10 Good reasons to choose a Hexagon house

1. Humidity regulation
-hexagon houses are designed to be diffusion-permeable. Wood stores the moisture and
releases it in dry indoor air (buffer effect). This construction method and the exceptionally
good moisture regulation create a comfortable and healthy living and indoor environment.
2. Natural insulation
-hexagon houses guarantee a natural heat and cold protection. Passive house and zero energy
house level are easily reached by additions.
3. Health indoor climate
-temperature and humidity peaks are naturally buffered by the massive timber construction.
The construction also provides sound insulation and good room acoustics. By connecting the
wooden profiles with hardwood dowels, a hexagon house is largely free of glue and metal.
4. Allergy protection
-since hexagon uses only natural and health compatible building materials and the additional
dry expansion allergies can be significantly reduced or even completely subside.
5. Fire protection
-hexagon buildings are hardly inflammable. Occurring charring prevents further
penetration of the flames into the wood.
6. Electrosmog shielding
-solid wood provides protection against electrosmog , as wood is a bad conductor of
radiation.
7. Sustainability
-the building material wood can last for centuries and, thanks to its good insulating
properties , guarantees lasting energy savings. Hexagon houses are earthquake and storm proof.
8. Environmental friendly
-in the case, a hexagon house can be 100% recycled. Hexagon only uses wood from
European sustainable forestry.
9. Climate protection
-as a renewable raw material, wood extracts carbon dioxide from the environment. In the
processing of the raw material wood to the finished building material, less energy is consumed
than in the processing of other building materials.
10. Energy consumption
 -hexagon houses require less energy from the outset because of their high proportion of
solid wood, supplementary thermal insulation, building orientation towards the sun and their
compact designed. There is the possibility of a grant from the kreditanstalt fur wiederaufbau
(KfW).

The miraculous space efficiency of Honeycomb

-honeycombs, made from the wax secreted by bees, are used to store honey, pollen, and larvae.It
is wondered whether this entomological architecture inspired the interior ribbing and hidden
chambers ijn the dome of the pantheon in Rome. Today honeycomb structures have numerous
engineering and scientific applications including in the aerospace industry.
Pappus of Alexandria declared that bees “possessed a divine sense of symmetry”, and Charles
Darwin described the honeycomb as a masterpiece of engineering that is “absolutely perfect in
economizing labor and wax”. A mathematical rationale was given by the polish polymath Jan
Brozek (1585-1652). Stated another way, Brozek conjectured that the optimal way to cover a
large region with shapes of the same area while minimizing the boundary is to use the hexagonal
structure. This problem resisted a solution for centuries but was finally positively settled by
Thomas Hales in 1998.
Conveniently, the mathematical tools Hales used to prove the honeycomb conjecture were
recycled after having settled another long-standing open problem, Kepler’s conjecture.
Sometimes called the cannonball problem, it asks whether the traditional pattern used to stack
oranges (or cannonballs) is optimal. Specifically , the arrangement of equal-sized spheres to fill
a space with the minimum amount of wasted volume is the so called close packing, which
consist of layers of spheres whose centers form a hexagonal lattice. This problem attracted the
attention of mathematical giants such as Carl Gauss, who proved a special case. The print
version of his address includes 23 problems, Kepler’s conjecture is part of Hilbert’s problem 18.
After four years of work, the head panel , Gabor Fejes Toth reported that the panel was “99%
certain” of the correctness of the proof but reserved claiming complete assurance because
computer calculations could not be verified. In 2014 this project was announced to be complete.
Another packing problem is the kelvin conjecture. This is the three- dimensional version of the
honeycomb conjecture, asking for the arrangement of three-dimensional cells of equal volume
that minimizes the surface area between the cells .In 1993 , Irish physicist Denis Weaire and his
student Robert Phelan used computer simulations to find a more efficient cell that tiles three-
dimensional space.
The Weaire- Phelan structure is found in some crystal structures. For a different application, this
structure, like the honeycomb structure in two dimensions, is observed to be naturally strong.
The weaire-phelan structure inspired the design of the Beijing National Aquatics Center- aka the
Water Cube – for the 2008 Olympics.
 Energy Efficient Building
-good design does not just look good it must function well in environment
-the principles of our design are simplicity, sustainability, human center , inclusivity and
affordability.
The hexagon house
-the hexagonal building has several advantages over traditional rectangular buildings.
The shape is more efficient in terms of…

