trees феr shelter Jor
seoshores
ecosystems. Eoch hqs its own climote. >eoshore ecosystems аrе
onimols, ond Jood in
the Jorm oJ lecves

soil, qnd complex community of

cnd Ьеrriеs.
lсlf lond ond holf seo.
plonts ond onimols. Oceons сrnd hey chonge os the tide
- rIIeS in ond out.
deserts hqче their own ecosystems.
Gross!onds #.
Noturol vqrietg lumons evolved in grosslond {1r' dH.
:obitqts, ond todoy, the
There ore different ecosystems oll over the
.:rgest qnd fostest lond
world, ond the onimols ond plonts in eoch -.nimols live hеrе.
one оrе odopted to its conditions.
Deserts sg*
Forests _ hey con Ье hot оr cold, but

Wherever there is enough roin,

Е
jeserts qrе qlwoys dry, with lnsects Jeed оп
forests grow/ ond they provide _rtle roin. Only о few onimqls
-"" Jlowers, ond Ёс
homes fоr о huge ronge of plonts :nd plonts survive hеrе.
pollinote them

ond onimqls.
ot the some time
.il .{

ri.
Livin9 to9ether
Oceqns
А group of living things in о
Моrе thon 70 реr cent of the
hobitot is colled о community.
Homes sweet homes Eqrth's surfoce is covered Ьу
Еосh one contqins plonts,
oceсtn/ which contqins mqny
One ecosystem contqins о onimols, ond other orgonisms
number of hobitots. А hobitot different hobitots.
thot oll rеlу on еqсh other.
is the nqturol hоmе of о
porticulor plont or qnimol. Rivers ond lokes
А tree, оr even о leof, сqп Ье Freshwoter ecosystems exist in
о hobitot. pools, lokes, rivers, ond streoms.
Тhеу qrе found очеr most of the
Become world's lond surfoce.
o.п expert...
polor qnd tundro
on onimol survivol,
poges 46-47 Тhе freezing роlоr londs оrе qt the
.,. ' .'...ll-*-fffr]ffi
for north qnd south of Eqrth, in the
on the corbon cycle, Rotting leoves ond Snoils feed оп the Frogs, which eoti
Arctic qnd Antorctic. At the edges Frogspown hotches wood ore home leoves oJ plonts,
Fеrпs grow ond
insects, live both
poges 50-51 into todpoles. Some to Jungi ond smoll ond provide Jood
obsorb nutrients
forthest сrwoy from the poles, they oJ these ore eoten Ьу onimcls, such os Jrom the soil.
оп lond ond in
Jor other onimols. the woter.
{ mеrgе into wqrmer tundro oreos. other woter сrеоtчrеs. beetles ond slugs.

t+4
Аrе there сrny types of forest ecosystems other thqn tropicol rqinforests? ,SISЭJОJ SПОJЭJIUОЭ 45
РIОЭ PUD SPUDIPOO1У\ SПОПРIЭЭР 'SЭЛ
 science .rr' ol:"YП
Stoymg qlrve
Life Stoging

Stoying qlive |l а
€ fu*ri'T,*
o,...,,n,_.,_
".1рlрr,:ЖjJ'i,_.,"*
)
"",<
In order to survive, ollъ :ц}Нj}JЬ:. "ýЫ,:Щ;;
onimols
t;ffЩ:r*:;jiT, *=::j other g|
тhепчдrck

.щfr#.lъх;;#'#Ё;:" #ЁБgfl:t** и"rЧХ-*,'}:,';*:lт:r-i

.
which thev lg
inside the bodies of
oroonisms. r*
shelter, ond spoce. Eoch type *
l- фJ*" lЙе
'' \
}' г..j оп. йerpillors
feei ;;. Coterpillors "l
of qnimol or plont hos its own Greot trovellers Qs porosi
os porosites on plonts.
porticulor woy of finding them. ]:}fi1:"#Ъ1":::Т,iТ'-"
!\eqther gets too cold, onimqls
ij|;#nfiil:
йе
л.(,

"i
Ф
oul wil] Jeed
Ь9'

f
Comoufloge :nov mоче home (migrote). Some coterPillor os Porosites,

жffi
Жtr*,lr._l
_жi-\+ :g.
3ijж*iT,#:*
-
conhideinthe
с; tffiF;"-,Ж, ý
rt!1,:
t:, J *H;:;;l",:',:?:'." ,,ii
Let's stick together itffi
lrr,'r.",
Iл_л л-лоо
long l-олл, ',
gross_becouse !И[t'iДаt'ýЁ I r'Ч]]hЬ
is sofer

livetogethеrondhеlpeochW;;;;.";;;;"9.|-'lBё':я--..у..huntloryronimols.Ё"
other (symbiosis). The sec ПreП lilБПЯП ,\,
F\J
9 1
!

sting most fish, bдt the

сloinfishdon,t9еthurt....1onyonimolsbuildic\,o
"""'-"" _ ._ _ : эо\l
ý
Night hчпtеr :omes for themselves : ф
l, shelter :
/ -[ Т.i,.'.Жtr
"]*ro.NV'" _."л_r.:1"лТ::}_'
Thelong_e}:T;:1l*:j#зi:
:с provide
,.й-- Г-р*а*".,-""а :
8
Ёя
-! Ine rОПg-еqrеа DCr[ USеS SОЦIrU LL
find insects in the dork. It mokes с :Od weOther. : Q

fi
G l
:
"ЦlЁi'Ёffi:З:,;;t;"йl;d
fr
squeoking noise ond listens to the echo л-ь. пif;. *лL^ __-t- л,,t лf : -с*
(а l

^,","";."",\'lЦХ,\It \ ti::liT:#t#.l;,T"JtrЁ
It соп tell exoctly whеrе ол insect is. V
_T;*:*;J"",l,'д,i,o*,
#d*}iжl}I
cwoy ln trJes оr bushes. i Ф

'-J'д*#'W*, i yý
"i"Jiriiiji"Й,"i
oýhrewgoing1olo\I t\ :

,"-.*'j;i#J.,; Ф:i{":"#f#itjЁ:iix
hunt for food doy ond *L . : Big hunger l,
night.Shrews"bat1 ;Ж fi}ff*i::'j::Hil'
i
Beqvers pile up s

eot 80 to 90 per cent *Ёýý;= o.r,r.,d..*",",

i. :,.Ъl:пtihочеьig
oppetites. А hungry
, l]

of their body weight ""й"...- : elephont will push over

every doy to survive, Wosps сhеw up *оо9.,: : о whole tree oTrd eot
l д7ýR
These onimols ore l ý9} moke so99y рор"r, which .r,..у leof ond twig to {
;

hг;
1
|,-. tiny, b,,., плпrаосi,,д | \:Z'l
.tiny,buto99rеsslve.|\-*/th€yйеnshopeinton""."'i,otiйyit,h.'**..i'-!t1
but oggressive.
they then shope into nests. ] ол+;.,-f., i+_ ц,,_л^* " i

topeworm is о kind of porosite. Where does it live? 'рэмоJIDмs эzr,поf рооз uo бчrрээg'dpoq чошпq эч1 эрIsчI
1
 scl еп се
a

Eorth's cgcles
During the dоg, plonts
toke in corbon dioxide
ond give out oxg9en. From очr qtmosphere to Eorth
During qп electricol storm,
some nitrogen is wqshed out
ý of the otmosphere qnd f,
tX
d to the ground. Plonts
then drqw the nitr
z
b.J
а through their roots.
.rZ.i., цj
i,:; А Ф
Ъ,.l,,_',
*nt *"я

-фЕч#fi Ё** Orggen cgcle

ыоч Animqls tqke in oxygen ond use releose
ыsffi *о
l, . ,епеr9у from their food. It is puf bock into the
oir Ьу 9rееп plonts durYng photosynthesis.
plonts. When
, x,}l Algoe qnd plonkton do the
УёЁthеу put
.bock into the soil. some job,rin woter.
ф!.l;,- re!F],

Bocterio plogs оп importont rоlе

Nitrogen gos is
iп the nitrogen c9cle. Тhеg chonge
obundont in our Animols breothe in
nitrogen into the Jorm plonts con

z
otmosphere. охggеп ond breothe
use. without bocterio
out corbon dioxide
plonts would die
oJ nitrogen IдJ oll the time.
storvotion
ý,
lAy
oh
?*7

ДrоrоХ
other bocterio toke Decoging
in nitrotes ond onimols ond
rеlеоsе nitrogen bock plonts put
;,ф9. otmosphere. nitrogen bock
into the soil

Do you think there is mоrе oxygen or nitrogen in оur otmosphere? ,uаболlтu

1uээ лэd 8д puD uэбdхо 1uээ лэd Iz suтDluоэ элэтldsош],D Jno
LЦ" science All living things
o)v)E DNISОdйVоJд.с :.

9.tr€ ЁЯ д tr ]-- ?,..Ц Я

Е'iцЕзЕЕЁ }в ;ЕЁъё
Ф с''l-*< _й \
# с Ё о 6-'Б rr
d -О О
8 o,i
с)
tr .
аFН
vi
SJ
j;
.i'...]

оýЁ;8€iдз
Q о
Jз 2 Еъ р5 хЕ;Е
Ёt ig*: д iэ ftr :х
я б з; о
В;.;;=g;F_- д€
ЕдетЕgвЁд,
Е. Е Е
-,-1
q Е
о Е
,БЕчрсБд.9:яб
ij'Ё};
О э
tr
о=Е
о_

# Ef Е +и
Ч Б ..,!

о o'qi
;ЕýЁ€ЕвЁЁ
Ёý#€ЁЕЕЕgЕЁ -. БЁ* Н
Ля=-Е€Е;Б Ё;ЕЁВЁЁЁЁ€ ýЁ€дý
Ь Е ;'Е Е .= Е д
(JоfЕЕ.tr8.g3 _с

ЁýЕgЁ€ l Jt
,i

цNЧflШУС 'J'"
./-
2/
с _--___-/
о
сАRВОN
ФдЁо-
т, -!!
оl
о -t
cUU.=
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л:
t
сРчо
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Бý
!
_!ох

ъЕ <_Б бъ 'i*T,; *,rsl*,,-**/

со
оо
л_с
Е:
-,'W
о.:
ýil------ч*---..-ъ .\i
, ;+&
V) -3ЕЕёв - / .,фЁf-

"l4oo
j-'tf" i
о_F
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g
(т) ,Е6- ' ':. _ ;..
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о г-{ (ЕISчптп....uяjЛffi
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р а)

5iВчз#
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о l-{ -€биý,lD
яý
е Сг,; 9
L cL,i (л
: &Ез € 3
о

аt Ё

J
d

DBco т) -= ь
(.),ý-q]:Е9
о r-{ ЁбЧ.l(J
'all0)n
€ т,о.Н:Ё

ЁЕЕiЁiЕЕЕЁi
?-{ ёU.,
Ф !-,) с,. =qOEJ.
!очо с Х Х С.) trЕ
"_._
-:чUрп
Е =
lA?Ь'

+J
о о.с' оо2чб
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(л LJ +J с.1 q.)
ýбtiй|лtsq
.9t бдъ qj
]--:<
-.,!

F-{
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Фоб+)
at v р- -5Z:5Oa\Li
...i .i)-i т( -р
ч{ \ t-J с) ..,! }Jl
ъ
чьс ! ! сл __с Р'й_*ИЕ.Е+)х
fi $Е ё : 5 Е
-iоЪ б О'+, Q

3Е.зБЁвЕý
О
:,

Ёi Ё ;*Е
ФЧr Х |J\-О>q].i
э R5 о 6
О X'.сJ .l' +- д
+Jop)Jrv

F€ ЕЕЕЁ
6."!4? =
ý ЕъЁi: 9.= о cJ ! rr * al Х О o.t
El'l к-)
>ц H_or- цЁ
аrd!t9б
а.Ё о.б БД яё хЁ Е s
50 ,puoцIDIp
In porticulor circumstqnces, corbon forms q hqrd crystol. Whot is its пqmе? v
JL
Life Sclence The di estion ride
a

,dйý*ь

"ftrr"
Ф

uhе;
!с,rА":'
нumопs toste wi,th thei.r
. tongцes - Ьцt оthеr
onlmols hove dffеrепt
methods. ButterJlies
_ usе their Jeet!

a.
Which is longer, your smqll intestine оr уоur lorge intestine? ,эuI}Sэ]uI
IIDIпS Jпол
Mgterials science Whot'ý the tпоttеr?

