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Calculus Cheat Sheet Integrals PDF
Calculus Cheat Sheet Integrals PDF
a
Integration by Parts : ò u dv = uv - ò v du and ò a u dv = uv a
- ò v du . Choose u and dv from
a
d x d b
and g ¢ ( x ) = f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) . ò v( x ) f ( t ) dt = -v¢ ( x ) f ëév ( x )ûù integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using v = ò dv .
dx aò dx
ò xe
-x 5
Part II : f ( x ) is continuous on [ a, b ] , F ( x ) is d u( x)
f ( t ) dt = u ¢ ( x ) f [u ( x ) ] - v¢ ( x ) f [ v ( x ) ]
Ex. dx Ex. ò3 ln x dx
dx ò v ( x ) u=x dv = e - x Þ du = dx v = -e - x
an anti-derivative of f ( x ) (i.e. F ( x ) = ò f ( x ) dx ) u = ln x dv = dx Þ du = 1x dx v = x
ò xe dx = - xe + ò e dx = - xe - x - e - x + c
-x -x -x
dx = ( x ln ( x ) - x )
5 5 5 5
ò3 ln x dx = x ln x 3 - ò3
b
then ò f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) - F ( a ) . 3
a
ò a f ( x ) dx = 0 òa
c dx = c ( b - a ) 1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to 1. n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and
convert the rest to secants using
b b
cosines using sin 2 x = 1 - cos 2 x , then use
ò f ( x ) dx £ ò f ( x ) dx
b a
ò a f ( x ) dx = -òb f ( x ) dx a a
the substitution u = cos x . tan 2 x = sec 2 x - 1 , then use the substitution
b c b
2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest u = sec x .
ò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx + ò f ( x ) dx for any value of c.
a a c
to sines using cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x , then use 2. m even. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest
b b the substitution u = sin x . to tangents using sec 2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then
If f ( x ) ³ g ( x ) on a £ x £ b then ò f ( x ) dx ³ ò g ( x ) dx 3. n and m both odd. Use either 1. or 2. use the substitution u = tan x .
a a
b 4. n and m both even. Use double angle 3. n odd and m even. Use either 1. or 2.
If f ( x ) ³ 0 on a £ x £ b then ò f ( x ) dx ³ 0 and/or half angle formulas to reduce the 4. n even and m odd. Each integral will be
a
b integral into a form that can be integrated. dealt with differently.
If m £ f ( x ) £ M on a £ x £ b then m ( b - a ) £ ò f ( x ) dx £ M ( b - a )
2 (
a Trig Formulas : sin ( 2 x ) = 2sin ( x ) cos ( x ) , cos 2 ( x ) = 1
1 + cos ( 2 x ) ) , sin 2 ( x ) = 12 (1 - cos ( 2 x ) )
Common Integrals
ò tan sin 5 x
ò cos x dx
3
Ex. x sec 5 x dx Ex.
ò k dx = k x + c ò cos u du = sin u + c ò tan u du = ln sec u + c
3
ò x dx = ò x dx = ln x + c
-1 1
ò sec u du = tan u + c
2
ò a + u du = a tan ( a ) + c
2
1
2
1u -1
=ò
(1- cos x ) sin x
cos x
dx 3( u = cos x )
= ò ( u 2 - 1) u 4 du ( u = sec x )
ò a x + b dx = a ln ax + b + c ò sec u tan u du = sec u + c ò a - u du = sin ( a ) + c
1 u (1- u ) 2 2
= -ò du = - ò 1- 2u +u du
1 1 -1 2 4
2 2 u 3 u 3
= sec x - sec x + c
1 7 1 5
ò e du = e + c ò csc u du = - cot u + c
u u 2
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet Calculus Cheat Sheet
Trig Substitutions : If the integral contains the following root use the given substitution and Applications of Integrals
formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions. b
òx ó ( cos q ) dq = ò
16
Ex. dx 16 2 12
dq
2
4-9 x2 õ 4 sin 2 q ( 2 cos q ) 3
sin 2 q Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are,
9
b d
x = sin q Þ dx = cos q dq
2 2
y = f ( x) Þ A = ò - éëlower dx & x = f ( y ) Þ A = ò - éëleft dy
3 3 = ò 12 csc dq = -12 cot q + c
2
a
é ù
ë upper function û function ùû
c
é right function ù
ë û function ùû
òx
4 4-9 x2
16
dx = - +c d
In this case we have 4 - 9x 2 = 2 cos q . 2
4-9 x2 x b
A = ò f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx A = ò f ( y ) - g ( y ) dy c b
A = ò f ( x ) - g ( x ) dx + ò g ( x ) - f ( x ) dx
a c a c
P(x)
Partial Fractions : If integrating ò Q ( x ) dx where the degree of P ( x ) is smaller than the degree of Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V = ò A ( x ) dx and V = ò A ( y ) dy . Here is
Q ( x ) . Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of some general information about each method of computing and some examples.
the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.). For each factor in the Rings Cylinders
denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table.