- space to surface area ratio- there is more usable space inside the building envelope than
in a rectangular building.
-as a result, fewer materials are needed to construct the walls and floors.
-energy efficiency- the external building envelope ha a smaller surface area and so less
heat is lost.
-energy- generation- a southern aspect is guaranteed regardless of orientation, with
consequent thermal gain and the roof can be oriented optimally for solar panels.
-flexible use- a large variety of internal divisions are possible and they can be change
easily, thus proving adaptable for changing family sizes, or different office uses.

Café and coffee shop designed

-café design + coffee shop design. There can be only one, Italian Espresso
-a coffee shop design shop design or a café design should be more than a service and
seating area of which the furnishings are placed just to fill the space. Often, cafes and
coffee shops are so small that in fact, a well created café is a marvel of design as the
available space is limited. Due to the restricted space, a café which is to survive should
have a high level of functionally.
-brilliant planning and outstanding design mean that noise is kept to a minimum and
space is available to ensure your customers feel comfortable and have plenty of room to
move freely in. Therefore, you won’t be worrying about limiting your profitability by
limiting headcount. The team at 3 fingers design studio have created and installed a vast
number of cafes and coffee shops into both small and generous spaces and know exactly
what to include in the layout and interior design.
-One of the most important aspect of café design and coffee shop design is the flow. The
passage from the door to the service area needs to be smooth sailing and a good queuing
system will allow for this.
-depending on the opening hours of your café and the client visiting times you are
targeting , the functionality and layout of the furniture will reflect this.
 -if you want a new café designing or you’re looking for a redesign of your existing
premises, our team has the expertise and the know-how to create a new vibrant space and
save you money.
-at 3 design studio we have over 15 years/ experience and have designed multiple
unique-cafes and coffee shops.

-site feasibility analysis

-café and hospitality space planning
-concept design + development
-lighting + AV design
-3D visualization + VR
-branding development + graphic design
-architectural drawings for all building works and joinery
-planning permission, building regulations drawings
-cost + budget management
-materials + finishes selection and sourcing
-FF&E – furniture, fixtures and equipment sourcing and specification
-project management + site supervision

