PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

ASME SECTION VIII

DIVISION 1
Introduction to ASME Codes
(Section I to Section XII)
2004 ASME BOILER & PRESSURE
VESSEL CODE
SECTIONS
I. Rules for construction of Power Boilers
II. Materials
Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications
Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications
Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
Part D – Properties (Customary), Properties (Metric)
III. Subsection NCA – General Requirement for Division 1 and Division 2
Division 1
Subsection NB – Class 1 Components
Subsection NC – Class 2 Components
Subsection ND – Class 3 Components
Subsection NE – Class MC Components
Subsection NF – Supports
Subsection NG – Core Support Structures
Subsection NH – Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature
Service Appendices
Division 2 – Code for Concrete Containments
Division 3 – Containments for Transport and Storage of Spent Nuclear
Fuel and High Level Radioactive Material and Waste
2004 ASME BOILER & PRESSURE
VESSEL CODE (Continued)
IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers
V Nondestructive Examination
VI Recommended Rules for Care & Operation of Heating
Boilers
VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
VIII Rules for Construction of PRESSURE VESSELS
DIVISION-1
DIVISION-2 – Alternative Rules
DIVISION-3 – Alternative Rules for Construction of
High Pressure Vessels
IX Welding & Brazing Qualifications.
X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant
Components
XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of
Transport Tanks.
 A Brief Discussion on ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2
and The New Division 3
Section VIII Div.1 Section VIII Div.2 Section VIII Div.3

“Unfired” Pressure Alternative Rules Alternative Rules

Vessel Rules for High Pressure

Published <1940 1968 1997

Pressure No limits either

Normally up to 3000 No limits, Normally
Limits way, usually 600+
psig from 10,000 psig
psig

Organisation General, Material,

General, Construction Similar to Division 2
Design, Fabrication
Type & Material U, UG, KG, KM, KD, KF,
and others AG, AM,
UW, UF, UB, UCS, UNF, KR, KE, KT, KS
AD, AF, AR, AI, AT,
UCI, UCD, UHT, ULT
AS

Design Factor Design Factor 3.5 on Design Factor 3 on

Yield based with
tensile (4 used tensile (lower factor
reduction factor for
previously) and other under reviewed)
yield to tensile ratio
yield and temperature and other yield and
less than 0.7
considerations temperature
considerations
 A Brief Discussion on ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2
and The New Division 3
Section VIII Div.1 Section VIII Div.2 Section VIII Div.3

“Unfired” Pressure Alternative Rules Alternative Rules for

Vessel Rules High Pressure

Design Rules Membrane-Maximum Shell of Revolution – Maximum shear

stress Generally Max. Shear stress stress
Elastic analysis Very Generally Elastic Elastic/plastic
detailed design rules Analysis Analysis and more.
with Quality (joint Membrane + Bending. Some design rules
efficiency) Factors. Fairly detailed design provided; Fatigue
Little stress analysis rules. In addition to the analysis required,
required, pure design rules, Fracture mechanics
membrane without discontinuities, fatigue evaluation required
consideration of and other stress unless proven leak-
discontinuities analysis considerations before-burst,
controlling stress may be required unless Residual stresses
concentration to a exempted and guidance become significant
safety factor of 3.5 or provided for in Appendix and may be positive
higher 4, 5 and 6 factors

Experimental Normally not required Introduced and may be Experimental design

stress Analysis required verification but may
be exempted
 A Brief Discussion on ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2
and The New Division 3
Section VIII Div.1 Section VIII Div.2 Section VIII Div.3

“Unfired” Pressure Alternative Rules Alternative Rules for

Vessel Rules High Pressure

Material and Few restriction on More restriction of Even more restrictive

Impact Testing materials; Impact materials; impact than Division 2 with
required unless required in general different
exempted, extensive with similar rules as requirements.
exemptions under UG- Division 1 Fracture toughness
20, UCS 66/67 testing requirement
for fracture
mechanics
evaluation crack tip
opening
displacement (CTOD)
testing and
establishment of Klc
and/or Jlc values
NDE NDE requirements may More stringent NDE Even more restrictive
Requirements be exempted through requirements, than Division 2, UT
increased design factor extensive use of RT, used for all butt
as well as UT, MT welds, RT otherwise,
and PT. extensive use of PT
and MT
A Brief Discussion on ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2
and The New Division 3
Section VIII Div.1 Section VIII Div.2 Section VIII Div.3