Whqt's the stotes

ore four mqin
Curiositg q uiz
Look through the Moteriols

mqtter? of motter.
solids hqче q definite
science poges qnd see if
you con identify the
picture clues below.
Everything оrоuп9 уоr, is mode of
shope, Most of them
оrе hqrd, like rock.

mottbr, *.rЪ, things, уоu

'Ч.. :оrr':
qnd qcts
Liquids tcke on the
see. But everything loo}<s shope of their contqiner,
qnd hove q fixed чо}umе,

differently - thot's Ьесqusе mqtter Gcses hqve no fixed sho:,

hqs different forms. They fill ony spoce thel,
qre in, suсh os о Ьql]оо:: *i,
Solid, liquid оr 9qs Plosmo exists qt veri,
high temperotures, like
The most соmmоп stotes of mqtter сtrе inside the sun.

solid, Iiquid ond gos. Eoch stqte behcves

differently becouse the porticles in their ..,..,.i
. :::]

mqke uр move in different woys. U sing gos

i'hen oir in о bo}loon
s heoted, it becomes lighter
-.=:
*fi ЕGrtil is sоJfф ,.?uф :lon the surrounding oir
nd quickly fills the bolloon.
.,osýth\{.,s
_:

*{ _, ..,.:,i:i,r,i:,:..-..,,,, .1......,'oF _:re lighter oir rises, toking the

,alloon ond possengers with it.
*q
-?ол
Plonet Eqrth
Еоrth ho"s о solid core, surrounded ],,.',;._:,,,i

Ьу liquid rock, which the solid crust

' '": :i:,,,;., No motter ] ]i,

Пbots on. Liquid woter covers most

i.
] А ploce with no r
iВ
.,,.,,i..,._,.,,, ,r,...,,
"t
']Ф:

оf the crust qnd о loyer оf 9os colled

,iч

,,.;*,
]*
.s
"" :|'", motter, not even orr,
a+

plonet.
.

the qtmosphere surrounds the :r, ';,,,

is colled сt чосuum.
. .,l.: .,,,;,..''..;:ll,11.iii-.:;Ё
'''' :,i
The closest thing
The blue оrеоs ore to о vctcuum
the oceons, which
is the spoce
Clouds Jоrm from
woter vopour (о gos)
ore liquid woter.

hetween stors.
оп expert...
in the otmosphere, _ on qmozing otoms,
poges 58-59
The green оrеоs оrе
lond, which is mode Astronouts wеоr speciol on the universe,
of solid rocks., sUits irr 5росе becouse it is poges 94-95
\ verg cold ond there ls по
t
t
\ oir to breothe
&l

iл/hiсь_ fоrrпs оf mqtter ore humqns? ,,{iT}

эе{зЁэJЕ а&е ршп 'ртrаL*оi ,; P' l;1* -Ttt* '1зtl*ý э;1] ýёlri}q JnO 'SжiJsJ ээlч} эJ1} эl\fr
 ,Motirio{s sci,enci
:'.aЫ Ifu
rt
,*|
','РrO qf'*otter_=*_

Properties of motter
j*ý
Broken
Compressibility iч
_-fl l =#
window ж
Gqses cqn Ье
"ýffi
W*
squoshed, оr дý
-: ,l
з]'aФ L #
Whot theg ог€... some mqteriols оrе hord ond compressed, Ьу -
I

squeezing mоrе 'j;]

''o.r4

Тhеrе ore mony different brittle, while others ore flexible. into the sсrme -,4a t

properties of motter. some moteriols сtre colourful, while spoce. This is whot
hoppens when you
ж#
&#
Boiling point is the
hottest о liquid con 9et
others ore tronspqrent. These kinds Brittleness рumр uр а tyre.
,ЁЕ before becoming q gqs. of feotures оrе colled "properties". some moteriols, such os window Gos con Ье compressed
Fооt pump

:iQss, ore porticulorly brittle. becouse its porticles ore Jоr

-fu& Freezing point is the
temperoture ot which А cork Jloots оп oil.
Тhеу will breok when pushed out opcrt. А bic9cle pump pushes
the porticles closer together
'щ%.Ьоt
*оо б оt
о liquid becomes о solid. Oil Jloots оп woter. -,f shope even q smoll qmount. 'оФ'е
.. l пй^dа
a€}ё Plosticity is how well
Hordness Gos porticles о о"Sо
Does it floot? А scientist colled Friedrich Mohs creqted q Fgо9 9
о solid сqп Ье reshoped.
lЕ!l It's eosy to leorn obout Соrчпdчm
.саlе оf ten minerols to соmроrе how hord they
some properties, such
:rе. Mony moteriols оrе groded on this scqle.
;Ф Conductivity is how well os the obility to floot.
5
о mqteriol lets electricity The omount оf motter Apotite

&
ы or heqt trovel through it. in о certoin volume оf 4 ь
FIuorite
,,Ф
on object is colled its :JI.;

Molleobility is how well

о solid con Ье shoped
density. Objects ond з
Colcite
without breoking. liquids floot on liquids
of о higher density ond

W
а
а Tensile strength is how sink through liquids
t9
much о moteriql con S oJtest

strеtсh without Ьrеоkiп9.

оf q lower density. - iп еrоl

GQt mчсrt, \
&
Flommobility is how

Ч
А plostic building brick sinks
eosily ond quickly о through oi| but Jloots on woter.
substonce will ccrtch fire. |_"=::_-:..:
Ап onion sinks through oil ond dffer.ent peb,btes
*aй
:

Woter, but Jloots on s9rup,

Reflectivity is how well Sgrup sinks below woter. and рut them i,n order oJ
м
ЩЁw
,зй
о mqteriol reflects light.
Wqter reflects wel]..
hcrdness. А pebbte Ь harder
thon onother f lt scratches [t.
d*,tr Tronsporency is how This is how Mohs worhed
,*у well о mqteriol will let А good insцlqtor оцt hb scale.
light poss through it. Heqt cqnnot eosily poss

j"c Flexibility is how eosily

q moteriql сqп Ье bent.
through some mqteriqls.
These оrе known qs А smooth flow
Some liquids flow mоrе
insulqtors. Fоr ехоmрlе
\ eosily thon others. It depen
oerogel con completely
trя Solubility is how well on their "stickiness", or viscosi
block the heot of о flqme.
q substonce will dissolve,
But don't try this o.t hоmе! Hot lovo frоm q volcono flows
Еэ such os solt in woter. slowly becouse it is sticky.
54 ,Z}JDnb
Is diomond hqrder thon quсrrtz? чэ}DJэs IШ,rД }I
,IID
Jo IDJэuIш }SэрJDч эч} SI рuошоIр u 'rrl
Moteriols science
Liquid metql
Every substonce melts
ond boils ot о porticulor *
temperoture (its melting
ond boiling points). M#t
metols оrе solid ot evffiBy
temperotures ЬесоusеЪеу
hqче о high melting point.
But mеrсurу hos such о low
melting point thot it is liquid
even ot room temperoture.
condensotion
As woter vopour in the oir
is cooled, it chonges into
liquid woter. This is colled
condensotion. you cqn see
it on the outside
of о cold bottle.
when woter
vopour in the
oir touches о
cold bottle, it
condenses into
tiпц drops oJ
liquid
Why does сhосоlqtе Ьесоmе soft
when solids
qnd Ьесоmе
cold enough, they fteeze
solid. This is colled'Chon
it boppens to o1l kinds'Оý'
fu
Chonging stotes of woter
Wqtеr exists os cl solid, liquid, оr
oll three forms of woter in уоur hОФ,
woter, qnd steqm (woter vopour),'",,',",;,,':,:
lce is solid woter. lt Jorms
when liquid is cooled until
it Jreezes. Еосh piece oJ ice
hos о deJinite shope.
get hot eno
?
ý
ý
ý
ý
ý
*
l
i
\
ъ. ; 1i
When ice is wormed, it melts As woter'is heoted, bubb]es
ond becomes llquid ond bJ steom Jorm, They rise to
the surJoce ond burst, so
tokes on the shope oJ the
contoiner holding it. stеоЙ escopes into the orr,
Rivers of iron
Iron must Ье heoted in
q furnoce to moke it melt,
Molten iron is so hot it glorTs
white. It is pouTed into q
mould qnd left to horden
to moke solid iron objects.
crnd 9оOеу in your mouth?
Ё,
ezing
trcl;ies ore spikes of ice
that fоrm when dripping
wаtеr freezes. you often
$ее them on trees in
rц--пtеr. If woter keeps
ipping down ond
freezing, the icicle will
кт }опgеr ond longer.
,}[эш
]I sэ>IDtII ч}поru .lпоd Jo ч}ruJDм эr{} аsпDэаfi
оп о hot dоg,
Woshiri,tg:.dr:iesJcýter
when heot turns woter into vopour
verg qu'icklg.
Evoporoting ''
In the open oir, woter slowly turns into
vopour - this is colled evoporotion.
Wet clothes dry on о line becquse the
woter they hold evoporotes.
Melting
chocolote
/
l,#ý
,!ь. ,.]ý.,
Meltin9
When you don't eot уоur
ice creom quickly enough,
it melts qnd chonges frоm о
solid to о liquid! Chocolote
melts too, qnd mqkes
your honds oll sticky.
Most solids will melt if the
temperoture is high enough.
Mgteyic!s sеiенъgе J[.
#+mýzl п gtomS

or yhqt)
ncrra
Ап otom is most[g
еmрtч spoce. IJ оп otom
wеrе the si.ze oJ о sports
stodlum, the пuсlеus would
Ье the si.ze oJ о mоrЬ[е
i.n the middle.

Ноиr mOпч Gtoms а.rе there in о drор *f wgter? '(oOO'OoO'000'000'000'000'0(l0'000'000'000'o0()'000,ý)

*:Y59
uоIIlт]хэs ý lnоq' ý,эJэчJ
 WвW|
Moteriols science Moleculeý

Molecules
Diomond is mode
into jewels thot оrе
olmost indestructible.
lr. а

Frozen solid Diomond mоlесцlе ,*fi

Cold molecules move slowly, Diomond is the hqrdest Ё#Цl
noturol substoncJй;".
ollowing them to pock together }Ж"У

cl more eosily. When woter Its hordness comes frоm

fteezes, the molecules line up in :he woy the corbon
ссtп help
;;
neot rows, forming ice crystols. f,toms in diomond qrе
moteriols behove. arronged. Еосh otom is
joined Ьу strong bonds to *
:сur neighbouring otoms.
,I

ý;
ýling obout. When Eoch group oJJive otoms in

her ond fqster. Clomond Jorms о pgromid

shope. This shape mokes
"
е molecules mоу э omond omozinglg strong.

they escope into

Grophite mоlесчIе
Grophite, like diomond,
on expert... '}

is olso mode of соrьоп

on chonging stotes, otoms, but the otoms qrе The ctoms Jorm
poges 56-57 orronged in о different logers thot slip очеr

оп minerqls, wcly, moking grophite eoch other, moking

grophite sф.
pqges 104-105 very soft.
Grophite is used to moke
the soJt leod in pencils.

},le]t: As а solid heots. Up, ,,.,,.,l'\

, its molecules move Joster until
Evaporote: As с liquid
heots чр, its molecules speed up
theg. braak Jree Jrom ecgh other
until theg move Jost enough to
ond move seporotelg, turnlng
- Jloot оwоg os gos,
the solid into о liquid.
Liq uid а€Ф
\:lii,:i*| l

ryя
Ъ==е

еrа
ллW
molecules lose епеrgg ond move Condense: When gos
more slowlg. Eventuollg theg stort -olecules lose energg ond slow
sticking together, turning the down, theg stick together

9
ond Jоrm liquid,

[ о liquid is poured into о А 9os ccn Jill on9 contoiner

jor or bottle, it tokes the it's put in. lJ there's по lid to
shope oJ its contoiner ond seol the contoiner, the gos will
stogs in ploce. escope into the oir. €
=ъrrrrrd
61
t
,шач1 uJnq uпэ nod /CIN
 FI
F*!gtеrigýs sсiепсе trlеfiпепЕS

Elements The periodic toble

:,9 eIement hos о nome,
;зmbol mode oJ опе оr
э etters, ond оп otomic
.lber. The otomic пumЬеr
Useful elements
we use elements to
Охggеп is the most 18
An element is о
1 re number oJ protons in
In the periodic tqЬlе, elements ore : otom of the element.
imPortont gos. We .& moke о11 sorts of useful
{н) toke ох99еп Jrom
ж
W
chemicol mode up orronged Ьу the пumЬеr of protons
the оir we Ьrеоthе. or decorotive objects.
HYDRoGEN
13 14 15 16 17 нЕLlUц

of just one type of in their otoms, storting with t(y , Sgmbol

ffiF )ý
,|

'' Gold is о precious

жл€
ýt Li]ý hydrogen. Elements with similor (в)
\ -,/ (ci
?-\ ,/\
{N) to)
li\
l\\
0
ila 1,
"._з/l
otom. scientists
metol. It is used to
KRYPToN- Nome
\,/ ý_{
J]\]el -,

* ж moI<e jеwеllеrу.
properties fоll into groups/ which 103-.ч

ffi
BORON CARBON NlTRoGEN охYGЕN NaoN

hove discovered
-t=ъ Atomic 56 7 8 ж ..lQ

оrе shown in соlоur.

п чmЬеr
,.-\ *€_].-]]i:= Сорреr is о metol thоt
(Al} Er is) (Ari lln
||7 different ý{1,1ajý
ж
\-/
( si )
\-./ ,7ý conducls electricity welI.
з4567 ж 'f''
I

8 9 ALUMIN|UM slllcoN It is used in electric<rl wires.