Declutter your dorm room

Focus on multi- use furniture
-most dorm rooms are furnished with beds, dressers, and desks. But if you need to add
extra furniture maximize your space by choosing multi- purpose pieces.
Take advantages of your vertical space
-items like over- the-door shoe racks, over –the-door towel racks, or hanging baskets
are perfect for storing everything from accessories to cleaning supplies.
Designate a kitchen area
-do you have a mini fridge, microwave and coffeemaker in your dorm room? Set up a
kitchen station using a rolling utility cart or adjustable cube storage where you can keep
appliances and other kitchen items together. Don’t forget to add storage baskets so you can keep
snacks, coffee, and utensils organized.
Maximize under the bed storage
-an excellent dorm storage hack is to utilize storage space under your bed. Many
dorm room beds can be lifted to make space for storage bins, drawers, or boxes. You can also
loft the bed to keep a desk, dressers, or futon below. If your dorm room bed doesn’t adjust,
consider purchasing bed risers. If you’re worried about the space under your bed looking
cluttered, add a bed skirt to hide your storage.
 Utilize above the bed storage
-looking for storage ideas to go above your bed instead of under? Add shelves to
keep everything up and out of the way. You can even add over-the-bed shelves specifically
designed for twin beds that also allow space for a small headboard. This dorm room organization
idea is great for freeing up floor space.
Make the most of your closet space
-whether your dorm room has an actual closet or a simple wardrobe cabinet, there are
a few ways you can maximize your dorm closet space skip the bulky wooden hangers and create
as much room as possible with thin felt hangers. Or add a hanging closet organizer to store
sweaters, jeans, and shoes. Make sure to leave enough space for a hammer as well as laundry
supplies like detergent and dryer sheets.
Create a DIY entertainment center
-if you or your roommate has a small flat screen TV , save desk or dresser space by
making a TV stand with cube shelves simply stack the cube shelves and place the TV on top.
Cubes also make it easy to store a DVD player, game console, movies, and more.
Use a rolling cart as a side table
-bulky end tables and nightstands can take up precious space in a small dorm room. A
rolling cart is a smart bedside option for dorm rooms of all sizes. The shelves on the cart can
hold a small fan, books, and an alarm clock while also providing room beneath for additional
storage.
Get more storage with desk hutch
-your dorm room desk can do double duty with the additional of a hutch desk hutches
come in all sizes and add plenty of storage space for textbooks, school supplies, and electronics
small boxes wicker baskets and magazine holders can be placed on top for extra storage.
Label totes with shared supplies
-one great dorm organization idea is to keep shared items like first-aid items, toiletries
and cleaning materials in clear plastic containers. This makes it easy for you and your roommate
to find everything you need and know when you’re running low on certain items.
Use stacking bins for toiletry storage
-if your dorm room has its own bathroom you may have to get creative with storage
especially since your roommate will need space too. Small stacking bins fit well under sinks or
in small cabinets, and they’re perfect for toiletries like toothpaste, deodorant, soap, styling
products and medications. You can also add wire baskets or small hanging baskets or small
hanging baskets from cabinet doors for even more bathroom storage.
Roll clothing to save dresser space
 -save a space in your dresser drawers by rolling your clothing. This unique folding
techniques allows you to store twice as many shirts and pants in a single drawer, and it can even
prevent awkward wrinkles.
Assemble a shower caddy
-sharing a bathroom with an entire floor means you have to carry toiletries back and
forth from your room. Simplify your bathroom routine by keeping your shampoo, soap, razor,
lotion, and other items in an easy-to-carry shower caddy or tote. Not only does a shower tote
prevent bathroom items from taking up space in your room but it also keeps them organized and
quick to find when you need to get ready.
Organize styling tools in magazine boxes
-if you can’t get ready in the community bathroom, get ready in your room store
tools like brushes curling irons, hair straighteners boxes that can be stored on dressers or
bookshelves next to mirrors in your room.
Store makeup on a DIY magnetic board
-save space by sticking magnets on eyeshadows palettes, makeup brushes and
lipsticks and hanging them on a magnetic makeup holder. Learn how to create a DIY makeup
organizer using a metal baking sheet.
Add organizers to your desk
-looking for simple dorm desk organization ideas? Keep extra pens , pencils,
notepad, rulers, and other items neatly arranged with a dorm desk, drawers, mason jars are an
inexpensive and cute way to store writing utensils.
Keep track of cords with binder clips
-binder clips do more than keep your papers together. They’re in expensive cord
storage solution for your dorm desk add a few binder clips on the back or side of your desk, and
thread the charges through the loop to keep cords accessible and organized.
Make a charging station
-keep all of your electronics organized and in one convenient spot with a DIY
charging station you can also match each charger to their device with decorative washi tape.
Put up a cork board or whiteboard
-a cork board or whiteboard acts is a place where you and your roommate can
leave each other notes and reminders put it up on the front door or near communal spaces. Add
push pins or hooks to hold keys and include a hanging file organizer to store student IDs, mail,
flyers and more.
Use clip lights to save space
 -clip lights and lamps can help save space by attaching to dorm room headboards,
overhead shelves, and bookshelves. They’re also ideal if you’re studying or reading after your
roommate has gone to sleep.
Store blankets & throw pillows in a basket
-Looking for a space –saving way to store extra blankets and pillows? A
decorative wicker or fabric basket is the perfect place to keep cozy throws, blankets and pillows
within arm’s reach.
Keep accessories in cubby shelves
-need a place to stash scarves, mittens, hats, wallets or wristlets? Hung cubby
shelves on the wall by the door so these accessories are easy to reach when you’re on your way
out you can also attach hooks under these shelves for a convenient place to umbrellas, coats, or
backpacks.
Display jewelry with a hanging organizer
-with just a few tools and a little creativity, you can turn jewelry collection into
an art display with a DIY hanging jewelry organizers these versatile organizers can hold a
variety of pieces, and they make it easy to keep all your jewelry in one spot.
Organize hats on a wall rack
-have a large hat collection? Don’t take up space in a dresser drawer or on top of
your desk. Install a DIY hat rack on your wall to keep all of your hats up and out of the way in
your dorm room.
Hang scarves with shower curtain rings
-plastic shower curtain rings are an inexpensive handy way to store scarves in a
closet, wardrobe, or on the wall. Add a few rings to clothes hangers or install a wall rod to keep
scarves wrinkle-free.
Use command hooks for everything
-adding command hooks to walls and doors is a dorm room storage idea that can
work with any budget. Strong, durable, and easy to install, command hooks are incredibly
versatile. You can use them to hold your keys near the door, inside closet doors to hang up
towels, or to hang photos and art on the walls.