“Unfired” Pressure Vessel Alternative Rules Alternative Rules

Rules for High Pressure

Welding and Different types with butt Extensive Butt welds and
Fabrication welds and others use/requirement of extensive use of
butt welds and full other construction
penetration welds methods such as
including non threaded, layered,
pressure wire-wound,
attachment welds interlocking
stripwound and
others

User User or designated agent User’s Design User’s Design

to provide specifications Specification with specification with
(see U-2(a)) detailed design more specific
requirements (see details (see KG-310)
AG-301.1) include including contained
AD 160 for fatigue fluid data, etc. with
evaluation useful operation life
expected and
others. Designer
defined.
 A Brief Discussion on ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2
and The New Division 3
Section VIII Div.1 Section VIII Div.2 Section VIII Div.3

“Unfired” Pressure Alternative Rules Alternative Rules for

Vessel Rules High Pressure

Manufacturer Manufacturer to declare Manufacturer’s Same as Division 2

compliance in data Design Report
report certifying design
specification and
code compliance in
addition to data
report

Professional Normally not required Professional Same as Division 2

Engineer Engineers’ but the Professional
Certification Certification of Engineer shall be in
User’s Design high-pressure vessel
Specification as well design and shall not
as Manufacturer’s sign for both User
Design report and Manufacturer.
Professional
Engineer shall be
experienced in
pressure vessel
design
 A Brief Discussion on ASME Section VIII Divisions 1 and 2
and The New Division 3
Section VIII Div.1 Section VIII Div.2 Section VIII Div.3

“Unfired” Pressure Alternative Rules Alternative Rules for

Vessel Rules High Pressure

Safety Relief Valve UV Stamp UV Stamp UV3 Stamp

Code Stamp U Stamp with Addition U2 Stamp with U3 Stamp with

and Marking marking including W, P, Additional marking additional marking
RES, L, UB, DF, RT, HT including HT denoting
construction type,
HT, PS, WL, M, F, W,
UQT, WW, SW

Hydrostatic 1.3 (was 1.5 before the 1.25 1.25

Test use of the 3.5 Design
factor in the 1999
Addenda)
Structure of ASME Section VIII Div-1

ASME SEC –VIII DIV- 1 Consists of:

Introduction -U
Subsection A -General Requirements
(Part UG)
Subsection B -Specific Requirements - Methods
(Parts UW, UF, UB)
Subsection C -Specific Requirements - Materials
(Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL,
UCD, UHT, ULW, ULT, UHX)
Mandatory Appendices
-Appendix 1 to 33
Non Mandatory Appendices
-Appendix A, C, … FF, GG (20 nos.)
Subsection A -General Requirements

Part UG : General Requirements for all Methods of

Construction and all Materials
Materials UG-4 to UG-15
Design UG-16 to UG-35
Openings and Reinforcement
UG-36 to UG-46
Braced and stayed surfaces
UG-47 to UG-50
Ligaments UG-53 to UG-55
Fabrication UG-75 to UG-85
Inspection and Tests UG-90 to UG-103
Markings and Reports UG-115 to UG-120
Pressure Relief Devices UG-125 to UG-137
Subsection B -Requirements pertaining to
methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessels

Part UW : Requirements for Pressure vessels fabricated

by Welding
General UW-1 to UW-3
Materials UW-5
Design UW-8 to UW-21
Fabrication UW-26 to UW-42
Inspection and Tests UW-46 to UW-53
Markings and Reports UW-60
Pressure Relief Devices UW-65
Part UF : Requirements for Pressure vessel fabricated by
Forging
Part UB : Requirements for Pressure vessel fabricated by
Brazing
 Subsection C -Requirements pertaining
to Classes of Materials

