Title : Bending on Bar

Lesson learning outcome:

At the end of this lab we should be able to:

1. To determine the modulus of elasticity of different material.

Safety precaution:

1. Do not use any equipment without supervisor of lecturer.

2. Never play around in the laboratory. Horseplay and practical jokes are prohibited.
3. Be careful when lifting heavy objects.
4. Clean up your work area before leaving.

Introduction/Theory:

Line loads are acting perpendicular to its longitudinal axis (bar axis) or if pair of forces are actimg
upon it in a plant that includes the longitudinal axis. Straight bar-shaped components subject to bending
are known as beams or girders. An intended intersection placed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
is known as a cross-sectional area. The cross section dimensions are smaller compared to the length of
the beam.

Figure 4.1 Unclamped girder

 𝐹. 𝐿3
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑚 =
48. 𝐸. 𝐼

If a rod of some material is subjected to a deformation along its axis, then it will be expected to
change in length. A deformation/displacement curve can be drawn based on experiment data and the
displacement in terms of extension per unit length can be described. This displacement is called strain
(𝜀), and the deformation in terms of force per unit area, is called stress (𝜎).

The derformation/displacement curve can be redrawn as a stress/strain curve as a shown in figure 2,

which shown a realistic stress-strain relation. This should be independent of the dimensions of the bar.
The shape of the stress/strain curve illustrated in gigure 5.8.1 is typical of many engineering materials,
and particularly of metals and alloys. In the context of biomechanics it is also characteristic of bone.
There is a linear portion between the origin O and the point Yp. In this region the stress is proportional
to the strain:

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀,

The constant of proportionality E is called Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity. The linearity
of the equivalent portion of the stress/strain curve is known as Hooke’s law. There is elastic Hooke an
behaviour up to the point P, the proportional limit. The slope up to this stress is constant, the Young’s
modulus E. At higher stresses, the stress-strain relation is nonlinear. Up to the elastic limit, denoted by
𝐸𝐿 , the object returns to its initial length when the stress is removed and there is no permanent
deformation. Permanent or plastic deformation occurs when stresses are beyond the elastic limit, and
the length and shape of the object are different after the stress is removed. The yield point or limit,
denoted by 𝑌𝑃 , is at a stress somewhat higher than the elastic limit; above it much elongation can occur
without much increase in the deformation.

Typically the point 𝑌𝑃 represents a critical in the material. (Some do not distinguish between the
elastic limit and the yield point). Because it is often difficult to determine, the yield point is usually
estimated by the intersection of the stress-strain curve with a line parallel to the linear part of the stress-
strain curve. The yield point occurs at the yield stress (or strength), YS.
 Figure 2

Equipment:

Figure 4.3
 1. Guide bar
2. Movable bearing
3. Fixing element for bearings
4. Load body
5. Magnetic holder for dial gauge
6. Fixing element and clamping plate
7. Force transmission element
8. Dial gauge
9. Test bar

Procedure:

1. The bearing blocks was set to 500mm. the profile bars were cut to a size of 510mm.
2. Before the experiment the required lengths of 500mm and 250mm were marked on the test bar
using pencil line.
3. The measuring stand with the vertical magnetic surface on the front or rear side surface of the
guide bar were connected with blade holder attached the measuring stand.
4. Zero dial gauge was set.
5. The additional of 1kg weight was placed carefully.
6. Dial gauge was read (read figures).
7. The data was record in the table.

Result and Calculation

Display on dial gauge Modulus of elasticity E in Modulus of elasticity E in

Y in mm 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑚 N/𝑚𝑚2 calculated from N/𝑚𝑚2 form tables
(Deflection) Measured values
A1 70000
Cu 125000
Ms 80000
St 210000

TABLE 1 (Data from experiment)

Formulae used

And
𝐹. 𝐿3 𝑏. ℎ3
𝐸= 𝐼=
48. 𝐼. 𝑓𝑚 12
Discussion

Conclusion and Recommendation

Reference

1. Manual Experiment Instruction WP100 Deformation of Bars under Bending or Torsion- Gunt
Hambung