Panoramic elevator- go 10
Car cover: hairline stainless steel G4202, hairline stainless steel white.
Celling: organic transparent panel G1011
Car wall: hairline stainless steel G4202, secure laminated glass
COP: hairline stainless steel G2116
Handrail: hairline stainless steel G6011
Flooring: marble G3313

Price range: 9800-18000 USD Usage: panoramic elevator

Regular packing: wooden box Flooring: marble or PVC
Delivery time: shipped in 45 days after payment MOQ unit: 1set
Payment method: L/C,T/T payments for offline orders Load capacity: 630kg,
800kg,1000kg,1250kg
Supply capacity: 500 set/ sets per month Material: stainless steel
Port: shanghai, port Drive system: AC or
DC
Certification: ISO9001/ISO1400/ISO OHSAS18001 Control system: WVF
elevator control system
Place of origin: Jiangsu china Color: customer
required
Time to market: 2015
Product positioning: high-end residential, high grade office buildings, such as office stores
Specification range: maximum rated load 1250kg maximum rated speed 1.75m/s, maximum
lifting height of 90m

Related products
Panoramic elevator GO 12 Panoramic
elevator GO 11

Residential elevators for condos

Condominiums and flats are conceived to solve vertical mobility needs and to remove
architectural barriers in private and public buildings. DomusLift is suitable for the most complex
situations and any building and environment even existing buildings with his historical
constraints or with very narrow shafts and reduced spaces.
The installation of the lift in the condominium or in the house can solve problem arising when
the access is difficult for elder and disabled people. Thanks to a range of financial support
offerings, the Domuslift homelift represents an ideal and cost-effective solution.

10 good reasons for choosing domuslift

-overcomes architectural barriers
-compact, quiet and easy to install
-power consumption like any household electrical appliance
-connects to any electric 230V outlet
-more than 50 models, for indoor and outdoor
-standard panoramic glass door
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-100% made in Italy

As simple as that
-domuslift quick installation procedure requires minimum builder’s work, thanks to the reduced
pit and headroom. The installation also needs limited regulatory approval and benefits from
reduced maintenance costs and low energy consumption by using the standard household 230V
outlets.
Accessibility
-domuslift offers a choice of extremely functional and customizable solutions with special
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ideal for these with impaired mobility or special needs.
Choose your size
-domuslift is available in several dimensions suitable for any space and need XS, S, standard e
XL.

Panoramic elevator machine room less UN-VICTOR MRL(G)

-the perfect integration between passenger lift and panoramic lift has finished the last stroke of
modern buildings representing the perfect union of artificial intelligence. In the space fluctuation
up and down we can enjoy architectural picture, feeling the comfort and pleasure brought by the
modern facilities. It could be widely applied in different kinds of public places, such as super
market, station, airport, and shopping center recreation center and exhibition hall.
Product detail
-the perfect integration between passenger lift and panoramic lift has finished the last stroke of
modern buildings, representing the perfect union of artificial intelligence. In the space fluctuation
up and down we can enjoy the architectural picture, feeling the comfort and pleasure brought by
the modern facilities. It could be widely applied in different kinds of public places such as super
market station, airport, shopping center, recreation center and exhibition hall.