Part UCS – Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of

Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Part UNF – Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of
Non Ferrous Materials
Part UHA – Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of
High Alloy Steel
Part UCI – Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of
Cast Iron
Part UCL – Requirements for Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed
of Material non corrosion resistant, Integral Cladding,
Weld Metal Overlay, Cladding or with Applied Linings
Part UCD – Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of
Cast Ductile Iron
Subsection C -Requirements pertaining
to Classes of Materials(Continued)

Part UHT – Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of

Ferritic Steels with Tensile Properties enhanced by
Heat Treatment
Part ULW – Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of
Layered Construction
Part ULT – Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of
Material having higher allowable stresses at lower
temperatures
Part UHX – Rules for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
 Mandatory Appendices
Appendix 1 Supplementary Design Formulas
Appendix 2 Rules for Bolted Flange Connections With Ring
Type Gaskets
Appendix 3 Definitions
Appendix 4 Rounded Indications Charts Acceptance Standard
for Radiographically Determined Rounded Indication
in Welds
Appendix 5 Flanged and Flued or Flanged Only Expansion Joints
Appendix 6 Methods for Magnetic Particle Examination(MT)
Appendix 7 Examination of Steel Castings
Appendix 8 Methods for Liquid Penetrate Examination (PT)
Appendix 9 Jacketed Vessels
Appendix 10 Quality Control System
Appendix 11 Capacity Conversion for Safety Valves
Appendix 12 Ultrasonic Examination of Welds (UT)
 Mandatory Appendices (continued)
Appendix 13 Vessels of Noncircular Cross Section
Appendix 14 Integral Flat Heads With a Large, Single, Circular,
Centrally Located Openings
Appendix 16 Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Committee
Appendix 17 Dimpled or Embossed Assemblies
Appendix 18 Adhesive Attachments of Name Plates
Appendix 19 Electrically Heated or Gas Fired Jacketed Steam
Kettles
Appendix 20 Hubs Machined From Plates
Appendix 21 Jacketed Vessels Constructed of Work-Hardened
Nickel
Appendix 22 Integrally Forged Vessels
Appendix 23 External Pressure Design of Copper, Copper Alloy,
Titanium Alloy condenser and Heat Exchanger
Tubes With Integral Fins
 Mandatory Appendices (continued)
Appendix 24 Design Rules for Clamp Connections
Appendix 25 Acceptance of Testing Laboratories and Authorized
Observer for Capacity Certification of Pressure
Relief Valves
Appendix 26 Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchangers Expansion Joints
Appendix 27 Alternative Requirements for Glass-Lined Vessels
Appendix 28 Alternative Corner Weld Joint Detail for Box Headers
for Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
Appendix 30 Rules for Drilled Holes Not Penetrating to Vessel Wall
Appendix 31 Rules for Cr-Mo steels With Additional Requirements
for Welding and Heat Treatment
Appendix 32 Local Thin Areas in Cylindrical Shell and in Spherical
Segments of Shells
Appendix 33 Standard Units for Use in Equations
 Non mandatory Appendices

Appendix A Basis for Establishing Allowable Loads for Tube-to-

Tubesheet Joints
Appendix C Suggested Methods for Obtaining the Operating
Temperature of Vessel Walls in Service
Appendix D Suggested Good Practice Regarding Internal Structures
Appendix E Suggested Good Practice Regarding Corrosion
Allowance
Appendix F Suggested Good Practice Regarding Linings
Appendix G Suggested Good Practice Regarding Piping Reactions
and Design of Supports and Attachments
Appendix H Guidance to Accommodate Loading Produced by
Deflagration
Appendix K Sectioning of Welded Joints
Appendix L Examples Illustrating the Application of Code Formulas
and Rules
Appendix M Installation and Operation
 Non mandatory Appendices (Continued)
Appendix P Basic for Establishing Allowable Stress Values
Appendix R Preheating
Appendix S Design Considerations for Bolted Flange Connections
Appendix T Temperature Protection
Appendix W Guide for Preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports
Appendix Y Flat Faced Flanges With Metal-to-Metal Contact
Outside the Bolt Circle
Appendix DD Guide to Information Appearing on Certificate of
Authorization (See Fig. DD-1)
Appendix EE Half-Pipe Jackets
Appendix FF Guide For the Design and Operation of Quick-
Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures
Appendix GG Guidance for the Use of U.S.Customary and SI Units
in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Code
INTERNAL PRESSURE
DESIGN
 Thickness of shells under Internal
Pressure(UG-27)