(
A = p ( outer radius ) 2 - ( inner radius ) 2 )A = 2p ( radius ) (width / height )
Factor in Q ( x ) Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of left/top ring Limits : x/y of inner cyl. to x/y of outer cyl.
Term in P.F.D Factor in Q ( x ) Term in P.F.D
Horz. Axis use f ( x ) , Vert. Axis use f ( y ) , Horz. Axis use f ( y ) , Vert. Axis use f ( x ) ,
A A1 A2 Ak
ax + b ( ax + b )
k
+ +L + g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx. g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. g ( y ) , A ( y ) and dy. g ( x ) , A ( x ) and dx.
ax + b ax + b ( ax + b )2 ( ax + b )
k
Ax + B A1 x + B1 Ak x + Bk
+L +
( ax + bx + c ) Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a £ 0 Ex. Axis : y = a > 0 Ex. Axis : y = a £ 0
k
2
ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c ( ax 2 + bx + c )
k
ax + bx + c
2
7 x 2 +13 x
ò 7 x 2 +13 x +C A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x -1)
Ex. ( x -1) ( x 2 + 4 )
dx ( x -1) ( x 2 + 4 )
= A
x -1
+ Bx
x2 + 4
= ( x -1) ( x 2 + 4 )
An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in
These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the
previous example : 7 x 2 + 13 x = A ( x 2 + 4 ) + ( Bx + C ) ( x - 1) . Chose nice values of x and plug in. y = a £ 0 case with a = 0 . For vertical axis of rotation ( x = a > 0 and x = a £ 0 ) interchange x and
For example if x = 1 we get 20 = 5 A which gives A = 4 . This won’t always work easily. y to get appropriate formulas.
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins
Calculus Cheat Sheet
Work : If a force of F ( x ) moves an object Average Function Value : The average value
b
b of f ( x ) on a £ x £ b is f avg = 1
ò a f ( x ) dx
in a £ x £ b , the work done is W = ò F ( x ) dx b- a
a
Arc Length Surface Area : Note that this is often a Calc II topic. The three basic formulas are,
b b b
L = ò ds SA = ò 2p y ds (rotate about x-axis) SA = ò 2p x ds (rotate about y-axis)
a a a
where ds is dependent upon the form of the function being worked with as follows.
( ) ( dxdt ) ( )
2 2
dx if y = f ( x ) , a £ x £ b dt if x = f ( t ) , y = g ( t ) , a £ t £ b
dy 2 dy
ds = 1 + dx
ds = + dt
1+ ( ) ds = r 2 + ( ddrq ) dq if r = f (q ) , a £ q £ b
2 2
ds = dx
dy
dy if x = f ( y ) , a £ y £ b
With surface area you may have to substitute in for the x or y depending on your choice of ds to
match the differential in the ds. With parametric and polar you will always need to substitute.
Improper Integral
An improper integral is an integral with one or more infinite limits and/or discontinuous integrands.
Integral is called convergent if the limit exists and has a finite value and divergent if the limit
doesn’t exist or has infinite value. This is typically a Calc II topic.
Infinite Limit
¥ t b b
1. ò f ( x ) dx = lim ò f ( x ) dx 2. ò ¥ f ( x ) dx = lim ò f ( x ) dx
a t®¥ a - t® -¥ t
¥ c ¥
3. ò ¥ f ( x ) dx = ò ¥ f ( x ) dx + ò
- - c
f ( x ) dx provided BOTH integrals are convergent.
Discontinuous Integrand
b b b t
1. Discont. at a: ò f ( x ) dx = lim+ ò f ( x ) dx 2. Discont. at b : ò f ( x ) dx = lim- ò f ( x ) dx
a t® a t a t®b a
b c b
3. Discontinuity at a < c < b : ò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx + ò f ( x ) dx provided both are convergent.
a a c
b Dx
Trapezoid Rule : ò f ( x ) dx » 2 ëé f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + +2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + f ( x )ûù
a
0 1 2 n -1 n
b Dx
Simpson’s Rule : ò f ( x ) dx » 3 éë f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + 2 f ( x ) + L + 2 f ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) + f ( x )ùû
a
0 1 2 n-2 n -1 n
Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins