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Figure 15.1 Stress–strain behavior for brittle (curve A), Figure 15.2 Stress–strain curve for a
plastic (curve B), and highly elastic (elastomeric) (curve plastic polymer showing how yield &
C) polymers. tensile strengths are determined.
Mechanical properties of Polymers
Mechanical properties of Polymers
• Polymers in many respects, mechanically dissimilar to metals.
• For example, modulus for highly elastic polymeric materials may be as low as
7 MPa, but may run as high as 4 GPa for some very stiff polymers; modulus
values for metals are much larger and range between 48 and 410 GPa
• Maximum tensile strengths for polymers are about 100 MPa and for some
metal alloys ~2400 MPa
• Metals rarely elongate plastically to more than 100%, some highly elastic
polymers may experience elongations to greater than 1000%.
• Mechanical characteristics of polymers are more sensitive to temperature.
• Influence of strain rate on mechanical behavior is also important.
– In general, decreasing the rate of deformation has the same influence on
stress–strain characteristics as increasing the temperature; i.e. the
material becomes softer and more ductile.
Mechanical properties of Polymers
• Consider stress—strain
behavior for poly methyl
methacrylate (Plexiglas)
between 4 and 60 0C.
• Increasing the temperature
produces:
• a decrease in elastic
modulus,
• a reduction in tensile
strength, and
• an enhancement of ductility
• at 4 0C the material is totally
brittle, whereas there is
considerable plastic deformation
at both 50 and 60 0C
Figure 15.5 (a) Load versus time, where load is applied instantaneously at time
ta and released at tr. For the load–time cycle in (a),
the strain-versus time responses are for totally elastic (b),
Viscoelastic (c), and viscous (d) behaviors.
Viscoelastic Relaxation Modulus
• Viscoelastic behavior of polymeric materials is dependent on time and
temperature.
• Several experimental techniques may be used to measure and quantify this
behavior. Stress relaxation measurements represent one possibility.
• With these tests, a specimen is initially strained rapidly in tension to a
predetermined and relatively low strain level.
• The stress necessary to maintain this strain is measured as a function of
time, while temperature is held constant.
• Stress is found to decrease with time because of molecular relaxation
processes that take place within the polymer.
• Relaxation Modulus Er(t), a time-dependent elastic modulus for viscoelastic
polymers, is defined as:
,σ(t) is measured time-dependent stress and Є0 is the
strain level, which is maintained constant.
Glass Transition Temperature: Temperature at which a reversible change
occurs in a polymer when it is heated to a certain temperature and undergoes a
transition from a hard and glassy to a soft and ductile condition.
Viscoelastic Relaxation Modulus