All dimensions in code are in corroded condition

Provision for any loading

Symbols :
t = min. required thickness
P = internal design pressure
R = inside radius of shell
S = max. allowable stress value (Sec II D)
E = joint efficiency (UW-12)
 Cylindrical Shells (UG-27)

1. Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints).

t ≤ 0.5R, P ≤ 0.385SE

or SEt
t
PR P
SE  0.6 P R  0.6t
2. Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints).
t ≤ 0.5R, P ≤ 1.25SE
or
2SEt
t
PR P
2 SE  0.4 P R  0.4t
Relevant when additional loadings are applicable
 Thickness Calculation based on Outside
diameter(Appendix 1-1)

1. Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints).

PR0 SEt
t or P
SE  0.4 P R0  0.4t

Where R0= outside radius of shell

2. Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints).

PR0 2SEt
t or P
2 SE  1.4 P R0  1.4t
 Spherical Shells (UG-27)
Stresses in biaxial direction are same.
t ≤ 0.356R, P ≤0.665SE

PR 2SEt
t or P
2 SE  0.2 P R  0.2t
Based on Outside Diameter (Appendix 1-1)

PR0 or 2SEt
t P
2 SE  0.8 P R0  0.8t

Where R0= outside radius of shell

 Conical Shells Sections (UG-32)

α = one half of the included (apex) angle of the cone

(α<30º)
D = inside diameter at point under consideration.
Do = outside diameter at point under
consideration(Appendix 1-4)

1. Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints)

PD 2SEt cos
t P
2 cos ( SE  0.6 P ) D  1.2t cos
or
PD0 2SEt cos
t P
2 cos ( SE  0.4 P ) D0  0.8t cos
or
 Conical Shells Sections (UG-32)(Continued…)

2. Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints).

4 SEt cos
t
PD or P
4 cos ( SE  0.4 P ) D  0.8t cos

PD0 4SEt cos

t or P
4 cos ( SE  1.4 P ) D0  2.8t cos
 Formed Heads

UG-32 –Formed Heads

-Ellipsoidal
-Torispherical
-Hemispherical
-Conical
-Toriconical
Formed Heads (Continued…)
 Ellipsoidal Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)

t = minimum required thickness of head after forming

P = internal design pressure
D = inside diameter of the head skirt, or inside length of the
major axis pf an ellipsoidal head
S = max. allowable stress value in tension (Sec II D)
E = lowest efficiency of any joint in the head
D0 = outside diameter of the head skirt, or outside length of
the major axis of an ellipsoidal head
h = the inside depth of the ellipsoidal head measured from the
tangent line
K = a factor in formulas for ellipsoidal heads depending on the
head proportion D/2h
Ellipsoidal Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)

Table 1-4.1
Values of factor K
(Use nearest Values of D/2h; Interpolation Unnecessary)
 Ellipsoidal Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
(Continued…)

t/L ≥ 0.002
Inside Depth = ¼ Inside diameter

PD 2SEt
t or P
2 SE  0.2 P D  0.2t

2:1 ellipsoidal Head-

Approximation: Knuckle Radius = 0.17D
Spherical Radius = 0.90D
Ellipsoidal Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
(Continued…)

t/L ≥ 0.002
2 SEt
t
PDK OR P
2 SE  0.2 P KD  0.2t

2SEt
t
PD0 K OR P
2 SE  2 P ( K  0.1) KD0  2t ( K  0.1)

