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ECE440 MW Chapter - 2 - EM Plane Wave Propagation PDF
ECE440 MW Chapter - 2 - EM Plane Wave Propagation PDF
Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Plane Wave Propagation
Example 2.1
Express Ey(z, t) =0.5 cos (2x109t – 30z + 60o) V/m as a phasor.
Solution:
Step #1: Write the exponential notation or equation as:
9 o
Ey(z, t) = Re[0.5 e j(2x10 t – 30z + 60 ) ]
9
Step #2: drop Re and suppress ej2x10 t to obtaining the phasor:
o
Eys(z) = 0.5 e(- j 30z + j 60 )
• Note that Ey is real, but Eys is in general complex.
• Note also that a mixed nomenclature is commonly used for the angle; that is,
30z is in radians, while 30o is in degrees.
• Equations (2.10) and (2.11) constitute two equations for the two unknowns
and as follows:
1. Take the Curl operator of both sides of (2.10), we have:
xxE j oxH (2.12)
2
2. Apply the curl identity described in Eq.(A.5) we have: E (.E ) xxE
2
2
2
xxE (.E ) E 0 E E (2.13)
Solution
We begin by constructing the general Phasor expression, Eq. (2.18):
o
(z) = [100âx + 20ej30 ây] e-jk0z
The real instantaneous form is then found through the rule expressed in Eq.
(2.7):
o
(z, t) = Re[100e –j0.21z e j2πx107 âx + 20e j30 e –j0.21z e j2π x107 ây]
o
= Re[100e j(2π x 107t – 0.21z) âx + 20e j(2π x 107t – 0.21z – 30 ) ây]
= 100 cos (2π x107t –0.21z) âx + 20 cos (2π x107t – 0.21z +30o) ây
o o 4 x10 7 2 2
o 144 x10
k0 o 10 9 / 36
120 377
18 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
Example 2.3
A uniform
plane wave in free space its electric field intensity is given by:
E 0.8 cos(2x108 t ko y )aˆ z V/m. Find:
a) The propagation constant, ko. b) The wavelength, λ.
c) The magnetic field intensity, | H | at the point P(0.1, 1.5, 0.4) at t = 8 ns.
Fig.2.5 (c) Relation between E and H field vectors and the direction of propagation, z.
21 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
Example 2.4 The electric field in free space is given by:
E 50 cos(108 t k o x) aˆ y V / m
(a) Find the direction of wave propagation.
(b) Calculate ko and the time it takes to travel a distance of λ /2.
(c) Sketch the wave at t = 0, T/4, and T/2.
Solution
(a) From the positive sign in (ωt + kox), we infer that the wave is propagating
along the –ve x direction (- âx).
(b) In free space, vp = c. From (2.21), we have:
108 1
vp c ko 8
0.333 rad / m
ko c 3x10 3
Since the wave is traveling at the speed of light c, we have:
2 / ko 6
ct1 t1 8
31.42 ns
2 2c 2c 2 x3 x10
22 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.3 Plane Wave Solution in a Lossless Medium (continued)
2.3.3 Basic plane wave parameters (continued)
Example 2.4 Solution:
(c) As discussed before:
at t 0 E y 50 cos(t ko x) 50 cos(ko x) V / m
2
at t T / 4 E y 50 cos(t k o x) 50 cos( ko x)
4
50 cos(k o x / 2) 50 sin( ko x) V / m
2
at t T / 2 E y 50 cos(t ko x) 50 cos( ko x)
2
50 cos(ko x ) 50 cos(ko x) V / m
• Ey at t = 0, T/4 and T/2 is plotted against x as shown in Fig. 2.6. Notice that a
point P (arbitrarily selected) on the wave moves along - âx as t increases.
• This shows that the wave travels along the –ve x direction (- âx).
• Multiplying (2.32) by ej and taking the real part yields a form of the field in
time domain that can be visualized as:
E ( z , t ) E e z cos(t z ) (2.33a)
x
• The magnetic field intensity is given by:
E z (2.33b)
H y ( z, t ) e cos(t z )
26 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium (continued)
• From eqn. (2.33), it is seen that as E and H waves travel in a conducting
medium, its amplitude is attenuated by the factor e-az. The distance ,
through which the wave amplitude decreases by a factor e-1 (about 37%) is
called skin depth or penetration depth of the medium.
E e E e 1
1
The skin depth is a measure
of the depth to which an
electromagnetic wave can
penetrate the medium.