Main configuration:
Capacity: 800-1000kg
Speed: 1.o-1.75m/s
Machine: VITO
Controller: U-CON
Door operator: jarless-con
COP: U-CF1200
Door protection: light curtain

Products
Passenger elevator
Escalator
Panoramic elevator
Home elevator
Freight elevator
Hospital elevator

Panoramic elevator go 16
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Panoramic elevator go 12
Panoramic elevator go 11
Panoramic elevator go 10
Panoramic elevator go 09

Outdoor lifts by CIBES

-the outdoor lift concept is available for selected sizes of the CIBES A5000 and can be
customized to blend in with any architectural style. Outdoor lift CIBES A5000 is great way to
preserve the space inside the building and provide comfortable and direct access to the outdoors.
Outdoor concept for CIBES A5000
-outdoor equipment
-platform sizes
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-other recommendations
Why choose an outdoor lift by CIBES?
-CIBES outdoor lifts will resist to most weather conditions and are fast and easy to build, thanks
to the smart, modular construction. Outdoor installation is a great alternative when you do not
have enough spaces to fit a lift inside the building.
Enjoy your garden
-an outdoor lift provides comfortable access to your garden and all the floors of your house.
Minimal impact
-the ready-made concept, small footprint and low lift pit of CIBES outdoor lifts generate
minimal impact on your building.
Modular concept
-CIBES modular lift concept reduces installation time and construction costs. Even the lift shaft
is included.
Panoramic views
-the smart construction of outdoor lift CIBES A5000 makes it possible to glaze all 4 sides of the
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Fast installation
-a conventional lifts takes several weeks to install. A 2 CIBES outdoor lift can be installed in just
4-5 days.
Reliable drive system
-CIBES screw –driven system is resistant to changes in temperature and humidity ideal for
outdoor lifts .
Customer support
-your local CIBES dealer will support you on every step of your lift project advice and
quotations are always free of charge.
Outdoor lift equipment
-CIBES outdoor lifts are delivered with supplementary equipment to resist to changes in
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Inclined outdoor roof
-the inclined roof protects the lift against rain and snow.
Door canopies
-door canopies protect exposed lift doors from rain and snow.
Reinforced fixing brackets
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Frost guard
-the frost guard protects the motor and vital lift electronics from the cold.
Outdoor lifts for your home
-residential lift CIBES A5000
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Outdoor lifts for public & commercial use
-platform lift CIBES A5000
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Platform lift
-platform lift CIBES A5000 is a smart and adaptable lift solutions for public and commercial
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Platform lift CIBES A5000 (400/500kg)
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School buildings
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and day-care centers.

THE CITY OF THE FUTURE: HEXAGONAL BUILDING CONCEPT FOR A NEW

DIVISION

Rudolf Müller

Osterreichische Wochenschrift fur den offentlich Baudienst, XIV, Jg. 1908. [Trans. by
Eric M. Nay, College of Architecture, Art, and Planning, Cornell University. Spring
1995.]

Muller was apparently an engineer in Vienna, possibly in the office of city

engineer. His concept of a city organized in hexagonal and triangular blocks had
also been advocated by the American architect, Charles Lamb. Muller's reference
to Bill Archer's article has not yet been examined. Archer was evidently an
American, but nothing else on his background has come to the attention of the
compiler of this anthology.

I recently referred to the "Austrian Weekly Paper for Public Building", and had
accidentally come across something in the 1903 annual report on road engineering, which
dealt with a new engineering concept, proposed by Bill Archer in the Reform 1902-03
which was based on the idea of honeycombs (as in those made by bees, wasps, and
hornets).

These principles are constructed from the eyes of insects, which actually are placed
together as a bundle of eyes. Using the smallest surfaces the greatest number of elements
can be brought together.

If one takes equal cross sections of a number of elements completely symmetrically in

each cross sectional form, they become malleable in such a way that they can take on a
new form, by joining themselves in bundles and giving themselves a symmetrical
impression through their bundled circumference, thus all of these elements take on a
hexagonal cross sectional form, similar to the prism of Basalt, which most likely became
pressed into this state through the pressure caused by the earth's rock structure.
So far the idea of the hexagonal building concept had pleased me (in reading this report)
and pleased me, not as a city dweller, but as a system of water engineering and sewage
engineering and especially still as a hygienic and nature- friendly system for public and
private gardens in the city. This was a very interesting idea and this newspaper would
produce its own proposal, whose new ideas I would then take on myself to follow further
and work out.