Where 1  D 
2

K  2    
6   2h  
Torispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)

t = min. required thickness of head after forming

P = internal design pressure
D = inside diameter of the head skirt,
S = max. allowable stress value in tension (Sec II D)
E = lowest efficiency of any joint in the head
r = Inside Knuckle Radius
L = inside spherical or crown radius
Do = outside diameter of the head skirt,
L0 = outside spherical or Crown radius
M = a factor in formulas for Torispherical heads depending on
the head proportion L/r
Torispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
(Continued…)

Table 1-4.2
Values of factor M
(Use nearest Values of L/r; Interpolation Unnecessary)
 Torispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
(Continued…)

t/L ≥ 0.002
Knuckle radius = 6% of inside crown radius
Inside crown radius = outside diameter of skirt

0.885 PL SEt
t or
P
SE  0.1P 0.885 L  0.1t
Where minimum tensile strength > 70,000 psi

Allowable Stress Value at Temprature

S  20000 
Allowable Stress Value at Room Temprature
 Torispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)
(Continued…)

2SEt
t
PLM or P
2 SE  0.2 P LM  0.2t

PL0 M 2SEt
t or P
2 SE  P ( M  0.2) ML0  t ( M  0.2)

1 L
Where M   3  
4 r 
Hemispherical Heads (UG-32) (Appendix 1-4)

t ≤ 0.356L, P≤ 0.665SE

PL 2SEt
t or P
2 SE  0.2 P L  0.2t

L = inside spherical radius

 Sample Problem
Design of Vertical Cylindrical Pressure Vessel for Internal Pressure
Design Data
 Design pressure :12 Kg/cm²g
 Design temperature : 250º C
 Radiography : Spot
 Corrosion Allowance : 3 mm
 Material : SA 515 Gr. 70
 Inside Diameter : 2500 mm
 Tan to Tan length : 10000 mm
 Liquid head/ density : 4000mm from bottom tan line/ 1200 Kg/cu.m

Calculate the Following :

 Shell Thickness
 Thickness of 2:1 ellipsoidal dished head
 Thickness of Torispherical head with crown radius 2500 mm
and Knuckle radius 300 mm
 Thickness of Hemispherical head
 Sample Problem (Continued…)
 Shell Thickness as per UG-27[c] (Solution)
 Design pressure P=12 Kg/cm²g = 0.12 kg/mm²
 Corroded Inside radius R=1250mm
 Corrosion Allowance C= 3 mm
 Joint Efficiency E=0.85
 Allowable stress S=
S for SA 515 Gr.70 at 482ºF (250ºC) is 20000 psi
(As per Section II D)
Now, 1 pound = 0.45359237 Kg
20 10 3  0.4536
S 2
 14.062 Kg / mm2
(25.4)
Total Pressure at Bottom Tan line P = Internal Pressure + Liquid Pressure
Liquid Pressure = ρ*g*h
= 1200 x 9.81 x 4
kg m
 47088 
m 2 sec2
= 47088 N/m²
=47088/9.81x1000000 Kg/mm²
= 0.0048 kg/mm²
so, Total Design Pressure P= 0.12+0.0048 = 0.1248 kg/mm²
 Sample Problem (Continued…)
 Required Thickness for Circumferential Stress
P= 0.1248 ≤ 0.385SE=4.6 kg/mm² (So condition Satisfied)
PR 0.1248 1253
t C  3
SE  0.6 P (14.062  0.85  0.6  0.1248 )

 13.13  3
 16.13mm
 Required Thickness for Longitudinal Stress
P= 0.1248 ≤ 1.25SE=14.94 kg/mm² (So condition Satisfied)
PR 0.1248 1253
t C  3
2 SE  0.4 P (2  14.062  0.85  0.4  0.1248 )
 6.512  3
 9.512mm
 Sample Problem (Continued…)
 2:1 Ellipsoidal head as per UG-32 (Solution)
 Design pressure P=0.12 Kg/mm²
 Corroded Inside radius R=1253mm
 Corrosion Allowance C= 3 mm
 Joint Efficiency E=0.85
 Allowable stress S= 14.062 kg/mm² at 482°F (Sec-IID)