1 c (2.34)
3. The phase velocity, vp, is: v p [m / s ]
k r r
2 2 2 c o
4. The wave length, , is: [ m ](2.35)
k f rr r r
j r r
5. The intrinsic impedance 0 120 [] (2.36)
k r r
6. If (σ = 0 then K = β = real value which is similar to the propagation in the free
space (lossless medium), or no attenuation of the wave amplitude.
28 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.4 Plane Wave in a general Lossy Medium (continued)
Example 2.5 A plane wave propagating in lossless dielectric medium (r, r = 1
and = 0) has an electric field given as Ex= E+ cos (1.51x 010 t – 61.6 z). For
this wave, determine the:
(a) Wavelength, λ. (b) Phase velocity, vp.
(c) Dielectric constant of the medium, r. (d) Intrinsic or Wave impedance, η
Solution
(a) By comparison with (2.19) we identify ω = 1.51 x 1010 rad /sec and k= 61.6 m-1
= + j = j 61.6 m-1, then = 0 and k = = 61.6 which gives the wavelength
λ (2.35) as: 2 2 2
0.102m
k 61.6
(b) The phase velocity can be found from (2.34):
1.51x1010
p 2.45 x108 m / sec
k 61.6
(c) This is slower than the speed of light by a factor of 1.225. The dielectric
constant, r of the medium can be found as: 8
c c c 3.0 x10 2
vp gives r ( ) 2 ( 8
) 1.50
r r r p 2.45 x10
(c) The intrinsic or wave impedance, η is given by (2.36):
j 377
o 307.8
k r 1. 5
29 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (lossy Medium)
• Many problems of practical interest involve loss or attenuation due to good
(but not perfect) conductors.
• If σ » ωε metals can be categorized as good conductors. From Eq.(2.30) the
complex propagation constant is given by:
j j 1 j
for σ » ωε, the one can be neglected with respect to σ/ωε and we get
j j j j
o
but j 1 90 and 1 90 1 45 o
o 0 1
j 1 45 (cos 45 j sin 45 o ) (1 j )
2
therefore
(1 j )
j j j (1 j )
2 2
2 f
(1 j ) (1 j ) f
2
30 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Therefore: f (2.44)
• Regardless of the parameter µ and σ of the conductor or the frequency of
applied field, α and β are equal. If we again assume only an Ex component
traveling in the +z direction the Eq.(2.33) becomes: E x ( z, t ) E e z cos(t z )
z f
E x ( z , t ) E e z cos(t z ) E e cos( t z f ) (2.44)
Definition: The depth of penetration (δs) is the distance traveled inside the
medium at which the amplitude of the wave attenuates e (e ≈2.7) times from
its initial level as shown in Fig.2.2. This is also called skin depth or skin effect.
• From Eq.(2.44) the field amplitude is given by:
f z
E x ( z ) E e z E e (2.45)
At z = 0 |Ex(z)| = E+ and
at z = δs |Ex(z)| = E+/ e, therefore:
| E x (z) | E e s f
E e 1
• The skin depth or depth of penetration δs is:
1 1 2
s (2.46)
f Fig.2.2
31 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Notes:
1. The uniform plane wave that propagates in the forward z-direction with
phase constant β and attenuation constant or coefficient (α) as:
f (2.47)
j (2.48c)
4. The intrinsic impedance
3 1 7
a) For Aluminum: s Al 5.03x10 8.14 x10 m
3.816 x107
1
b) For Copper: sCo 5.03 x10 3 7
6. 60 x10 7
m
5.813 x10
1
c) For Gold: sGl 5.03 x10 3 7
7.86 x10 7
m
4.098 x10
1
d) For Silver: sSl 5.03x10 3 7
6 .40 x10 7
m
6.173x10
33 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Example 2.7 A plane wave propagating in the sea water medium (r=81, r = 1
and = 4 S/m) Consider an incident wave of frequency 1 MHz, find the:
a) Skin depth, s. b) Wavelength, λ.
c) Phase velocity, vp . d) Intrinsic or Wave impedance, η.