12
,pHospHoпus, ARsoN

elements. The chort

suLPHUR
11 1з 14 .:I5a 16
ж ,18

/-\ /,--\ //-\

1Sc; iTi: v) {Crj, FЕ /\ru\
ffire Silicon is о non-metol

iж
on this pqge, colled ý|Kjý (Са)
'{J i
\,_7 \,_/ \_./ \-,
iМп, {Соl lc"l tZпj {Ga]
\, //
(Ge]
\..' _./
iAsi :, {Se) {Kr]
used to moke the chips
ýж
ж
l'],...,
scANDlUM T|TAN|UM VANAD|UM сHRoM|UM MANGANESE lRoN coBALT
zlNc GALL|UM r...r,u, ж кtYртФN
thot power computers.
the periodic tqЬlе,
cOPPER GERMANIUM ARsENlc i"
.''o'r"Ju" 21 22 2з 24 ., ж
#re
2ь 27
з1
ж
25 з2 зз
29 з0 Э+ зб

жъ
shows most of them. ý(Rb)ý {Sri yl
i\.-_./ izr':
\_/
iNbr
\t-l
iМоj
\ _,/
iTci
\*-/
(Ru] (Rh Pd)
Цу icdj {ln)
\-/::ý 1sn* Ф
(Те) Ж(l)Ъ (Хе) Corbon fibres оrе strong
but 1i9ht, so ther, оrс
ж .ls.попr,uй YпR|Uм zlRcoNlUM NloBlUM MoLYBDENUM TEсHNET|UM RUTHENlUM RHoDlUM :ALLAD|UM slLvER cADMlUM lNDlUM TlN ANTlMoNY TELLURlU1.1 ж xENoN
з9 4о 41 42 ля ffi used for tct-tt-tis rocliets,
ъ#
,38, 45

ж
4з
;.,,isol.ý
ffi
46 47 51 52 54

/' \ /-_-\
ilr /'-.\
ý*
ý(cs)ý ý- i Hfl iTa) W iRej losj Pt) {Au} Hg {Tl)
\-,/ (рь) i Bi) (Ро] tr{дt)ý (Rn) Iron ls strotlc], sill-err-
ск*
'Wвдкlu#
LдNтндNюБ \_,/ \-_/ \_/ \___,/
'-/ cr

ж
dmRW
жffit : llЛГГДrЗ 1i..,' HAENiUM TANTALUM тUцфЕN RHEN|UM osмlu}1 lRlDlUM
THALL|UM metol, It is mogr-retic .tllc]
oua , LATl N UM MERcURY LEAD BlsMUTH PoLoNlUM RADoN
ж
Go LD
75 77
72 ъ
hos mont, uSeS.
76
..57-71:|... #, 78 79 80 8,1 82 8з 84 86

ж*/\'ý ,--\ ,.-\ ,'\

ýi l-r]ý lRaj AcTlNlDEs
RARE_EARTH
or i Пr)
\ -/ Р9 е9 Ql-}' е9 {Mt Ds] { Rs) Аlumiпiчm js
с so[t,
ж ]lцвlчй RADloAcTlvE
METALS RUTHEREORD|UM DUBN|UM sEABoRGlUM BoHR|UM HAýslUn,t }1EITNERlU м
: rцfrАDтlUм ROENTGENlUM
Ъ'Ъ'-* shiny merol. It is usесl
'
1
88 89 - ]оз 104 1о5 106 1о7 1о8 1о9
110 111 'ъ,ý"
to mqkе drin]<s cons.

Eoch verticoI column

/-*\ .] Sulphur is о yellow
iLa)
.]. .."
(Се) Еч)
. J1 ]

is colled о GROUP,
(oyj (Hol
\-, \/
^
(Gd] {Tbi 1вr} тФ lYъ] Ц9,.' non-metql used to horden
]

,],
- ,
- ,/ r:-/ ,,
оr Jomil9, oJ elements
ruЬЬеr to moI(e tуrеS,
,:

,l:AМндNulli],.|. ',:.: |:-".,,,;.1 -.,.|.: .: '::: ,,

]ýАЦАRlu}'
Some groups hove aЕguу|,:.|.. EURoPluM:_:] ý4}9r.t1{lцЦ ].цв.Flчц" DYsPRoý,U1,1 HoLr"llUM ЕRВlufi ':,: тц.gr.lцrл !.тtЕiцчц
I _

.,, :.: !ЧlЕТtЦЦll'l,

ьз ,:;',71:, , ,
|:::..
_, :. бо',.: : |..:ь1,.
,ь6
-a,
|, :.|r. |.| :||:':.|,':'62 -|.-.| в..
-

: -.7о-.-
:..
| .:|,..:У:a:|::|.,,|. :.|::|.|:' : 8.|,::':':.|.,'
a
::....: -|...... 67 1ý:: :::, :,,::99]::,:|

ffi
:|,.::." |ýý.:,.'i.:.

r-,
:.;;
elements shorinq
.

.,--\ Titonium is о lightweight

verg similor properties
Other 9roups hove iAc)
'ч_-z'
{Thj
\._-/
{u)
\ / \ ./
iNp) (Pu [Cm) iBk] {cf j (Es r lFrп iMd) {No]
ц, metol ond о smoll omount
elements with less AcTlNlUM THoR|UM URAN|UM NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM
.+дддýдtJм- cURlUM BERKELlUM cALlFoRNlUtl EiNsTElNlUM FЕRмlUм MENDELrylUM NoBELIUM LAWRENclUM
ж is used iп oeroplones.
in common. 89 90 92 9з 94
96 97 9а 99 lm 1о1 1о2

KEY: Helium is о 9os used

Alkoli metols: in bqIloons beccruse it
These si|verg
,ж
Metol ond non-metols Tetols оrе vеrg reoctive.
is lighter thon oir.
Most elements ore metols, ond
Alkoline-eorth metols: Весоmе
On expert...
These shing, silverg white fu-
Chlorine is о yellow-green
the others ore colled non-metols.
",,,

Yk
metols оrе reoctive.
9os, used in Ьiеосh ond to
Metols сrre normolly solid, shiny, Tronsition metols: Mong
on elements, pages moke some pl<rstics.
ore strong ond hove high
lчilk contoins ond hord. They oll conduct 5oiling ond melting points. 64-65
the element
со lciu m,
electricity ond heot. Silver, Lonthonides: Мопg ore
on e}ectricity,
г*t Mercury is о liquid metol
which helps This bucket is mode oJ
oluminium, qnd zinc ore metols. soJt, shing, ond silvery- ,х used in dentol fillings, It wos
the element iron cooted white metols. poges 76-77 'z once used in thermometers.
Jorm gоur
Cqrbon, oxygen/ ond siiicon оrе
,ё.
''

teeth ond with the element zinc, Actinides: These оrе

rvhich stops iron rusting ,odioocl,ive heovg еlеmегt:
bo n es, non-metqlS.

l ,шпIuоlпId 63
what is the mgin element used to mcke nucleor bombs?
Moteriols science Properties of elements

Properties elements Alkoline-eorth metols

\{ч*ý1

of t
Five elements, including mognesium ond
соlсium, qrе cqlled olkoline-eorth metols.
*_ ь,

In the periodic toble, elements with Like qlkoli metols, they оrе soft ond light.
& р

They don't reoct os strongly with woter,

similor properties сrre qrronged in but they join with other chemicols to moke
Alkoli metols groups. Some grоuрs сrrе mode up of mony compounds importqnt in пqturе.
These ore soft, lightweight metoJs
thot reoct eosily with other elements thot reo_ct eosily with other The dozzling light

chemicols, such qs wqter. When

chemicqls to fоrm new compounds.
oJ Jireworks comes
from burning
put in woter thеу Гizz ond рор
:Н,Н{,'j;ffi
1,lo9neslum

violently. Sodium is on olkoli Other groups include elements thot

metol. It reqcts with the gos
chlorine to form common solt.
borely reo.ct with onythirg ot o1l. other chemicols, qs
poor metqls though stoying оlооf.
The elements in this group They include neon qnd
Tronsition metoIs whot ore tronsition metqls? - аr9ОП, which оrе used
Forty elements moke up о grоuр ore soft ond wеqk тЪ.у
This group includes well- qrе cqlled poor metols to mqke losers qnd
known os the tronsition metqls.
known ond useful metqls. These ore typicql metqls, being but оrе veiy useful. Tin, coloured lights,
solid, shiny, ond mostly leQo', qnd oluminium
leod, ClnO ore
OIUmlnlUm Ore л л L{
,- -.,
Ltri J
.J
silver is used in medqls.
hord. The precious exomples оf poor metcls.
ornqments, jewellery, ond 'ii , оФ9\)
-.\ "qQ
cutlery (knives ond forks). metqls gold, silver,
5
-_с*-
I n cons ore octuollg
ond plotinum ore mode oJ steel with
-** ý9
Zinc protects things from in this group. f,I
:t о thin cooting oJ tin.
rusting. One of its mony uses .-Ф'
ý
is in the cosing of botteries. Pure gold ls Jound os groins ], ,ý
и
in rосk оr, mоrе rоrеlg, os Ф
Nickel is used in silver- whole rocks (nuggets) thot .a }.j
ore worth о smoll Jortune
coloured coins Ьесqusе it Ы
does not lose its shine.

Но lo9ens ýý
Titonium is lightweight yet
incredibly strong. It is used " _r,eelements moke up о group
to rероir bones ond joints. ,:lled the hologens. These ore
-._l highly reoctive chemicqls.
.ё
_ re gos chlorine is one оf the
Рrесiочs metols like gold оrе ,#,
longJostin9 becouse theg reoct -est-known hologens. It
poorlg with other chemicols.
Gold is опе oJ the leost
. odded to the woter in
reoctive elements ,,,,,,imming pools becouse
kills germs.

-_ |,,

64 ,рIоб uDчl э_iтsuэdхэ эJоtu sэшт] 65

Which element is the most voluoble precious metol? uэ} lпоqD SI
 M.aterials, sсiепсе Мixtu,res,.oor c0m qrцп,dý

Mixtures ond соm ounds

#ъ when different
| Ц# elements bond
Mixture of
milk ond
together in о
chemicol reoctioп,
сеrеql

they form сr compound. Co]orado

But when chemicqls
mix together without
bonding, they simply
form q mixture.
Riveir.,
Seporotin9 compounds
Suspension ,: tokes о greot deol
А muddy river is о type of mixture colled q effort to seporote
_
lron ore
-, compound into
suspension. smoll porticles of soil ore "suspended"
in the woter, moking it Ыоwп ond cloudy. . -rrе elements. То
(rock rich
in iron

Mixtures o.re muсh -:loke pure iron, you oxide)

'=.': z
€-,-,,.з
?з
Allog -lve to seporote the
eosier to seporote
.-.
Э:*
- -.mpound iron oxide =
Different types оf metol con Ье =.а

thon соm unds. melted ond mixed together to moke

1lo iron ond oxygen.
_:ris is done in о very
о kind оf mixture colled on olloy.
_ lt blost furnqce.
Тhе olloy hos different properties from
the originol metols. This tonko-rd is
Pewter Рчrе iron
tonkqrd

Seporotin9 mixtures
mixture con Ье eosily
--
,:poroted in severol woys.

Evoporotion removes woter

solute mоlесчlе
-W .ý from о mixture Ьу turning it
into о 9os (woter vopour). 'j:t

Solution Ёj#
j*ý

Solution Filtrotion seporotes lor9e

If you stir sugor into woter, the sugor
molecules spreod out ond fit between the
woter molecules, moking the sugor seem to
&&ý#*, disoppeor. We soy the sugor (о solute) hos
dissolved in the woter (о solvent). This kinc
.+;..',,:;.
of mixture is colled о solution. seq woter is
о solution of wqter ond solt. If you let seo
:Woter dry out, the solt reoppeors.
Whot is on l8-сq.rtrt gold ring шоdе of?
porticles, such qs coffee
grinds, from о liquid.
ё
Whole mil}< сqп Ье'sёроrсtеd
Spinning seporotes 1iquids into сrеоm ond skimmed milk
frоm solids. Spin dryers hеlр Ьу spinning it in о bowl. The
€ dry clothes this wоч.
Milk heovier skimmed milk spins
::
Е; owqy frоm the lighter сrеоm,
Distillotion sepqrates
mixtures of liquids Ы. moking which stoys in the centre of
them evoporote ond condense. the spinning bowl.
,Jэлттs sD 67
чэпs'sJD]эш lэч}о оо9е рuп рlоб "hEL бuтuтоluоэ Доlр uо sI 1I
Moteriols siience Reqctions End Ghqnges

Reqctions qnd chсtnges Speeding up reoctions

Cooking mokes corrots softer
becouse the hеqt couses о €
.'i.ч

,:,
,.._)

When the qtoms in molecules chemicql reqction. Chopping ','i.|

,:lý;
cqrrots into smoll bits speeds up @ !
rесlrrсlпgе to fоrm new kinds of
';1
ili
the reqction becouse it increoses _j# n
.+s*

molecules, we soy q chemicql the oreo of contoct between ,::

,i fu
reqction hos token ploce.
the corrots ond the hot woter.
€щ r)
,ý tr-
,., э
chemicql reoctions often "Ъ"*_
:|',,/

leod to q drqmqtic сhqпgе. ,&

"'*, 9
э,ý
.лжi::l,::н:; sliced corrots fu
cook Joster thon
|,.,
Physicol chonge
..'.. .*
Chemicql chonge whole corrots. з
-, =,
.|
.g

Fire is cqused Ьу q chemicql Not oll dromqtic chonges ore cqused Glow in the dqrk ,_!

reoction. when wood burns, the Ьу chemicol reoctions. When ice lollies _ight sticks glow in #i1

otoms in wood оrе reorronged melt, the qtoms in the wqter molecules :re dork thonks to
do not get reorronged into new molecules : chemicol reqction
to form new kinds ::rot releoses energy
This process releoses _ ;-ffi,ý м@, - they remqin wqter molecules. Meltin9 :s light. You con slow
епеr9у os light опd*ф-fr-; is simply о physicol chonge. jown this rеqсtiоп Ьу a

{,

heot, produci ]Вчrпiпg :utting о light stick in

is
; fridge, which mokes
_: lost longer.

|, ]аt,
,i',
Get
A;h gn qdult 1q,,
ý boi['some red "
Escoping energ9
chemicol reoctions сqп
сiоlоurеd'wаtеr. Let thё wctei
releqse energy qs heqt
coot, Then'add oci,d (vinegor) or :,i
ond light. А sporkler
sodq volcqno
If you drop mints into
о bottle of fizzy drink,
the drink turns to foom
' ond explodes out in qп
instont. This is о physicol ---t==
chonge rother thqn о ,.a' ý
chemicol reqction. The
,+

otЕitti (bicorbonote) cnd wotch rough surfqce of the mints

contqins chemicols thqt helps gos, dissolved in the
Jiоr о sресtосulоr change
al

releose о lot of епеr9у os drink, to turn into bubbles

. ',чп= OJ со[оur! .,'. 1
,
light to creote о dozzling muсh mоrе quickly thon it
оwеr of sporks.
normolly would. }

Whot chemicol,reoction mokes silver objects slowly turn 9rеу ond dull? г
sluo]D uэбdхо ч]I,!1 lэDэJ smolD Jэл[тs uэчм suaddor1 ]J ,DuIчSIuJDtr
'':,: . -'... .-..'.
 Irreversible chсrnges Reodg to foll
\Iople trees shed their leqves
in outumn. Веfоrе the Ieqves die,
Physicol сhqпgеs like freezing clre eosy they chonge from green to golden,
to rечеrsе: уоu con freeze wqter ond оrоп9е/ or red. The colour chonges
becouse о chemicol reqction in the
then melt the ice to moke woter ogoin. ]eoves destroys the green substqnce

Most chemicql reoctions, however, оrе ichlorophytl) inside leof cells.