D 2500
 Inside Depth h 3  3  628 mm
4 4

1  D  1   2506  2 
2

 Factor K K  2      2    
6   2h   6   2  628  
 1mm
 Sample Problem (Continued…)
Required Thickness at top
PDK
t C
2SE  0.2 P
0.12  2506 1
 3
2 14.062  0.85  0.2  0.12

 15.59mm
 Sample Problem (Continued…)
 Torispherical head as per UG-32 (Solution)
 Design pressure P=0.12 Kg/mm²
 Corroded Inside Diameter D=2506mm
 Corrosion Allowance C= 3 mm
 Joint Efficiency E=0.85
 Allowable stress S= 14.062 kg/mm² at 482°F (Sec-IID)

 Corroded Crown Radius L≈ D (2500 mm)

 Corroded Knuckle Radius r>6% of Inside Diameter
(consider r=300 mm)

1 L 1 2500 
 Factor M M   3   3  
4 r  
4 300 
 1.47mm
 Sample Problem (Continued…)
 Torispherical head as per UG-32 (Solution)
continued…
Required thickness at top

PLM 0.12  2500 1.47

t C  3
2SE  0.2 P 2 14.062  0.85  0.2  0.12
 21.47mm
 Sample Problem (Continued…)
 Hemispherical head as per UG-32 (Solution)
 Design pressure at bottom P=12+[5.25*1.2/10]=0.1263
Kg/mm²
 Corroded Inside Diameter D=2506mm
 Corrosion Allowance C= 3 mm
 Joint Efficiency E=0.85
 Allowable stress S= 14.062 kg/mm² at 482°F (Sec-IID)
 Corroded Crown Radius L=1253 (D/2)

 Required thickness

PL 0.1263 1253
t C  3
2SE  0.2 P 2 14.062  0.85  0.2  0.1263
 9.63mm
 Design for External Pressure
and compressive stresses
Compressive forces caused by dead weight, wind, earthquake,
internal vacuum
Can cause elastic instability (buckling)
Vessel must have adequate stiffness
– Extra thickness
– Circumferential stiffening rings
ASME procedures for cylindrical shells, heads, conical sections.
Function of:
– Material
– Diameter
– Unstiffened length
– Temperature
– Thickness
 Subsection B -
Requirements pertaining to methods of
Fabrication of Pressure Vessels
Part UW : Requirements for Pressure vessels fabricated
by Welding
General UW-1 to UW-3
Materials UW-5
Design UW-8 to UW-21
Fabrication UW-26 to UW-42
Inspection and Tests UW-46 to UW-53
Markings and Reports UW-60
Pressure Relief Devices UW-65
Part UF : Requirements for Pressure vessel fabricated by
Forging
Part UB : Requirements for Pressure vessel fabricated by
Brazing
 Part UW
UW-2 - Service Restrictions
(a) Lethal Service
(b) Low Temperature Service
(c) Steam Service
(d) Direct fired Service
(a) Lethal Service
- Vessels with lethal substances, all butt welds shall be full radiographed.
CS/LAS vessels shall be post weld heat treated.
- It shall be responsibility of user to specify – if vessel is for lethal service.
- All “category A” joints shall be “type (1)”
- All “category B & C” joints shall be “type (1) or (2)”
- All “category D” shall be full penetration welds.
(b) Low Temperature Service
- All “category A” joints shall be “type (1)”
- All “category B” joints shall be “type (1) or (2)”
- All “category C” joints shall be full penetration welds.
- All “category D” shall be full penetration welds.
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-2 - Service Restrictions

(c) Unfired Steam Boilers

- All “category A” shall be “type (1)” and “B” shall be “type (1) or (2)”
- All butt welds shall be radiographed
- CS/LAS vessels shall have PWHT