Now I feel myself creating interest in bringing about some understanding as a result of
these studies for my colleagues, and the representative body of the profession (urban
planners).

When one places city blocks together in the form of a hexagonal honeycomb and the
streets organize the city blocks in place of partitions, these streets then pass everything in
a regular broken form, whereby the shortest connecting lines between two points enclose
the parts of the city.

Therefore one has to group the hexagonal building blocks so that the streets are either
direct or placed by the shortest course of continuous lines.

Through this, form is extended, which the building concept in figures 1 & 2 describes.
Figure 1 shows a part of a new section of the city utilizing this hexagonal building
concept and a completely regular form.

In figure 2 is an example of a plan sketch that is assigned to an irregular hexagonal

building concept, to show that not just completely orthogonal, triangular and circular
ordering systems are necessary to work with this basic idea, that the regularity of form,
for this purpose, has many advantages in itself for this construction ordering system as a
general example which is clearly calculable and therefore relates all of the following
construction ideas originating in the regular form in figure 1.
For others, after an area is found to be open, and similar applied forms are derived and
established, there is less demand to follow past rules.

With the hexagonal building concept shown in figure 1, hexagonal building parcels are
arranged in such a manner, that they themselves are placed together with the others at
their corners, which means that a row of polygons can be arranged in a longitudinal axis.
In doing this the longitudinal axis parallel to the hexagon is similarly situated in a row, so
that straight passing streets arise. The parallel streets of the hexagon are alternately
placed in the neighboring rows, so that straight passing streets from three directions, are
cut at angles under 60 degrees, which allows the hexagonal building blocks to still form
the boundaries of the equilateral triangles, which themselves such blocks complete in a
hexagonal star. The dimension of these triangles can be doubled to be as large as the
hexagon.

One connects the centerpoints of these triangles, which are enclosed by hexagonal
building blocks with straight lines, thus one gets further a hexagonal A B C D E F, in
which the actual elements of the built building concept can be placed in and the entire
building of the idea of the honeycomb as an idea in nature is made visible.

The hexagonal building blocks are inserted centrally into these hexagonal elements and
rotated 30 degrees.

The useful filling of the triangles can become advantageous for public garden
construction, whereby a middle single building - a restaurant, a coffee house, a
monument or similar things need not be excluded.

Also three detached villas can be built easily (in this triangular area), which by being
connected at the rear of the house fronts, can be formed into triangular buildings. (figure
3) [omitted]

The hexagonal building blocks then become advantageously constructed in such a way
that enclosed street tracts and house tracts, which are unenclosed at the corners, become
organized with distances relative to one another. The six building blocks of the housing
tract only further enclose a hexagonal open inner courtyard, which should find a further
use as a courtyard or be made into a garden.

In these interior courtyard areas left remaining in the center, the resulting further
enclosure could be utilized to build a museum, school, entertainment establishments etc.

There is still space enough to erect a jointly used hexagonal building, around the six
detached villas, which could be centered around the house fronts. (figure 4) [omitted]

The interior courtyard should lengthen the house fronts, but still freeing passage (figure
1) in order to make the courtyard accessible from the side. One should keep the six
corners of the street front public passages open, as the entrances to all of the inner
buildings are similarly plentiful in size and accessible.

The street fronts of these hexagonal blocks should produce a roughly calculable length of
150 meters. These lengths are also usually the standard distances between two fire
hydrants, which are also the lengths of the openings in the water main for two manholes
within the sewer system.
The street widths become minimally adapted to passing traffic, since only short house
fronts are established, alternating once left, once right, without any parallel opposites.

Through the arrangement of the streets, the major and minor streets are established. The
major streets stand parallel to the longitudinal axis of the building block and can take on a
width of 20 meters.

The crossing minor streets or lanes become 15 meters wide.

The hexagonal building element of the complete construction produces a side length of
125 meters with an interior radius of 110 meters and an exterior value of 125 meters. The
entire surface area is 41.250 square meters.