Mople leoves

чеrу difficult to rечеrsе becouse they turn oronge

os theg die.

сrеo.tе new kinds of molecules.

Cookin9
When food is cooked, heot triggers
chemicql reoctions thot
i1 Весоrпё
:Г Ej
Gn еХРýУ;|;',;,;,'; I
chonge it permonently. I
Monmode moteriqls L F '..O_n:PlQntS.:
When о freshly boked k ',,..
chemicol reoctions con ,, coke cools down, it p,oges.2,0:2l
ье used to creote new ;1,']l:]',l doesn't turn bock into ж
on ecos)astemý,
moteriols tho.t don't solid os q rock
9ооеу coke mixture. pclges'44,45
exist in nqture. Nylon, Concrete is mode Ьу mixing grovel, sond,
fоr exomple, is о fobric cement powder, ond woter. А chemicol Rust
mqde using chemicols reoction between the woter ond Irоп reocts chemicolly with
frоm oil. Mony types cement mqkes the mixture oxygen in the оir to form
of clothes frоm socks to :orden permonently
{ rust о floky, reddish-
coots о.rе mode оf nylon. :i become os so]id / j brown compound, Rust
as rock - ideql for con ruin cсtrs, so the
building dqms. i metql is pointed to
protect it.

А Jresh рерреr Iooks plump
ond brightlg coloured.
Boking powder
Boking powder mokes cokes 1i9ht
ond fluffy. It contoins chemicols
thot reoct when they're wet to
produce ЬuЬЫеs оf gos.
Rotting
Rotting food is full оf tiny orgonisms
such os q bocterio. qnd fungi. These
orgonisms tri99er chemicol reoctions
An old рерреr dorkens
thot breok down food molecules,
ond shrivels up os it rots chonging them permonently.

covered With]ý,'IаФ.Фf ýhjФ.thrоМе,

.
,
ý.uiisПх;Йо1.q;,ý}п эu,rэр l:ý uоJI
Ph чsico l science Whot is епеr99?

Whqt is energy? Sources of energ9

Energy comes from lots
of different sources.
Curiositg q uiz
Look through the
Physicol science poges
Епеr9у is whqt mokes everything
:]i:]]:il]l:

ffi, to identify eoch of the

i]l]li]i]:a

hoppen. Your body needs energy wind drives wind turbines,

so thqt you con mоче, grоw, qnd

#ffi
чжFr
which convert movement
energy i nto electricity. =ýt
picture clues below.

keep wqrm. We qlso need energy -ffi

-жJ
Geothermql energy

ry
is heot from deep
to power оur cqrs, light our homes, underqround.

W
*а
ond do thouso.nds of other jobs. ..е__%& plqnts cqn Ье burnt to
provide energy for cooking,

&
heoting, ond lighting.
Sчпshiпе
We 9et neorly oll оur energy from wcves con Ье used to
'ф.*о, mqke smq.ll omounts
the Sun. Plonts obsorb the епеr9у in -{ýW of electricity.
sunlight qnd store it os chemicol energy.
The stored energy enters оur bodies os Dcms hqrness the епеr9у Nчсlеаr епеrgý
food ond is releosed inside our body's in rivers flowing downhill Motter is mode up of tiny
ж,1€W
cells. All onimols ond plonts obtoin to mqke electricity.
porticles colled otoms.
their епеr9у frоm the Sun this woy. @-,"*" The centre of qп o.tom,

Y
ffi1 ;, ,,;;,.,,..*.* The Sun's епеr9у сqп Ье
чii]i, .,l;liE
coptured Ьу solor ponels colled о nucleus, stores
to mqke electricity. huge omounts of energy.
'" '"| ,,",_
This nucleor energy is
Fossil fuels such qs oil ore
.1'..'1-.,;:

On!9 о ting Jroction

used in power stqtions to
''
;;|"|:,.,.

oJ the Sun's епеrgg -]:-]1]]l.: used to power cqrs ond to

recches Earth.
-|:I
moke electricity. mqke electricity.
.
"1.,;]:a,

А bow stores energg Ьg '|"::|::|.,.

bending. When gоu let

go, the bow springs bock
into shope ond releoses
the stored епеrgg. Stored епеr99
An object co.n store energy
ond releose it lqter. when

toy, energy is stored in

о spring. А bow ond Become 1,'

orrow uses stored on expert...

energy to shoot the
Qrrow. Stored energy on light,
is olso colled potenlioi pqges 82-8З
ý energy becouse it hos on heot,
the potentiol to moke poges 86*87
things hoppen.

Is епеrgу destroyed when we use it? uэчм d6;эuэ зо IпJOJ Jэч}оuD o]ul ,рэ,{о"т}sар aq
11 }оuunз d6"таtlц
 Physicgl science Епеrgg сhопggý
choin reoctions
Chonging епеr9у from one
Energy chсrnges Energ g sovings
Епеr9у is precious/ so
typ" to onother is colled people оrе finding extro
AlI oround you/ епеr9у is being woys to limit епеr9у use.
"епеrgу conversion". Епеr99 currents
Тhе steps сqп Ье linked
converted from one form to onother. Energy is tronsported Roof insulotion stops heot
to moke on energy choin. You con moke these chonges hoppen through wires qs currents епеr9у from escoping ond
of electricity. The electricol
yourself - just switch on сr light to
helps keep houses wоrm.
energy in this circuit comes
Energy-scving light bulbs
cool contoins
chemicol епеrgу
turn electricql energy into 1i9ht energy. frоm chemicol energy in
_, lqst longer ond use less
the bottery.
!rf::i]]..,: ]i.;
Drivin9 force rfi}
wоshiпqJ clothes ot low
Cor fuel is full оf W tеmреrоlurеs soves the

Burn in9 chemicql energy. .....- energy needed to heqt wqter.

cool produces When the engine storts, Boiling only cs mчсh

heot energg, Moving on li
which is used the chemicol energy is ilil/- ,-. wcter os vоu need in rhe
to boil woter. chonged to heo.t energy. Some heot ener9y is I<etlIe scves time ond епеr9у.
Boiling woter
This is the first in о chonged to kinetic
creotes stecm
series оf energy chonges energy qs the pistons
Wheels of f re
tho.t moke соrs ruп. move. The movement
some of the
of the соr is olso
kinetic energy
Moving steom in the wheels
is о Jоrm oJ
kinetic (motion)
becomes heot
епеrgg, which energy. The
operotes turbines
.Y.*-{щs hottest ports
оrе shown white
ll
II
The kinetic
energ9 produced
Ьg the moving
turbines creotes
е ectri citg.
l

Весоmе
оп expert...
on types of energy,
poges 72-7З
Sо me he оt"ё"iЁilýУ'Ьесоmе ý on resources,
sound energy. The roor poges IrO-t1I
Electricol епеrgg used Ьч television sets
chonges into light, sound, ond heot energ9
of о rqсiпg-соr engine
con Ье deofening!

ж*;**.-.
74 *il, *nd g*s? ,SIэч
whclt rrýmе is given to епеrgy sоurссý li}se с*сrlо IrýSоd
Ph sico l science
Power sчррIу
,,'Electricity trovels to your hоmе olong
wires qbove ond sometimes below the
;,bround. The wires qЬоче the ground
lhоп9 on metql towers colled pylons.
Evergdog eIectricitg
We use electricity in
qll sorts of woys in
оur everydoy lives.
Heoting: electricity heots
up household opplionces
ф such qs irons qnd cookers.
Li9hting : electricity lights
ге uр our homes, schools,
offices, qnd streets.
communicqtion:
electricity cqn power
telephones ond computers.
Trcnsport :electricity
is used to роwеr сеrtоiп
vehicles, such qs trqms.
76
Whot's the ncrme of с smcll object ttrot con store electricity?
Electricitg
Circuits of power
An electric circuit is о loop thqt electricity
сqп trqчеI oround. An electric current
mочеs through the wires in this circuit,
*ft
ond lights up the bulb. Electricol cobles
Electricol cobles оrе mode of
metql ond plostic. Electricity
flows through the metol (which is
Circuits usuollg include cn colled q conductor). The plostic
!} energg sочrсе (botterg)
(which is colled on insulotor)
ond lood (lomp).
stops electricity escoping.
Lightning strikes
When electricity builds
uр in one ploce it is
colled stotic electricity.
А bolt of lightning is
о huge spork of stotic
electricity in the sky.
Hi9h voltoge
Electricity сqп Ье very
dongerous. This triongle
Food botterg
is on internotionol
Food thot contoins woter qnd weok
lvorning symbol. It
qcid will conduct electricity. In о food
meons "Coution: risk
bottery, q chemicql reqction between
of electric shock".
the metol ond the ocid in the food
creqtes on electric current.
}
l
l*-жt
.i-{::,' ::'.
*;::i
,лJэцDq 77
V
Рýчуsýсgý gсf;еуъ€* M*s*еtfrýýTB

M09netism When,on electric current flows through q wire

coil, the coil becomes mognetic. This mokes qп
Electromo9 nets

Mognets contoin iron or cl reIqted electromognet. Automotic doors, loudspeokers,

metol. They exert о. force colled -)
Mognets ottroct iron, Th]s ond electric motors q}l use еlесtrоЙоgпеts.
mognetism, which ottrocts objects
one hos ottrocted о clump _
steel poperclips becouse st:,
hos оп iron content Lifting W'ith mog.hets
with iron in them. Some crсtnes use mqgnetic force, in
Attroct or repel? the fоrm of giont electromognets,
initeod of books. тhё''lеlесtrоmоgпеt
When moteriols ore pulled
con Ье switched on оr off.
together, this force is coiled
ottroction. when moteriols Electromc9 nets

push oport, it is colled

оrе used in
s
рео kers.

repulsion. Mognets con

ottroct or repel eoch other,
Тhе Northern Lights ore
portlg due to mo9netic
when switched on, thе
forces in оur otmosphere.
сrопе's electromognet
will ottroct huge pieces
oJ iron ond steel,

Mognet rчlеs
The ends of о mognet ore colled
the north ond south poles,
Opposite poles ottroct eoch other,
Similor poles rереl.еосh other, 'i, ,| ,:,
Mognetic roils
Moglev troins ore held obove
Lights in the skg
Eorth hos о
mognetic field
о trqck Ьу о mognetic fоrсе.
Opposite poles oJ о mo9net
ottroct eoch other,
Amozing lights оrе coused Moglev is short fоr
when porticles in the sоlqr wind "mognetic levitotion".
(streoming from the Sun) ore The troins literolly -u_"r!g,
sucked into the otmosphere Ьу trcvel on oir. Гчч:*
Eorth's mognetic field. ЧрДла
оut which things in
,'oglev troins ore being
gоur hоmе оrе mode Jrоm
Eorth os о mognet -:veloped in Jopon, ond
- Florido, USA, ,_,Ш.,.,,Фqgпеt[с moteriols.
Eorth behoves os if there is о mognet wt[L Ье
giont invisible mognet between
l__ý.*=r,.
to mognetic
When opposite poles oJ о mo9net Joce together,
the North ond South poles, :,::о6ra.'r.
thе9 ottroct, lron Jilin9s show the lines oJ Jorce Thcrt's why we con use о
Dеtш,ееп the two mo9,1els,
compqss to find our woy,

78 Whot is а moqnetotneter? '

РIJЦ ]'i].-1ll L', ] Lil ]t, ri]ЬLтэl]ý эч} ýэJпSсатý }DL{l аэ{^эр Y
 Ph sical scignce Жm gr Wffiv*s

(r)
ц
aJ
q)

з
J

,'n-

'.,.,.. {

-,-,?-***,

i'Iл
:;
i

I
1. l
l

81
I
l;i!}ЖMý;
80 l

Whot is invisible to humqп eyes but visible to the eyes of q Ьее? 'lчбтt }аIотлDJIIп
phusical science Lio ht

Side if it cotches mist

':i]:i]]:l]

оr dцst in the oir,

'ссrЧi_.}Ф,sorne
of the
ligh,t?<rlrs to Ьоuпсе
off'towords you.
',I Lighthouse beoms
sweep rочпd in circles
;,. qп6.-абп
Ье seen from

]j=a:':i

*7':
,(чd* 000'000'GZ9)
\ýhсrt's ihe fc-rstcst thing ilэ i;hе LТrэiчеrsс? L] d.] рLIDSпоч} D }D S[э;\СJ] ]I ']ЧбI-I
 fiii iж
Phgsicol science Sound

Sound Meosuring sound

Loudness is measured
Speeding sound
All sounds trovel ot the
in decibels. some speed, but they
Every sound storts with о vibrotion,
W
trovel mоrе quickly
like the quiverirg of q guitor string. Rustling lecves mqkе q
sound of only 10 decibels. through solids ond
The vibrqtion squeezes ond stretches liquids thon through
the oir between the vibrotirg object
f,
Whispering meosures goses. Supersonic jets fly
obout 20 decibels.
qnd уоur eor. This is q sound wove. foster thon the speed of

&
sound, so they cсtn pсtss
City trcffic reoches
opproximotely 85 decibe,s очеr уоu before you hеоr
their sound.
Drums moke q sound оf

W
ж oround 105 decibels.
,l/hen о supersonicjet breoks the speed
эj sound, it cotches up with the sound
the а[r inside vlbrotes. Smo[[ .,,,oves jn
Jront oJ it ond squoshes them.
т9
:s the oir is squoshed, it produces о
air spoces vlbrate mоrе quichlg ':.: .