(d) Direct Fired Vessels

- All “category A” shall be “type (1)” and “B” above 16mm thickness
“type (1) or (2)”
- CS above 16mm and LAS vessels shall have PWHT.
- Parts with other than type (1) & (2) welds subjected to radiation. Design
temperature shall be maximum surface metal temp.
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-3 - Weld Joint Category
- Categories – A, B, C and D
- Category defines the location of a joint in a vessel.
- Used for specifying
- type of joint
- degree of inspection
- Based on service, material and thickness, special requirements are
specified in code
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-11 - Radiographic Examination
(a) Full Radiography
(1) All butt welds in shell & heads of vessels with lethal service.
(2) All butt welds, where t>38 mm or exceeds lesser thickness
specified elsewhere in code.
- Categories B and C butt welds in nozzles that neither exceed
10” size nor 29 mm thickness, do not require radiography.

(5) All category A and D butt welds with joint efficiency [of full
radiography]
(a) Cat. A and B butt welds of vessel sections or heads
shall be of type (1) or (2).
(b) Cat. B or C butt welds (not including those in nozzles
except as required above) which intersect Cat.A butt
welds or connect seamless vessel sections or heads
shall meet spot radiography requirement.
(7) UT may be substituted for closing seam if RT is not possible.
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-11 - Radiographic Examination
(b) Spot Radiography
- Butt weld joints of type (1) or (2) which are not required to be
fully radiographed.
-If spot radiography is specified for entire vessel, radiography is
not required of Cat B and C butt welds in nozzles that exceed
neither 10” size not 29 mm thickness

(c) No Radiography
- No radiography is required when vessel is designed for external
pressure only or where joint efficiency is as per table UW-12 (C)
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-12 - Joint Efficiency

- Values of E given in column (a) for fully radiographed butt joints.

- When UW-11(a)(5) is not met, value of E will be as
given in (b)
- Value if E given in column (b) for spot radiographed butt joints.
- Value if E given in column (c) for no radiography joints.
- Seamless vessel sections/heads
E = 1.0 when spot radiography requirements of UW-
11(a)(5)(b) are met.
E = 0.85 when above is not met, or when Cat A or B
welds are type 3, 4, 5 or 6.
Part UW (Continued..)
Part UW (Continued..)
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment Detail

Heads Attached to
Shells
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment
Detail

Heads Attached to
Shells (continued..)
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment
Detail

Heads Attached to
Shells (continued..)
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment
Detail

Attachments of
Pressure Parts to
flat plates
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment Detail
Attachments of Pressure Parts to flat plates (Continued..)
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-13 Attachment Detail
Pressure Parts with butt welded hubs
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells (continued)
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells (continued)
 Part UW (Continued..)
UW-16 Nozzle welded to shells (continued)
 Subsection C -Requirements pertaining
to Classes of Materials

Part UCS

Requirement for Pressure Vessels

Constructed of
Carbon Steel and Low Alloy
Steels
 Part UCS
UCS-23 – Maximum Allowable Stress values:

- When design metal temp. is below -29°C, allowable stress value

shall not exceed those given for 40 °C
Part UCS (Continued…)
 POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT

UCS-56 – POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT):

