Professional Documents
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CARBURATION
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10/7/2018
Air-Fuel Mixtures
Air-Fuel ratio varies on Load and Speeds
Variation of power output and bsfc with Air-Fuel ratio for SI Engine
Best Power: 12:1
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Cruising range:
Engine runs most of the period
Maximum fuel economy is the primary concern
It is desirable that carburetor provides best economy mixture
Power range:
During peak power operation such as overtaking a vehicle or climbing a
hill requires rich mixture.
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Simple carburetor
A float chamber with float to store fuel and to maintain fuel
level.
A round cylinder with a venturi for atomization of fuel.
A fuel nozzle to atomize and produce a spray of fuel.
Throttle valve to supply varying quantity of mixture under
different load conditions.
Chock valve to control air supply in order to provide rich or
lean mixture.
Applying steady state energy equation to sections A-A and B-B assuming
unit mass flow of air:
𝑞−𝑤 = ℎ −ℎ + (𝐶 − 𝐶 )
For adiabatic flow: q=0; w=0; and 𝐶1 = 0.
Therefore,
𝐶 = 2(ℎ − ℎ )
𝐶 = 2𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
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• = ; 𝑇 −𝑇 =𝑇 1− ;𝐶 = 2𝐶 𝑇 1 −
• 𝑚̇ = ρ 𝐴 𝐶 = ρ 𝐴 𝐶 ;
• Finally, theoretical air flow rate:
• (𝑚̇ )𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐶 −
• Actual air flow rate: (𝑚̇ )𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑𝑎(𝑚̇ )𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙, where Cda is the co-efficient of discharge of
venturi.
= + + 𝑔𝑧 ; 𝐶 = 2 − 𝑔𝑧 ; 𝑚̇ = 𝐴 𝐶 𝜌
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Compensating Devices
• Automobile on road has to run on different loads and speeds.
• Main metering system of simple carburetor alone will not be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of
engine. Hence certain compensating devices are usually added in the carburetor with main metering
system. These are:
o Air-bleed jet
o Compensating jet
o Emulsion tube
o Back suction control mechanism
o Auxiliary air valve
o Auxiliary air port
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• An accelerator pump must be provided so that additional fuel can be introduced into the engine
only when the throttle is suddenly opened.
• A choke must be added to enrich the mixture during cold starting and warm‐up to ensure that a
combustible mixture is provided to each cylinder at the time of ignition.
• Altitude compensation is necessary to adjust the fuel flow which makes the mixture rich when air
density is lowered.
• Increase in the magnitude of the pressure drop available for controlling the fuel flow is provided
by introducing boost venturis (Venturis in series) or Multiple‐barrel carburetors (Venturis in
parallel).
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Compensating jet
Accelerating System