Rood-drills mеqsurе оЬо_ .ound colled o "sonic boom"

thon [orge spoces, mоhiпg htgher
II0 decibels.
notes. So portlg emptg bott[es _ft

*жWW
' prodr.rce loФei notes thon The echo effect
А lion's rооr hqs Ьееп some onimols use sound to communicote оr
Ju[[еr ones.

ffik
recorded ot 114 decibels.
to hunt. Dolphins "tolk" Ьу moking clic\ý
Silent spqce borks ond other sounds thot оthФ
Sound con trovel through

W
Fireworks con meqsure recognize. They olso use с
solids, liquids, ond goses, I20 decibels or more. food -
the sound bou
but it con't trqvel where bock off objects os оФ;=
there is no mqtter. Тhеrе is
echo, so the dolphiý
no sound in spoce becquse Jet engines sometimes hit
140 decibels. con estoblish
there is
no oir.
nosition. This
is colled
Sound woves trovel through оir |ike
о wove olong о coiled spring.

How hеоriпg works

When о sound reoches уоur eclrs,
when sounds bounce
it mokes уоur eqrdrums vibrote. bock, the dolphin
The vibrotions сrrе pqssed to уоur con tell iJ thе object
is о gummq Jish оr
inner еqr through tiny bones. Frоm onother dolphin!
l
here, пеrчеs send messoges to
i
уоur broin thot ollow you to
!
recognize the sound. li:

Do oll qnimo]s hеq.r the sq,me sounds? ,I1o

зо JDэч l,uoэ pTnbs puo 'эldоэd uоr{tr sа}оu "rаqбтq JDэч uоэ sбор oN
-
Рhчsiсgl science
Sочrсеs of heot
FIeOt Неqt con Ье produced in
severol different woys.
ction
reods through solidý',bY,r,,,ri
Atoms ond molecules qrе olwoys Friction (rubbing) mokes
ss cqlled conduction. Hot
which jiggle obout c,I.бf
jiggling obout. The foster they mоче/ heot. If you pull on q rope
your honds will feel w<rrm nto cooIer qtoms ond
iЁ; mоrе energy on object hos. We feel combustion meсtns 99Ie foster, possing lО$
this energy os heqt. When something burning. When something
Ьurпs, it produces heot.
energy.
is hot, itJ otoms сrre moving quickly,
When somethirg is cold, its qtoms qrе
Electricity is used to
creqte heot in electric
ovens qnd heoters.
moving slower.
Fееl the heqt
Heo.t olwoys tries
convection ' heot qчiсklц,

when oir оr wqtеr worms

to spreod from hot п'чл:,:i",lf"r,
things to cooler things. up, it rises, qnd cool oir
Whеп you touch о hot or woter sinks to tqke
object, heot energy flows senýCIrs оп thei.r heods. The
lts ploce. This process heat sensors work lihe simple
into your skin, triggering
sense cells thot moke уоur is colIed convection. eges, ollowing the snohes to
skin feel hot. When you touch о Convection helps keep "see" the wormth oJ miсе
cold object, heot flows out of your the oceon currents when huпtiпg i,n
skin, triggering q different feeling, the dork.
moving, spreoding
heot oround the world.
This sotellite imoge shows
the tempercture
oJ the world's
Теrпреrоtчra,.,, ,
осеdпs_

The iemPerotuie, оГ on,Object te}ls 1 :--L^

u'hоw: hot, it,iЩ ,о ,nurtibered,, Heot escopes ^
from worm,objects os invisible
-л:*-.;лil.
уо. -trovel
roys thot like light. We collthis,,infrored
'robiotion. speciol сqmеrqs]use inf' ored rqуs
rother thon light to toke photos, Hot areos
Дрреqr white or red,:qnd cold оrеоs ore
block,
Keeping worm
j gour cool Еmреrоr penguins live in the icy
r*"els from the Sun os infrqred rqys. Just like 1i9ht, _\ntqrctic. Their feqthers trop oir,
'.','ffi qre reflected owoy Ьу white objects but
;&raroys rThich stops too much heot escoping
trom their body Ьу conduction. This
:ropping loyer is colled insulqtion.
,JоlDIпýul ,оо16т uс p1Inq ,\cn
wcrrm? рооб D sI мOu5 nod зт
t
]rh sica ] science

Fоrсеs
GQt
is simply о push or Q pull.
е

P,1}ou Push оr pull something to

сrеаtе q

}ffmove, уоu оrе using forcbs. qnd wqstes th

",оЪjесts
#ýJfur.es work only when"objects сrrе ?B-ff,9У/,,t'rnin9 the

ffl$t"g, but others, such о, giovity

]ъm*ý$.$trfrто heot.

ffiognetism, work qt q distonce.

.. ,;Е* ,"
. ]€ . . -l*
:ц*!,l,,,

This spoce _lhuttle needs Ъ reduce Jriction, the bottom

surJoce oJ these skis is чеrg
It is one of the tЬфiаiiйkiьiЬ: telp а
ry --яJ*@,*,'

forces in the u Jr
li;],isýЁj r'
i1]:i:liliri*i-iГ;
.,,ig.Фцit9tion
Y.' i]] Eo.rth's
}Ч
smooth ond cooted with
sIipperц wox.
o,1
р чl l, ,*,
-_--t"

ч,, Electric forces

Ъ When objects become chorqed with
electricity, they pull on .оЪh оthеr
# on invisible with
force о bit like mognetism. If
уоu rub о bolloon on уоur hqir, ih. bolloo.,
becomes chorged ond will stick
to your shirt.

Buogonc9
L,ft-"f' Whot mokes objects floqt? The onswer
А huge fоrсе is needed is q force colled buoyoncy. If on
to moke о spocecroft object is
lighter thon woter, tbe fоrсе of
tqke off ond escope buoyoncy
outweighs grovity qnd the object
Eqrth's grovity. А force floots.
colled thrust is provided
lп о spin
91 "
merry-9o-round, the riders feel they're
being pushed outwqrds. This pushing, .ott.d
Ьу rockets. The rockets
mqkе hot goses, which fu
\i# {Э
lt
ъl
expond ond streom out
centrifugol force, isn't о reol force. Iis coused
ot the bottom to push
Ьу the riders' bodies trying to move in о stroight
the spocecrqft up into
line while the choins оrе Ъhаiп9 them bqck.
the oir ot grect speed.
Upthrust Jrom the woter
whot force mokes compass needles point towcrrds the keeps the duck oJloot.
North Pole?
,rusтlэuбп;7g
pfu sý*ж ý g*ý*ж ж*
F*r*еs *въd шru**ý*m

Accelerotin9 is Jun, but in science

69""* it соп Ье conJusing. This is becouse
л\\.р d},} ._ occelerotion doesn;t ;ust mеоп speeding

ý, 1О- ;;+i@фfu ,;, uр lt is ong.n."g.';";;*b,ýi

is olso used to describe slо$4gý}._фjцl!r,,.
,"ж,#*л'
lsбj#,
,_,:.]Ё Е
;::.:. жg+i

,,_#ffi

i'r:si эяi]1 * ski:diъr*r" {*ll] ,ir;JIrrT

i.;; rt{-i PlIl{lt]T ;* А]r}G:З:i Li]llIXI}iLi +ii-|
tГ'
i I_I|1}1i_']
P}u ж gЕсg ý ý€Е€псg М*g*ъ ýFъgs

MOchines
lt tokes just one mcn to pull
ElJort required о stone up the slope, but
to push down is
four mеп ore needed to liJt
needed hеrе. t'
Wed9e о stone stroi9ht up
\
\ An охе blode **
Mochines mqke tosks eclsier. They is on efficient
Еъ
/ý
fý*
reduce the effort you need to mоче
Ф&

but simple mochine

thqt increoses fоrсе.
somethirg, or the time it tokes. They when it hits
Levers
work either Ьу spreoding the loqd, the wood, the
А 1ечеr is q Ьоr thot swivels wedge forces lnclined plone
on сr fixed point or fulcrum оr Ьу concentroting уоur efforts. the wood to split It is eosier to push or pull something up о slope thon
oport between lift it stroight up. А slope, or inclined plone, therefore
ond mokes it eosier to move increoses fоrсе. In oncient Egypt, stones wеrе drogged
its fiЫes.
о lood. When уоu mоче your up slopes to build the,py,romids,
end further (the effort), the
lood ot the other end moves
о short woy powerfully.
One type оf lever works like
о see-sow with the fulсrum
between the lood ond the effort

Another type ploces the lood тhе screw turns оrочпd о

between the fulcrum ond the greoter distonce thon it moves
effort (os on о wheelborrow). into the соrk, so it moves into
wheel ond oxIe the cork with mоrе Jorce thon
.:ъ А third type оf lever, shown Ьу An oxle goes through the centre оf о wheel. is us€.d to ttirn it

tongs, ploces the effort between

Together they work os о simple rototing
the fulcrum ond the lood.
mochine thot mqkes it eosier to move А pulley mqkes it eqsier to lift
something from one ploce to onother. something stroight up. It consists
of о piece of rope wound oround
The сrспе liJts
up heovg loods о wheel. One end of the rоре is
with о system ottoched to the lood ond force is
oJ pullegs.
opplied to the other end to pull
up the lood. When о pulley hos
more thqn one wheel the pulling
force is increosed.

ond then zig-zog gоur wog up. Screw

Geors The winding poth works like о А screw is о mосhiпе. It is reolly
Geors ore wheels with teeth thot simple mochine. lt increoses the on inclined plone, or slope, 9oin9
interlock so thot one wheel turns Тhе pedol turns
,], distonce
9оu wolk, but round ond up. А corkscrew uses
onother. They increose speed or fоrсе. ,""",,_,_decreoses the фоrt ,,' " G screw. It is eosier to twist the
о wheel, which

point оf о screw into q cork thqn

turns о smoller
Geors on о bicycle оffесt how muсh you wheel at о чоu use.
must turn the pedol to spin the wheel. grecter speed. to push о spike stroight in.
{ý

92 ,fэllпd
Ес:;-* зiх rп*с}эiп*s. рuп 'эutэld раuтiэuт 'абрал,l, '.rrэаб /эIхD puD |аа{д{'Jэдэ1
=ilтpi*
Egrtfu gпd ý ý€е ýсЕепсg
с
yhg Шпývеrsg

,uO}lilq
Ноw mап}i stqrs qrе there in the Miiky Woy? 00} pLTl] u{}ýЕq 00r Lтаэм}эfi
 rth ond ý f,сЁ ýýlencg ýtg rr skies
a
Еа

How mопу stcrrs can you see оп о cleor, dqrk night? ,000'z
}поqч
Eorth qnd s ссе sclence очr solor s
a

Stem

How old is the Solar System? ,plo sJDэf uоцlтq

9,7 }noqv
Eorth ond ý осе ScIence
a

The Moon

]liъ -

?i,,.;..:;:{-
ý
_Y

,э:
}€

-*

How for is the Moon frоm Eorth? 101

Eorth cnd spoce sclence Eorth's structure

Eqrth's structure volconoes

volconoes сtrе
openings in the
Eorth is the опlу plonet in the Solqr Seen Jrom spoce, Eorth is о moss
Eorth's crust.
System thot con support life, becquse oJ blue oceons ond swirling clouds
Sometimes mogmcl
(melted rock) frоm
it's just the right distqnce from the Sun. just beneoth the
Our c;mcrzing world is о huge boll оf crust bursts through
these openings os о Moking mountoins
liquid rock with о solid surfqсе. volconic eruption. The Himoloyos storted to form
Lots of osh ond dust 50 million yeсrrs ogo, when two
shoot out too. moving plotes collided, The
mountqins сrre stiIl growing!
,%._фй*,ф"" " ,"-""-Ф*
-

Eorthquokes oJten
; *-еЬ*.^
occur olong the Son Driftin9 continents
''_*;fu",-,.? дпdrеоsЬuh.
Crust
lnside the Ecrth Foult lines
w '.''
The world hqsn't olwoys
looked iike it does now.
Eorthquokes hoppen "чъ -
€iеЁ ъъ:
ъf- У'

If you could cut the Eorth open, you'd tvhen cqntinentb iub Millions of yeors ogo, oll the
see it's mode up оf loyers. The thin top qqoinst
J
eoch other. lond wos joined together.
lоуеr, whеrе we live, is colled the crust. Slowly, it broke up ond the
continents drifted oport.
Underneoth is о loyer of syrup-like rock
colled the montle, then on oiiter соrе of '--='€=,

molt91_,(1iqui{) J4:о_п ond nickel. A!*the

жх
cr solid,tron-ond*nicke1 соrё. "., i
',Фenftdjs
"--],. :;- -a- --,.

.4rч 200 million чеоrs cgo 1З5 million 9еоr5 о9о 10 miilion 9еоrs о9о
Eqrth's top lоуеr is
*,
mode up of giont -+Т*L**ч*-

ife-support sgstems pieces colled "plotes" ."'' _.

Eorth's otmosphere ond
These fit tcgether о
its surfqce wqter ploy
on importont role in bit like о jigsow, but
supporting life. Тhеу they're canstontly
help keep our plonet ot Y-]сопоеs
just,the right temperoture €,
-,&

.--,1ь Active
volconoes

Whot is the biggest oceQn on Eorth? ,uDаэо ]IJIэDd эчJ

Eorth cnd ýýос€
l
ýcience Rocks ona miп€rоlý

Rocks qnd Whot is о minerol?