1. On this entire area can be built:

a) houses with streets - and building fronts with a middle tract depth of 12 meters.

b) houses with interior gardens and house fronts with a middle tract depth of 12 meters

c)entertainment establishments, museums, galleries, schools or villas in the interior

garden

d) coffee houses, restaurants, monuments, fountains, etc. in a public park

Complete construction 11.976m

2. From the public streets including the sidewalks is formed 10.200 m

From the courtyard in the hexagon between front and rear tracts is formed 6.400m

Total 16.600m

3. From the hexagonal interior garden comes 7.708m

And from the open parks in the triangles 4.964m

Total 12.672m

Therefore the finished application is:

built surface 30%

streets and houses 40%

gardens 30%
Total 100%

After arranging these proportions, these building concepts ranging between the fewer and
more compact construction (urban) and the so-called public construction (cottage plots)
approach the first form more, but have nearly the same advantages as the last building
concept.

The advantages are generally in the following combinations:

1. The hexagonal housing blocks have entirely no north fronts since the longitudinal axis
of the block rows are situated respective to the major street in the north-south direction,
so that partially or completely sunless dwellings are enclosed, thereby we also have to
consider the line of houses which cannot shade one another at all, except in the interior
courtyard in case of higher building.

In the next figure (page 790) in which the length of sunshine relative to the width in the
entrance for fall, summer, winter, and by day and night are derived, and as the house
openings are calculated (AD, BE, CF) one can establish the duration of the sunshine for
these house fronts from the manner in which light enters.

These sun times are placed together in the following table for the hexagonal building and
now also still establish the sun times for each south and north front for the common
orthogonal building.

Further advantages that can be had:

2. All housing has a front width which is determined by the length of the courtyard and,
of course, the street tracts running through the public courtyard, when each hexagonal
building block is surrounded by six public courtyards the interior courtyards will still
have reasonable dimensions relative to the housing tracts.

3. For public monuments, fountains, and objects of beauty sufficient sizes of areas are
given.

4. The form of the street becomes stable by designing the street as a straight line, giving it
a delightful view. With this kind of image of forms of houses and tree groupings a
constructed art is created, which is created by utilizing streets with two or more
conceptual building strategies and streets with front yards in this arrangement.

5. The built ground surface area can create very valuable buildings, which thereby would
be good rental property, which nearly every parcel of land can become, and is produced
in the building up of density by using this construction method for future public building.

6. The water main and sewage system themselves provide a remarkably simple and
clearly arranged structure, which is relatively inexpensive....
The execution of public welfare construction (referring to the construction of the water
main and the sewage system) in the sixth point still requires a separate discussion and
emphasis.

The public construction of water mains in figure 1 becomes an important construction

element, whereby all house fronts become tangent, accumulating in a length of 660
meters, whereby the last two-thirds (of the accumulated line of house fronts) can use the
smallest calibrated area or when street front is closed off the entire short house front is
necessitated.

With the long side of the hexagonal building blocks, having a 100 meter width for each
building element, three public fire hydrants can surface, whereby on each corner of a
building, and on each corner of the public garden plots a fire hydrant can occur, so that
the placement of the fire hydrants for all building elements always remains equal and
light can always be found.

A garden hydrant for each building does not need to be organized.

Each building element gets only nine S gate type shut- off valves which likewise are
symmetrically placed and therefore can have a traceable order with a further subdivision
of pipeline, with a maximum length of a single pipe run of a little more than 100 meters.

For the housing tracts, one's own water main line which can be connected with a short
service line follows, joining two connections with a street pipeline 420 meters long,
engineered to be small and inexpensive, which itself is still left to be administered as a
public pipeline run by the city administration, which can result in increased house
ownership.

This internal piping can advantageously use three publicly accessible fire hydrants, h so
that all houses can be sprayed from the front and on the three sides from the courtyard.

The sewer system creates similar benefits.

Each building element gets a public sewer with a length of 660 meter circumference, in
which the last two thirds of the run can be constructed with the smallest clay tile sewage
conduit, d= 200 mm.

With the manholes, BS, (figure one) three lengths of insulated tubing coming out of each
building element are used through the combination at each corner of the building blocks.