OBJETCIVE:
- TO REDUCE THE RESIDUAL STRESSES AT WELD & HAZ
- TO MODIFY THE MICRO-STRUCTURE (HAZ)
EFFECT:
- SUSCETIBLITIES TO BRITTLE FAILURE
DECREASES.
- RESISTANCE TO STRESS CORROSION
CRACKING INCREASES.
- DIMENSIONAL STABILITIES INCREASES.
PWHT PARAMETER
- HEATING RATE
- SOAKING TEMPERATURE
- COOLING RATE
 Part UCS (Continued…)
UCS-56 – PWHT
 Part UCS (Continued…)
UCS-56 – PWHT
-Procedure
- Temp. of furnace shall not exceed 800°F(425°) at the time of
vessel placed in it.
- Above 425°C, rate of heating shall not be more than 400°F
(222°C)/hr, divided by max. metal thickness of shell or head in
inches, but in no case more than 222°C/hr .
- Variation in temp. shall not be more than 250°F (139°C) within any
4.6 m interval, during heating.
- Variation in temp. shall not be more than 150°F(83°C) between highest
and lowest temp. throughout the vessel during holding time.
- No direct impingement of flame on the vessel (to control excessive
oxidation).
-Above 425°C, rate of cooling shall not be more than 500°F(278°C)/hr
divided by max. metal thickness of shell or head in inches, in furnace, but in no
case more than 278°C/hr.
-From 800°F(425°C) vessel may be cooled in still air.
 Part UCS (Continued…)
UCS-56 – PWHT
-General
- Rate of heating and cooling need not be less than 100°F(38°C)/hr
- Holding temp./holding time in excess of min. value may be used.
- Intermediate PWHT need not confirm to table UCS-56
- Holding time need not be continuous. It may be addition of time
of multiple PWHT cycles.
- When P numbers are different, higher PWHT temperature shall
be used.
- When non pressure part is welded to pressure part, PWHT of
pressure part shall control.
- Exemptions given are not permitted when PWHT is a service
requirement.
 Part UCS (Continued…)
Table UCS-56
 Part UCS (Continued…)
PWHT Requirements TABLE UCS-56
 Part UCS (Continued…)
PWHT Requirements TABLE UCS-56
 Part UCS (Continued…)
Table UCS-56.1
 Part UCS (Continued…)
UCS-57 -Radiographic Examination
-when thickness exceeds given in table, radiography is required.
-Thickness of thinner plate is considered.
 Part UCS (Continued…)
Low Temperature Operations
UCS-66 -Materials
-Unless otherwise exempted
- Impact testing is required for a combination of MDMT and thickness, which is
below the curve in fig. UCS-66.
- Above the curve the Impact Testing is not required.

Impact Test
Exemption
Curve
 Part UCS (Continued…)
Low Temperature Operations
UCS-66 -Materials
-General Notes on Assignment of Materials to Curves:

(a) Curve A applies to

(1) All carbon and all low alloy steel plates, structural shapes, and bars
not listed in Curve B, C and D below,

(b) Curve B applies to :

(1) SA-285 Grades A and B
SA-515 Grade 60
SA-516 Grades 65 and 70 if no normalized
(2) Except for cast steels, all materials of Curve A if produced to fine
grain practice and normalized which are not listed in Curve C and D
below,
(3) all pipe, fittings, forgings and tubing not listed for Curve C and D below,
(4) parts permitted under UG-11 shall be included in Curve B even when
fabricated
from plate that otherwise would be assigned to a different curve.
 Part UCS (Continued…)
Low Temperature Operations
UCS-66 -Materials
-General Notes on Assignment of Materials to Curves (continued…)

(c) Curve C applies to

(1) SA-182 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered.
SA-302 Grades C and D
SA-336 F 21 and F 22 if normalized and tempered.
SA-387 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered.
SA-516 Grades 55 and 60 if not normalized.
SA-533 Grades B and C
(2) All material of Curve B if produced to fine grain practice and normalized and
not
listed for Curve D below.

(d) Curve D applies to :

SA-203
SA-508 Grade 1
SA-516 if normalized
SA-537 Classes 1, 2 and 3
 Part UCS (Continued…)
Low Temperature Operations
UCS-66 -Materials

-Coincident Ratio (UCS 66-1) where MDMT>-49°C)

-When coincident ratio is less than 1, MDMT can be lower than
desired above, in the procedure given in UCS-66.2
-When components are not stressed to allowable limit, MDMT can be
lower.
-Lower MDMT
-When MDMT is between -48°C and -105°C and coincident ratio is
less than 0.35, impact testing is not required.
- If PWHT is performed when not required by code, for P1
material, MDMT can be lower by 17°C, even lower than -48°C
- In all other cases when MDMT is lower than -48°C, impact
testing is required.
 Part UCS (Continued…)
Reduction in
MDMT
Without
Impact
Testing
THANK YOU