А minerol is о solid thot occurs noturolly.

minerqls It is mode up of chemicols ond hos о crystol

structure. Minerols ore ечеrуwhеrе you look.
We use minerols to build cors qnd computers,
The Eqrth's crust is mode fertilize soil, qnd to cleon our teeth.
up of different rocks. Some
Rock solt is о minerol thot is
Gobbro is о

ff
spreod оп roods in ic9 wecther,

оf these сrre hord but others

Serpentine is
о minerol thot
rock thot is used
to moke kitchen
white mico is с minerol
thot gоu con Jind in sоrпе
lt mokes thе ice melt.
Minerols in 9очr
stone corvers surJoces ond kinds oJ toothposte. Feldspor
hоmе
оrе soft qnd crumbly. They Minerol mixtures
use to creote is used Jor
Jloors.
works oJ ort. glоziпg !в
Gronite rock is }Y,ita
ore formed in different woys.
rrt: !J'
ceromics. : : Holite SoIt is the minerol
mode up of different '
coloured minerqls. The Mico 1 * holite. We odd it to our

W
is

whot is о rock? Fossils in stones block minerol is mico, 9round up

ond used
.r, ; food for flqчоur.

А rock is formed from minerols. Fossils ore the the pink is feldspor, in Point. Quortz from sqnd is used

%
remoins or ond the 9re5r minerol to moke the silicon chips in

W
Most rocks ore mode up of different imprints of plonts is quortz.
Quortz
con olso
cqlculotors ond computers.
minerols, but some contoin just one. ond qnimols thot died
occur cs the
9emstone koolinite is used to mqkе
There ore thrее moin types of rock: millions оf yeors о9о, Сr9 stq ls cmeth9st. crockery. It is olso used to
о1\-//
igneous, sedimentory, qnd metomorphic. preserved in stone.
Minerols usuolly fоrm crystols.
moke рореr look glossy.

Crystols hove о пumЬеr of flot # Illite is о cloy minerqI

The rock cgcle ж
ffi
lgneous rock surfoces. The lorgest crystols ж,
:@ ond is used in terrocotto
Quortz pots ond bricks.
Over mопу yeors/ the rocks Igneous rocks оrе mqde sto loctites
fоrm when minerols in mоgmо or
when hot molten mоgmо
.f
Jorm in coves
in Eorth's crust groduolly Mico is used to mqkе
frоm the Eorth's interior tropped liquids cool чеrу slowly. over thousonds
glittery point ond
chonge frоm one type cools ond solidifies. some
oJ geors.
noil polish.
into onother. They ore hordens underground
tronsformed Ьу wind, like gronite. Some .
ы Grophite is the 'leod'

Wоtеr, pressu{e, qnd heot.

' ' .eruptý,first os lочq €
in pencils. It is rrlso
used iп bicycle Ыokes

Sеdiйепtоrg rock Metqmorphic rock

Rhodochrosite
Wind,ond wcter,wеоr sometimes rocks is о rose-coloured
,,roiks owoy.,Smol11 оrе crushed gemstone used
in jeweIlerg
PleCeS WoSh lnto
.I
underground, оr
the seo, These sёtllе
,
scorched Ьу hot
' into loyers, which mоgmо. Тhёп they
pock together to form mоу Ье tronsformed
sedimentory rocks, such into new rocks such os
os,}imestone qnd sqndstone. mcrble, slote, ond gneiss.

104 105
Which type of rос}с floats оп wgtеr? ,}DoI} uоэ ýэээтd aruos os /sэIqqпq JIn ч}тм рэIIтJ sI аэIIuпd
Ео rth and ýрс се scien се Shoping the lond

Shopirg the lond New islonds

some volconoes
ore hidden under
the seo. When they
Floods
Heovy roin mokes
rivers overflow,
cousing floods.
The surfqce оf our plonet печеr stops chongirg. Over erupt, they con give Floods hove
millions of yeors/ lond is slowly worn owcly Ьу wind, birth to whole new enormous роwеr
islonds, like Surtsey qnd con wreck
roin, ond rivers. Floods, volcqnoes, ond eorthquqkes in Icelqnd (left). buildings ond
cсrn chonge the shope of the lond i, just о few hours. Surtsey burst out re-shope the lond.
оf the seo in 1963, BeJore Jlood AJter Jlood
River power
The Grond Con5ron
formed очеr millions of
yeors os the Colorodo
l ],.fj
i; River slowly wore ечеr
ФыЕ deeper into the rock.
;.i -;.*;;-1.

Going underground
coves fоrm when roin
seeps underground qnd
HilIs of sond
:.r'"ý eqts owoy ot soft rock
In deserts, winds blow sond
ч йа" such qs limestone.
into hills colled dunes. In
,, some deserts thе dunes
Coosto l shopes Worn Ь9 wind
Strong winds сqп
,ъ, stretch for hundreds
Powerful woves shope lift sond оff the оf miles, forming о
"SQnd Seo".
the coostlines qround ground ond blost it
the world's oceqns. hord ogoinst rocks.

ffi
The rock is worn
Bcys fоrm where woves into strqnge shopes.
wеоr into qreos of softer
\у rock olong the coost. +j*
L--'*.:
-,:+
- - 1:=]a
::-

"+ a::| z _: a.*--

=-*=_:<-: - i:
=]
:

-=J.=,.#-*.:

W
f+-.;trr; :._::
.*!й*,. :-:'] Heodlonds qre oreqs of _,-: *, :;_ljj€
'
hоrdеr rock thot hqче not 1i-=1€.];=i;._:;*]

been worn сtwсty,

*_-,& seo orches fоrm when

Glociers qt work

trr wclves open up crocks Glqciers ore huge rivers оf ice

in heodlonds. thot flow slowly оff snowcopped
.ф mountqins. Broken rock sticks to

#l
Е-+ Seq stocks оrе pillors оf
rock left in the sеq qftеr
qп qrсh collopses.
the bottom оf the glocier, which
then weqrs owcly the lond like
sondpoper, corving out о deep,
U-shoped volley.

,ITI]&\DH uI DэпDIIх
1о7
whclt is the most octive volcqno on Еg.rth? }unolN
Eorth qnd ýросе science Soil
Soil Нчmчs
Logers in soil
Sizin9 чр soil
Different types of j . I1l
l, 1_1#-1 _,*о:
i,
soil erosion
when soil is formed
too much, its nutrients
Soil is the thin loyer of loose
..,*ее=,*"Ж
Soil builds up in soil hоче different 9et used up. The topsoil
l. . :..:a:.:-:a-.-a-+:

,.r* - -
' '';'=iilэ|:?Ё:y
moteriol on the lond. soil loyers очеr mоп\, sized porticles. "3 ,,-:-:?.::a,
_ blows or woshes owoy.
yeqrs. Plont roots Not mony plonts con
.:.]]:,]i:.
ij:.f.- ,

&
contqins minerols, oir, woter, grow in the topsoi},
l i].1};;:jE!-l;]:i ;!]i: i1.!n
survive in these oreos
,Нi:.:";ilжl,
ond decoyirg orgсrnic motter. which is generqllr,
without the rich topsoil.

# helps keep soil

Topsoil the richest in plont
:ъър#lWl Heolthg hчmчs food. The lower ?\оl}фiП9 i fuozu
*н}1**}":{ж. l
loyers оrе rocky.
1

Humus is q dqrk,
F;ъ _
*,f
rich substqnce
mode up of rotting
plont roots do
not rеqсh this for
,*ffiЁi:",*; Ploughing breoks up soil,
to stop it getting hord
ond solid. This helps
сrорs grоw more eosilg.
plonts ond onimols down in the soil.
(colled "orgonic
mo"tter"). It contqins
lots of nutrients,
which plonts need
to grow.

wlэаt is cr scientist who studies soil cgiled? ,1sTбolopad

Eorth and ýросе ýcience Resourceý in the grочпd

Re Sоurсе S in the grоuц.+:**.li!

Getting gos
Moking 9loss
Gos is only found in certoin h
Glqss is mode Ьу melting
ploces. То get it to where it is !r
together sond, sodo osh, ond
Тhе ground holds mопу useful things, People drill
needed, it is fed through vеrу
long pipes, or chonged into
ground limestone. People blow
frоm fuels like cool ond oil, to drinking holes to
extrcct oiI liquid ond put in speciol ships.
or mqсhiпе press the red-hot
minerol mixture into different
woter, qnd building moteriqls. These . ond gos

Jrоm deep shopes thot set hord ond

voluo_ble items сtrе known сts resources clec.r qs the gloss cools.
under. the

ond we ho.ve du9, drilled, ond

Gloss bottles ore shoped
Jrom molten gloss.

seorched for them for mqпу yeqrs.

] Metql vorietg
Extrqcting metols piffe.ent metol resources
Finding fuels Most metols ore found
j

l hove different uses.

Oil ond gсrs qre often found in pockets deep .
underground os minerqls
underground. Sometimes, these сtre even in rocks colled ores. Giont Аlчmiпiцm is о soft
,irrcihines di9 up the ore. The
below the seobed. Cocl develops closer metq] is extrocted, оr token
metol usеd to mqke cons,
oircroft, ond сqr bodies.
to the surfoce in loyers colled seoms. ' ,,,,

,out, from the ore using heqt.

Gold is rqrе qnd looks
qllrqсtiче, so it is often
Deep drilling
used to moke jewelJery.
Oil rigs for outl,
ot seo use hu* Iron is strong. It is used
drills to ext to moke steel fоr ships,
the liquid оil.,,.Ё buildings, ond pylons.
frоm the grouna- *:-i .й
Сорреr conducts
Cool is solid ond",' '' 'ф1
is du9 оut in
щ."5 electricity ond is used
, to moke е]есlriсо] wires.
..фffi
mines оr pits.
'W
1, .,,.:;].] . ,i:

:,1Il
фý,;,',ýtаU.П ,

110," ,ITo
111
Which underground resource ore plcrstics mode from?
 @с.,
ý*еtе"..фЁ* .,.,." J €,gp#*# fii4ifr trgЪ** ,.:::,:.:.i-,,.
l* ý
Ггеýrъ gnd ýfi&U WffЕеr
m*

solt wo.ter
ьы. Б fё {,од *Е

Fresh ond world's oceons are solty

Eorth is often colled the blue plonet Freshwoter sources
becouse 75 реr cent of its surfoce is People get fresh woter
covered in wqter. Most of the Eorth's frоm different sources
on Eorth's surfoce,
wqter is solt woter in the oceсlns.
including rivers, streoms,
Less thqn one реr cent оf o1l the lokes, crnd reservoirs.
woter on Eorth is fresh. Rivers ond strеqms flow
from mоuпtqiпs down to
'The hgdrosphere the, ос,еqпs.
T}re
Soltg seqs
The Deod Seo
contoins so much solt
becouse they contoin о lot of
dissolved chemicols thot scientists /q:
thot peopIe con just
Jloot оп the surJoce.
cqll solts. Drinking woter olso
contqins solts, but only in smoll
omounts, so you con't tqste them.
}
Ё

Lckes оrе notural dips }

ý.
= Get mчсk У
The hydrosphere is the in thе Eort-lr whеrе
пOmе fоr о11 the woter ,r"
" ':,|)!

\,yqter collects. ,э
оп Eorth. It includes Surviving in solt woter о,
Reservoirs clt,c nrorl-modc Put оп egg iп о gloss oJ
, ]""""l,]l
oCeOnS, rivers, ond Iol<es tllot сlгс built tcl
Countless clt]iTrlqls livc in woter.
wоtеr. The egg wi[[ sink.
* They dclrl't с]riпk, but tokc woter
'_* lokes. It olso includes Store ц,оtсг,
into thеir btlclres rn othcr цIclvs.
Stort stirri.пg iп solt unti[
: ,.r:_,. wc.ter thqt is frozen, Fish oftell ctbsorb \votcr os it
the egg rises The egg wil,t
'i**, " r,r,oshes in crrld out оf their 9ills.
eventuolly J[oot Ьесоusе
such os icebergs. Tropped in ice solt wоtеr is denser than
Sqlt-wotcr Гish obsorb опlу
*
Lcss thon З3 per cent оf fresh о little оГ tIle solt. Jresh woter.
ы
{
:
ý woter is usoble Ьу humons.
The rest is frоzеп in g}ociers
Е

Y
or icebergs (below), or qs
i huge sheets оf ice ot the
North ond South poles.
l

,е,
ý

Ё
, аЁ&€ъ
жt t

Estuorg life
&i j
ý
f, €
An estuory is the wide port оf о rivcr where
it neors the seo. when the tide comes in,
Woter for lф solt woter flows into the estuory. W}ren the
А11 onimols - ond most other living things - must hove tide goes out, the estuory contoins mostly
wqter to survive. In mqmmоls, including humons, wqter fresh woter from the river or streom thot
is port of the blood ond оf orgons such os the s]<in ond
l:,
re

g flows into it. Mongrove trees like these ore

ll bro,in. Тhеrе is wo,ter in every cell in your body! oble to live in the chonging estuory woter.