Solution
4
(a) The loss tangent is given by: 6 12
890 1
' (2x10 )(81)(8.85 x10 )
Sea water is therefore a good conductor at 1 MHz, the skin, δs of Eq. (2.46) is:
1 1 2 1 1
s 0 . 25 m 25 cm
f o (10 6 )( 4 x10 7 ) x ( 4 )
(b) the wavelength λ as:
2
2 s 1.6 m in free space the wavelength λ0 = 300 m
(c) The phase velocity can be found from (2.35):
p 2x106 (0.25) 1.6 x106 m / sec in free space v = c
(d) The intrinsic or wave impedance, η is given by (2.49): j 4 j 4
j 2x1x10 6 x 4x10 7 x( 4 j 4)
0.987 j 0.987
( 4 j 4) x ( 4 j 4)
34 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conductors (continued)
Example 2.8 A plane wave is given by: E ( z , t ) 0.5 e 4 z cos(10 9 t 4 z ) aˆ x V / m
Determine the following:
a) The propagation constant and the wave parameters (Vp, , and s)
b) The magnetic field, associated with the wave in both phasor and time domain
representations.
Solution
a) E ( z , t ) 0.5 e 4 z cos(109 t 4 z ) aˆ V / m 4 Then ( 4 j 4) rad / m
x
10 9 2 2
p 8
2.5 x10 m / sec m 1.57m
4 4 2
j j10 9 x 4x10 7 109 x 4x10 7
j
(50 j 50 ) 222e 4
( 4 j 4) ( 4 j 4)
1 1
s 0.25 m
4
b) E ( z ) E e z e j z aˆ E ( z ) 0.5e 4 z e
j 4z ˆ
a V /m
s x s x
0,5 j ( 4 z j )
j z
E z j z H ( z) e z e aˆ 2.25 e 4 z e 4 aˆ mA/m
H ( z) e e aˆ s y y
s y j
222 e 4
H ( z, t ) 2.25 e 4 z cos(109 t 4 z ) aˆ mA / m
4 y
35 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.6 Poynting’s Theorem and Wave Power
2.6.1 General EMFs
• In 1884 an English physicist, John H. Poynting developed a power theorem
for the electromagnetic field.
• This theorem determined the power flow associated with an electromagnetic
wave which can be transported from one point (where a transmitter is
located) to another point (with a receiver) by means of EM waves.
• The Poynting vector in watts per square meter (W/m2); that is defined as:
P ( x , y , z , t ) ( E ( x , y , z , t ) xH ( x , y , z , t ))
(2.49)
• It represents the instantaneous power density vector associated with the
EM field at a given point. The integration of the Poynting vector over any
closed surface gives the net power flowing out of that surface.
Fig. 2.3 Plane wave reflection from a lossy medium, normal incidence
Fig. 2.5 Plane wave reflection from a medium 1, normal incidence on medium 2.
50 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.12 Solution
(a) The incident magnetic field in the phasor form, for z < 0 is calculated from
(2.66) as:
1 jk 1 z 100 jk1 z
H is ( z ) E e ˆ
ay e aˆ y e jk1 z aˆ y [ A / m ]
1 100
The magnitude for the average incident power density is given by.
1 * 1 1
Pidav Re( E i xH i ) Re ( E e jk1 z aˆ x ) x ( E e jk1 z aˆ y )
2 2 1
1
(100 )(1) aˆ z 50 aˆ z [W / m 2 ]
2
(b) The reflection coefficient, is calculated from (2.66) as:
2 1 300 100
0.5
2 1 300 100
The reflected wave that exists in the region z < 0, is calculated from (2.66) as :
Ers ( z ) E e jk1 z aˆ x (0.5)(100)e jk1z aˆ x 50e jk1z aˆ x [V / m]
51 of 53 ECE440 Ch2_EM Plane Wave Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
2.7 Reflection of Uniform Plane Wave (continued)
Example 2.12 Solution
The reflected magnetic field in the phasor form, for z < 0 is calculated from
(2.69) as:
jk 1 z 50 jk1 z
H rs ( z ) E e ( aˆ y ) e ( aˆ y ) 0 . 5 e jk1 z ( aˆ y ) [ A / m ]
1 100
The magnitude for the average reflected power density is given by.
1 * 1 * 1
Prdav Re( E r xH r ) E r H r ( aˆ z ) (50 )( 0 .5) 12 .5 ( aˆ z )[W / m 2 ]
2 2 2
1 * 1 1
Ptdav Re( E ts xH ts ) E t H t aˆ z (150 )( 0 .5) aˆ z 37 .5 aˆ z [W / m 2 ]
2 2 2
We may check and confirm the power conservation requirement:
Pidav Prdav Ptdav
Then:
50 [W / m 2 ] 12 .5 [W / m 2 ] 37 .5 [W / m 2 ]