With the street ditches (drop shafts) nine lengths of insulated tubing are required for the
entire 4 1/8 ha circumference, with a median range of 50 meters from one another.

For the preservation of the long main sewer system coming from the house tracts (behind
the houses) to the street sewer system, characteristic interior pipes are used
advantageously, which the entire courtyard encloses, uncovering all connections for a
510 meter long circumference with the smallest acceptable cross section of concrete
drainage ditches.

These regular house sewers require longer house pipes and a longer watermain
connecting pipe, directing the cost away from the home owner further to the city,
requiring six manholes..., and after the planning of the building division approximately
30 street drains.

Uncovering the building in the courtyards and public parks requires a longer house
sewage system and a longer watermain connecting pipe.

All these elaborations sprang from the example of the eye, which through further
argument became completely unnecessary.

The only question still to discuss is how can this hexagonal building concept be used?
For example can it be used as part of a large urban addition to a district in Vienna and to
the city center, particularly the street directions themselves?

I have made such a study in a small representative fraction of the city in the Schmelz
District in Vienna, and sketched such an example in figure 6.
As this figure shows, the hexagonal building concept fits well into the area.

It results in streets running parallel to the zone and two rows of streets, which through
diagonal angles join to the adjacent major streets: Hutteldorfer-, Marzstrasse, etc. by
passing and leading through the city center.

The projected building concept does not speak, of course, of the wishes of the population,
which a typical cottage plan does, but these building concepts, which themselves already
exist in a major area of Schmelz as military drill fields, have also been carried out, and in
each joining of buildings, light and air, and gardens become created. Once the example is
made in a small area, and proven to work, the system will prove itself as a leading
example (for future construction).
How bees make honeycomb and the use of hexagons

Firstly, it should be said that much effort is required for bees to make honeycombs. Wax is first
secreted by young bees, and carefully constructed into perfectly uniform hexagonal-shaped wax
cells by many worker bees. Many individual cells must be made in order to have sufficient comb
for storing honey. Honey is the bees’ natural food source, eaten by colonies during the winter
months when there are insufficient flowers from which to feed. It is also worth mentioning that
some of the hexagonal wax cells will actually be used for rearing their young (and these are
called brood cells).

Why are the cells hexagon shaped, rather than say, round, triangular, or even square?
By ensuring that all cells are identical and with uniform, straight edges, then the cells fit
perfectly, neatly and tight together. Gaps are minimized, meaning that no vital space is wasted,
and (with the exception of outer cells) each individual cell shares its walls with its
neighbour. All this means that bees are able to produce the maximum number of cells with the
amount of wax used.
By ensuring that all cells are identical and with uniform, straight edges, then the cells fit
perfectly, neatly and tight together. Gaps are minimized, meaning that no vital space is wasted,
and (with the exception of outer cells) each individual cell shares its walls with its
neighbour. All this means that bees are able to produce the maximum number of cells with the
amount of wax used.

But why hexagons, rather than squares or even triangles?

This question of why bees use hexagons instead of other shapes, caught the attention of a Roman
scholar over 2000 years ago, in 36BC. The scholar, whose name was Marcus Terentius Varro,
proposed that hexagons hold more honey than other shapes because they break up flat space into
little units more economically, using less wax whilst doing so. In other words, hexagon
honeycombs hold the most amount of honey while using the least amount of wax.

However, Varro did not set about actually proving his theory, and so it became known as “The
Honeybee Conjecture”.

Then, in 1999, an American Scientist at the University of Michigan called Thomas Hales,
investigated, and produced mathematical proof that Varro was right.
“The honeycomb conjecture states that a regular hexagonal grid or honeycomb is the best way
to divide a surface into regions of equal area with the least total perimeter.”

Honeycomb hexagons inspire invention and design

It's no secret that the efficiency of the hexagon shaped honeycomb created by the humble but
amazing honey bee has inspired humans in the creation of buildings, transportation and
storage. However, the hexagon structure of the honeycomb is also used in mechanical and
chemical engineering, biomedicine and nanofabrication (which is used in computing, medical
and aerospace industries). Honeycomb structure has even been designed into snowboards!