112
Ноw lnut,ll оГ з,оur, lrtldy is rvoTt,r,?
, ,Jэ}D1ul
}rтаэ ,rэd 99 {1аlоurтхолddrэ sr
п.1
ipoq Jпол
т€
 ' , ,, ,,' ;Li

Groundwqter
In the woter cycle, some
woter seeps underground,
where it collects in rocks Using wqter
Woter is constontly on the move, qnd sometimes forms Fresh wоtеr is
between oceons/ lqnd, oir, ond rivers. pools in cqves. Some tropped in reservoirs
qnd then piped to
This movement is colled the woter сусlе. groundwqter is pumped
up ond used for drinking homes, businesses,
or irrigotion. qnd forms. when
you turn on о
top, the wqter
thqt comes out
Woter JolIs
os rcin Jrom
when this woter hos Ьееп on q
clouds. vopour Jloots high in long journey!
the skg, it condenses

woter heoted
Ьg the Sun
evoporotes. lt
chonges Jrom
liquid to vopour

Soving wbter
тhеrе is о lim-ited omount
of fresh woter on Eorth.
N оtчrо l If we wont to yroke sure
rec9cling there's епоu9h to 9о
Тhе wqter cycle is the Domp ground oround/ it's importqnt
wetlonds fоrm on lond in qreos where fresh wqter
ljourney wqter mokes os it \ does not droin о\yо\I. They provide о hоmе for mony
thot everyone usgs less.
lmoves from the oir to the lond, wqter-loving plonts, birds, onimols, ond fish. Тчrп off tcps when you
into the seos, ond bock into
the oir ogoin.
Drought
When verl,- little
#\ finish brushing.your teeth

roin fqlls, experts Flush the toilet only when

..

:.

coll this о drought. necessory. Some tgilets

On the drg side ъу
r-, hqче two flush cofrtrols.
Droughts do поt ýr
isture-loden seo qir hqs to rise оссur onlг in Don't ruп the dishwosher
hen it hits о coostql mountqin. deserts - on}- oreo when it's holf emptji
., Since oir cools qs it rises, oll thot gets muсh less - woit until it'S full.
the moisture condenses into roin thon usuo] is
Ёilfiiп. So, on the other side of the Tcke о shower insteqd
soid to Ье sufferinq "+{Ъ'
L./
of о both. Showering uses
,,:| mountoin, no roin fqlls - this frоm drouqht, 'Tl muсh less wqter.
oreo is colled о rqinshodow. +

114
Whot is electricity generoted Ьу running wcter colled?
Eorth ond S qсе sclence
a
The atmosphere

Light spectoculor Iл
е
lл
Sunlight сqп creote ц
lл
dozzling effects qs it о
Е
strikes the otmosphere ц
lл

ond is scottered Ьу oir,

woter, qnd dust.

Ф l;iт*:т;#т:Ж+Т
;J!p The sky iooks biue оп сiеоr
dovs becouse оir molecules
scotter Ыuе light the most.

At sunset qnd sunrise, dust

ond hozy cloud in the oir lл
turп the sky оrопgе qnd red. е
lл
ц
|л
Moving wqter о
|л
1л
The otmosphere is olwoys swirling qround, Е
ds push оп the,
цJ
ц
lл
л
lл
о
F

Y
ц
F
|л

{ 1л
i1.
ц
tл
.ý;\- д
r
vl
о
ц
о
ц
F

116 ,(sэlтrrr 117

How for up from the ground does spoce officiolly begin? zg) ш>I оот
 ýрасе ýсlеп€е
о

:1]::l;-,.:],.]l:,] ]i:.,::-],,;].,], .,.

Wеоthеr
Wildf rеS,'
';];:|ý]],riii]'':|]r],]I'.].|.|.a].
ii:Kiteý ýtоч high in the оir
the wind,, Long реtтб,ýffi
;!i:ri]]!]q]]]:::|].]:]:.]i|],..]': l:]
...
lii];1r:]]:]]i:1,].]1.:,:i,:],] ]:,]]
:rtýlr}l1,1i],:lii]:-:.];l]:i,]:.]
'n'n,
con mсrke p}ci,ný,
:"
:.:],.

;il]iýl:i]:ii]:]:].:.i],]]:: .i:.

il:
]_.].],]]

]ili]i].l{iiir:].l;]i|i:i.i :.., \ they cotch fire ес

;]i:ili::;i;i:::]l-:]:; ;1 :,] ] .
]
Iightning.,T.b.,ý ,||a,..:i|l

wildfire'thýfi:,ýý*
.
_a._

i]:]l!]ig]a j]]aliill1]::]].]. :l,

,,]. ,Ia*dr ]r1]..,__,]:]:.]] ,

}ýiiёi!ý];:jl,:,],]i:i,"
ý*:iira!l]airr!.i',]
] .
]]],i] ]];i]]i.: l
1}&}fi 1;a.|а1].. :]]ii]::, ;]i: ]:

liJ " l l ._.

iýýiýpýrr,,ж

electricity builds up in cloudg,,,..,*

The electricity is creoted whеп.,iФ.'..,....
crystols in the clouds rub oga$ý.
eoch other. А bolt of lightФ,i:ij
heots the oir qround it so qui,ýý}
thot the oir explodes, creotii_ф!

PTedicting the weother

:weother forecosters look ot
},pictures beomed bock frоm
weqther sqteilites. Computers ^#-'*
--J F'
Wind is moving oir
oir rises ond соо1
then help forecosters work
This movement is'й
оut whqt the weother is
mqkes the wind Ь
,9oin9 to Ье like over the
next few doys.

dogs Twisterýfi
when Тоrпо
rISeS (twistefl
then whirliпgi' Оl. yhqЙ
of win,d,, l,u,,ra
beneoth,, Hoilstones соп grоw to
I
thundeiel$ ье епоrmоus in certoin
Тhе fieTCe conditions. The biggest
сqп do hoilstone weighed
domoge, alig 1 k9 (2 lЬ) ond wos
funnel con,stit оvеr 40 cm (] б in)
up debris like,, о cross !

gigontic vcrcu
cleoner.

118 ,орl]u;*э 1 ýl]ч} y

Which is biqger; q tornad* *r а hurriсапс? "ааýSтq ýэ{ý{} Js ýрLтI}ý{iФч} ýl эl{l}}{JJýr{
Eorth ond ý,рqсе sclence
a
The епеr9g crisis
cleoner cors
Thееnеr9yсrisis*-к*r*Н:,.jHJJ"*Т'"o',БiМokingodifiеrenсe
ё-
ond produce There qrе lots of smoll

ъW
}-З

i:T::iTж:'
ore looking for
лl+л-_ л+i--лл +л *л+-лl : Тlr:":":
r eýi ei
Е
hуdrоgеп gos, qnd
burn hydrogen
Ьurп
- only
ond only Е-\ holidoy, rеmеmьеr йоt
дlte]native
we need to find sources
energg
of give ofi wоtЪr.
:
: lE E]j}.ffl1#:.БH:.

sunli9ht,wind,ondwovеs.stopglobolwormin9,Зз-:;*':-
we mоу hove to : ffi D,on,] throw owoy gloss,

.i:':;rj?:,'.;i!il{ilýt};1ii*;,

,ч1 , Tcke your own bogs when

?l ,о" 9о shopping. Moking
plostic bogs tokes energy.

Energg-soving homes

lllj-
wind turbines to generote
'Ъ;fiJ*,ц,}L!*
Н:Ъi",fuжgi i ýý.'::**;t'#"",{ш:
епеr9у is needed to , '*n
house.
-"-'JJ : . * Ask
fr,SIL your
yulrr porents
PLrrcrrls obout
uuuцt
heot the i'. ,*
'-

i}'.XýiT"*iiji,rJl"o,"n
Ifyou get cold, put on о
То reduce the епеr99 used in :Ж jumper insteod of turning
:T,Ti::i:Ho.;,:;;T.l1;l,, :Щ ,pyo",heoting,

,обо sлоэd 121

whot ore fossil fuels mode ofl зо suотшIш рэлII }Dч] sIDIuIuD рuD s].uDld Jo suIDшаJ ачI
Reference section
Glossory
ottroction The force thot
pushes things together. The
opposite ends ("poles") оf two
mognets qttroct еосh other,
bocteriq Tiny one-celled
creotures found qll oround
us. Some bocterio ore good,
but others couse diseose.
biofuel Fuеl mode frоm
the remoins of living things.
Wood ond biogos mode
frоm onimq.l droppings
qrе both biofuels.
corbohgdrqte Along with
fots ond proteins, energy-rich
corbohydrotes like sugor ond
stqrch ore one of the three
mojor fооd groups.
cqrnivore An onimol thot
eots only meqt, Lions,
wolves, shqrks, ond
crocodiles ore cqrnivores.
cqrrion The remoins оf
deod onimols thot other
onimols eot.
chlorophgll The pigment
in plonts thot gives them
their green colour.
circuit А loop thot on electric
current trovels oround.
соmрочпd А chemicol
mode when two or
122
whot word means the noturql wоrld oll oround us?
mоrе elements ore joined
Ьу о chemicql reoction.
continent one of Eorth's
huge lond mosses, like Asio.
There сtrе seven continents.
electromo9net А powerful
mognet creoted Ьу о flow оf
electricity through q coil.
endorphins Brqin chemicols
thot moke you feel hoppy
qnd reduce poin.
erosion Weoring owoy Ьу
wind or woter.
estuorg The wide port оf о
river where it meets the seq.
fertilizotion А process in
which the mole qnd fеmqlе
qnimol
ports оf on or plont
join together to reproduce.
force А push or о pull.
Grovity is the fоrсе thot
keeps you on the ground.
fossil fuels Fuels thot
come from the
ond оrе the
,"{ud,-
,,l , J,
remoins оf living things. Сс:_
oil, qnd gos сrre qll fossil fu--:
genes Tiny chemicol uni:s
holding the informotion thc;
mqkes you who you ore.
globol worming The slow
rise in очеrO9е temperotures
qround the world.
hqbitot Тhе ploce where
group of qnimqls qnd plonts
live, such qs q desert оr pork.
herbivore An onimol thot
eots only plonts. Cows,
koolos, ond elephonts
ore herbivores.
invertebrotes Animols thot
don't hove о bockbone.
loborotorg А ploce where
scientists соrrу out their
experiments.
Iimestone Rock mode from
onimol shells built up in loyers
over thousonds оf yeors.
migrotion The movement
оf onimqls, роrtiсulоrlу birds,
frоm one ploce to onother to
find food or wqrmth.
mixture Two оr mоrе
combined substqnces thot
ore not joined chemicolly.
nerves Threqds оf tissue
thot соrrу high-speed
о signols qrоuпd the body.
nutrients Foods or chemicols
thot о plont or qnimol needs
in оrdеr to live ond grow.
omnivore An qnimol thot
eots both mеqt ond plonts.
Pigs, beors, ond humons
оrе omnivores.
orbit The poth token Ьу
on object in spoce os it moves
oround onother object.
ores Minerols thot ore
importont sources of metqls.
оrgqп А group оf tissues
thqt fоrm о body port
}
kъ*
_,!р
\
э,
}
) hove о bqckbone.
t
ф...+.
#-fu
designed fоr о specific job.
The hеqrt is on orgon.
orgonic mqtter Тhе
remoins оf deod plonts ond
onimols. Orgonic mqtter is qп
importont port оf soil becouse
it contoins lots of nutrients.
orgonism А
living thing
- plont or qnimol
- thot hos о
number of ports
working together
os с whole.
porosite А hormful orgonism
thot lives on or inside onother
plont оr onimol.
porticle А very, very smoll
bit оf mo.tter, such os on qtom
or о molecule.
repulsion The fоrсе thot
pulls objects oport. The some
ends ("poles") оf two mognets
rере1 eoch other.
reservoir А ploce
where
woter is collected ond stored.
sotellite А noturolor
mqn-mode object thot
moves oround
onother
,JUЭЦIUОJIЛUЕ
Glo-ssorg
object. The Moon is Eorth's
noturol sotellite. Mon-mqde
sotellites circle the Eorth qnd
send bock informqtion on
things like weother.
species А porticulor kind
оf plont or qnimol such os
lions or giroffes.
spore А speciol
сеII mode Ьу
orgonisms such os
fungi. Spores cqn grоw
into new orgonisms.
temperoture The mеqsurе
оf how hot оr cold things ore.
tissue А group оf cells
thot look ond qct the some.
Muscle is о type of tissue.
troits The feotures obout
you thot ore decided Ьу
уоur genes.
tronspirotion
The
evoporotion оf woter frоm
о plont into the otmosphere.
чосччm А ploce whеrе
thеrе is nothing, not even oir.
vertebrqe The bones thot
link together to fоrm on
onimol's bockbone оr spine.
vertebrotes Animols thot
12з
 **.r lW lndEx

Index
corbohydrotes, З9,4|, cool, 76, L|0 electricol energy/ '7З, 74, 75 grosslonds, 45, 46 lightning, 7З, 77, |L9
50 colour blindness, 3З energy chonges, 74 75 grovity, 88, 9l, 98 limestone, 104, 106
соrЬоп dioxide, з7, 48, comets, 98,99 energy woves, 80-81 greenhouse effect, lIб liquids, 52, 54,56, бО, 60, 84
49, ||6 compounds,66,67 heot energy,72,74,75, greenhouse goses, 120 liver, 38
oir, 53, 87, 108, 109,
l14, 116, LI7 сqrЬоп, 48, concrete, 7l, 11I 86-87 groundwoter, 115 lungs, З6, З7
olloy, 66 49,5о, condensotion, 56, бl light епеrgу, 72, 74, 82-8З
oluminium, бЗ, 65, IIl 6|,62,6з conductors, 54, 62,77, 87 movement (kinetic) energy/ hqbitots, 44, 47 mochines, 92-9з
omphibions, 28, 29 constellotions, 97 7з,74,75 hoil, l18, l19 Moglev troins, 79
continents, 103 nucleor energy, 59,7З, J-2O holite, 105 mоgmо, l03, 104
onimqls, |4, 26-27, 28-29,
convection, 87 soving епеr9у, 75 hologens, бЗ, 65 mognetism, 78*79
30-3l,, 42, 4з, 44, 45,46,
copper/ 63, 111 sound energy/ 74,84-85 heolth, |з, 40-4], mo.mmqls, 28, З0, ЗI, II2
47, 50, 5|, 72, 82, I08, Il2,
IIб crystols, 60, 105 stored епеrgу,72 heoring, 84, 85 Mors, 98,99
estuories, I I3 heort, 36 mqteriqls,70-7I
соmmuпiсаtiоп, 27
food, 26, 47, 48 Deod Seq, 66, 1IЗ evoporotion, 57 , 6|, 67 heot, 86-87 motter, 52-5З, 54-55, 56-57
movement, 26 deserts, 2з,45, I07 exercise, 4О, 4| helium, бЗ
reproduction, 27, diqmonds, 61 herbivores,26, 42
30-31 digestion, З8-З9,4О flfots, з9, 40 humus, l08
qrteries, 36 dinosours, 51 ff fo,rtt lines, I0З hunting, 46
ostronouts, 10I diseoses, I3, l7, 18 -l- ferns,2l hydrogen, 97
otmosphere, 52, 99, distillotion, 67 filtrqtion, 67 hydrosphere, l12
|02, L|6-l-L7, DNA, з2 fish, 28,29, 3I, 1lЗ hygiene, 42
drought, 1l5 Fleming, Sir Alexonder, 19
120
floods, 106, 107 ice, 56, 57, 106, |L2,
otoms, 58-59,
60-61, 62, бз,7з ,ý
'-*:]: Eqrth, 52, 88,94,96, food, 39,40, 48, |2| II9
ы.
tr& 9"7, 98,99, 100, 101, food сhоiпs,42*4З infrored woves, 80, 86
. .,,4ir;€r;,,],.
102-t03, |04, |06, L|2, forces, 78, 88-89, 9b9l, 92,9З inheritonce, З2-ЗЗ
т\ bockbone, 14, з4
,
. !зý€:,r,

'-цi;,...
I14, 1|6, |L7 fossil fuels, 5L,72, L20 insects, 29
К, bo.rerio, 16, 48,'7о
L) ы,g ъапg, ч+ crust, l02, I03, I04 fossils, l04 insulqtors, 54,7'7
birds, 28,29, ЗI, 87 $;, mognetic field, 78 freezing, 57, 60 intestines, З8, З9
block holes, 97 structure, l02-103 fruit, 25,40 invertebrotes, |4, 28, 29
eorthquokes, I0З fungi, I5, l8-19, 42 iron, 56, бЗ, 67, |02,
blood, з6, З6, l|2
bones, з4,84
eorthworms, 42,49, lO9 ttt
breothing, З'7, 49, |Lб corbon cycle, 50-5l echoes, 85 Г| qqloxies, 94,9j
butterflies, ЗI cqrnivores,26, 4З eclipses, I0l 1 ]qo--o roys, 8r joints, З5
cotkins, 24 ecosystems, 44-45 \-l 9оr.r, 52,5З,56, бL, Jupiter,
coves, 106 electricity, 12,'7З, 7 6-77, LLg 84,110, IIl, I16 98, 99
cells, |4, 16, L7, electric circuits, 77 geors, 92 kidneys, 39
з2 stqtic electricity, 77, 89 genes, З2, З3
chlorine, бз, 65 electromognets, 79 glociers, i06, l12 lokes, 44,
chlorophyl|,22 elements, 62-6З, 64-65, 66 gloss, l11 ll2
chromosomes, З2 elephonts, З0, З|, 47 globol worming, 120 leqd, 65
climqte, 44,45 energy/ 72-73, 7 4-75, 76, 80-81 gold, 63, 64, 111 levers, 92
clouds, 7з, |l8, I19 chemicol energy/ 72,74 grophite, 61, l05 light, 8I, 82_83

124
R Ё.settiýii'., |'ýý1',],,..
medicine, I9 moulds, 15, I8, 19 reproduction, 24-25 skeleton, З4 tronspirotion, 2З
melting, 57, 60 mountqins, 45, l0З, 106, l14 plosmo, З6,52 skull, З4 tronsport, |З, 76
Mercury, 99 mouth, З8 plostic, l2 sleep, 41 truffles, 19
mеrсurу/ 56, бЗ muscles, 26, 34, З5 polor regions, 44, LL2 snow, I ],8 tundrq, 44
metols, 56,62,6З, 64, 65, 66, mushrooms, 15, l8 роIl,еп,24 sodium, 64 twins, 3З
1I1 proteins, З9 soil, 42, 45, 51, 108-t09
meteors, 99 nebuloe, 96 pulleys, 93 soil erosion, l09 ultroviolet
microscopes, l1, 16 neon, б5 Solor System, 94,95, 98-99, roys, 81
microwoves, 80 Neptune, 98,99 rodiotion, 86 L02 Universe,
migrotion, 47 nerves, 26,84 rodio woves, 80 solids, 52, 56, 57, 84 94-95
minerqls, З9, 104-105, 108, Newton, Sir Isoqc, 90 roin, 106, l14, |I5, 11Е sound, 84-85 Uronus, 98,99
1tI nickel, 64, I02 I19 speed, 91
mixtures, 66, 67 nitrogen, 48, 49, ||6 roinforests, 21 stors, 96-97, 98
Mohs, Friedrich, 55 nitrogen cycle, 48 reo.ctions, 68-69 stomoch, З8 voccinotions, 17
molecules, 58, 59, 60-61 nutrients, 18, З8, 42, |09 chemicol reoctions, 66, storms, 7З, II9 vegetobles, 40
Moon, 88, 100-10I nylon, 70 68-69,70,7| sulphur, бЗ veins, Зб
moss, 21 reoding, 41 Suп, 22, 42, 72, 78, 86, 88, 96,velocity, 9I
motion, 90-9I oceons/ 44, LL2, ILЗ, reflections, 83 97,9в,99, 100, 101, l02, 116, Venus, 99
t14 rерrоduсtiоп, 24-25, ЗО-ЗI, З2 I|7, |I8, l20 vertebrqtes, ),4,28
oesophogus, З8 reptiles, 28, ЗL supernovoe,96 viruses, 17
oil, 50, 76, |l0, l20 reservoirs, ||2, |L5 suspension, 66 vitomins, З9
omnivores, 26 resources, II0-III volconoes, 55, I03, I06, 107

W
orgonisms, L4, 45, 47 ribcoge, З4 tqste, 39
oxygen, З6, З7,48,49, rivers, 44, |о6, ||2, ||4 Teflon, 12 woter, 4О,48,49,
50, l|6, ||7 rocks, I04-I05, 106, 107 thunder, 7з, I|9 52,58,72,87,89,
oxygen cycle, 49 igneous rock, 104 tides, ],00 l08, 109, ll0,
ozone loyer, Ilб metomorphic rock, I04 tin, б5 l t2-113
rock сусlе, l04 titonium, бЗ,64 soving woter, l l5
pengu}nS/ sedimentory rock, 104 toodstools, 15, 18 seo wqter, 66
з1,87 rust,7I tornodoes, ll9 woter сусlе, l l4-1 15
peniciilin, wqter vopour/ 56, 57
19 solts,66, l13 woves, 106
-,|,
Periodic Toble, sond dunes, 107 weother, l I8-I19
'"i 62-6з sqtellites, 13, l18 wetlonds, l l5
pewter, 66 Sqturn, 99 wheels, 92
photosynthesis, 22, scovengers, 4З wind, 72, IO7 , l18, l L9, L20
.'] ,ý

ае@
49 screws, 93
' plones, 93 seoshores, 45
plonets, 98-99
plonts, 15, 17 , 20-2|, 22-
seqweed, 20
seporotion,67 ч9 ла XYZ;;#r,:,T
2з, 24-25, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, shodows, 82 е€
48,49,50, 5I, l08, I09, llб sight, 8З Yл
а, ý9
сJе
Molecule lottice food, 22,2З, 48 silver, 62, 64

126 127
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90br; Photolibrory: li5c; BononoStock 62Ы;
Brond Х 33сlq; Corbis З3tr; Pou] Коу/ОSF 20tr;
Photodisc 56Ьс, li9Ы; Horold Toylor 43Ы;
PunchStock: Digitol Vision 3lU Science Photo
LiЬrory: l8cr, 80br, 80-81, t 16-1I7c; Somuel
Ashfield lбс; BSIP, Chossenet 83tc, 83tl; Dr Jeremy
Burgess lltl; John Durhom ]9tr; Bernhord Edmoier
I0ЗtI; Vоughоп Flemlng 95cr, l05Ы; Simon Frоsеr
79cl; Mork Gorlick 96-97со, 97tr; Gordon Gorrodd
96Ьс; Adom Goult 17cI; Steve Gschmeissner z2lri
Heolth Protection Agency 8lbr; Gory Hincks Ilбbl;
Edword Kinsmon 69br; Ted ICnsmon 7bl; Mehou
Kulyk 32cr; G Brod Lewis 55Ьr; Dr Kori Lounotmoo
49сr; Dovid Mock lбЬ]; Chris Modeley 78сr; Dr Р
Morozzi З8tl; Andrew J Mortinez 100Ьс, l00br;
Tony McConnell 73cr, 86сr; Astrid & Honns-Frieder
Michler I4c; Mork Miller 17fcl, I7tc, 17tl; Cordelio
Molloy 78bl; NASA 95Ы, t 17с; Notionol Concer
Institute 36l; NREL/US DePortment of EneTgy 54br;
Philippe Psoilo 9Ьс; Rosenfe]d Imoges Ltd 67tl;
Frопсоisе Souze 82Ы; Korsten Schneider 1iбЬr;
Science Source l9tl; SPL 38bl; Andrew Syred 32с;
Sheilo Теrrу tO9cl; US Geologicol Survey 8Ьr; Geoff
Wil]iqms 75cr; Dr Mork J Winter 53cro, 59cr;
Shutterstock:2hoppy 64br; Дdisо 12Ic; Дlfgоr
79br; olle 24сЬ, 28t|; Andresi 7сr; AРollofoto 1I5Ы;
Mott Apps I06cIb; Andrey Armyogov 9cro, 58bl;
orkhon Aslonov I3tl; Loro Bolrett 26Ь]; Diego
Borucco l0ltr; Giovonni Benintende 5t,
96-97с; Cloudio Bertoloni 7Ьr, 8Itr; Мirсео
Bezergheonu ll8-119tl; Murot Boylu 58сЬ, 64crb; Т
Brodford 66tr; Melisso Brondes l04c; КоrеI Вrой
l4br; Buquet 37cl; Vlodyslov Byelov 66bl; Michoel
Byrne 12Ь; Сhеrуl Cosey 32сЬ; Williom Cosey 4cr;
cbpix l I3c; Апdrой Ceror 63cl; Bonito R Cheshier
60tr; Stephen Coburn 1I2-I13cb; doni 92026 I;
digitolife 4-5, 25clo, |22-|2' Pichugin Dmitry 4bl,
26-27 сЬ, 54clb, 107сr, I I2-1 13co; Denis Dryoshkin
19сr; Neo Edmund 29crb; Alon Egginton 86с; Stosys
Eidiejus 88tI; ELEN 56-57; Christopher Ewing 9сr;
ExoМedio Photogrophy 12Otr; Mortin Fischer
Il9сrо; Flоshоп Studio 68bl; martiin fiuidworkshop
82tl; Mork Gobrenyo 2-ЗЬ,22-2ЗсЬ; Joe Gou9h 48l;
Grovicopo 67tr; Julien Grondin 5с; дdоm Gryko
48r,49l; Рёtеr Gudel1o 83clb; Bortosz Hodynlok
75cl; Jubol Horshow 22Ы; Rose Hoyes 47tc;
Johonn Hoymon 42tr; Ноппаh Morioh/Borboro
scientists use
sPeciol 9loss
contoiners thot
соп withstond
hi9h temPerotures,
Helgoson 7ltc; Ноmе Studio 60Ь
Howey 86, 120t1; Sebostion Kou
]8сЬ, 39bl; Eric Isselбe 28Ы; То;
64clb; Jhoz Photogrophy 73Ы; l
Goil Johnson 43tr; Kqmeel4u 77,
Kennedy 27tr; Stephon Кеrkhоfi
Кhооп 37Ы; Kmitu 40Ы; Dmitry
Тоmоrо Kulikovo 62сЬ, I00Ы, ]
Louzumo 42-4З: Le Loflt l91I 67
LeBouTillier 7 3br, 92tr; Fronciscr
11lЫ; Loriso Lofitskoyo 25cr; l
Robyn Mockenzie 69tl; Blozej N
Hougoord Mo]on 22-23 (bockgr,
Mormion 3ЗЬr; Potricio Morroq
l4cr; Morek Mnich 69tc; Jurioh
Mulcohy 73tl; Ted Nod 76tr; Ко
Cees NооU 60bl; Thomos Nord l
O]oson 44Ы; oorko l20cr; Orien
I5tr; pondopow 28cl; Anito Pot
7Зtr, 82tr; Losevsky Povel 80t; ;
PhotoСreote IlcI; Jeleno Popic 5
М Powers JOtr; Lee Prince 77cr;
rpixs 92-9Зс; Sondro Ruglno lll
Izookos Sopiro 78Ы; Kirill Sove
Schweitzer l2c; Serp 2],cr,7|lr;
l l }Ы; Konworjit Sin9h Bopcroi
Smichkov I14c1; Corolino К Smi
ultimothule 59tl; Snowleopordl
Solodovnikovo 21Ьr, 2Icro; stec
63br; Jomes Steidl 8tl; teekoyget
I9or Terekhov l2сrо; Leoh-Annr
Mr Topceor 86bl; Тrоmреr l08r
RоЬеrt Poul чоп Beets 8Ьс; Spec
Li Wo 8с; Lindo Webb бсrо; R'
Il7cri Grzegorz Wolczyk 63cr; I
Jurgen Ziewe бЬr, 95crb, 98-99,
SuperStock: о9е fotostock I0Ы
Jocket imc9es: Frолr: iStockp,
Dinev Ы; Jon Kojiciok Ьс. Spin
com: Serdor Yo9ci t
AIl other imoges О Dorling Kinr
Fоr further informotion see: wv