Rhona T.

Rabino
BSTM 1B

History of Tourism
 Early travelers migrated for food and hunting
 Phoenicians, Olmecs, early Chinese traveled for trade and military control
 The Empire Era
 Affluent population with time and money to travel
 Safe and easy travel
 Widely accepted currencies
 Widely used languages
 Legal system which protects personal safety

The Middle Ages (5th to 14th centuries) and the Renaissance Era (14th to 16th
centuries)
 Transportation and safety declined
 Less acceptance of currencies and less knowledge of common languages
 Some travel by crusaders to Holy Land
 Marco Polo’s historic travels in the late 13th century
 Increased interest in travel for commerce and pleasure

The Grand Tour Era (1613 to 1785 A.D.)

 Trend of luxurious travel started by wealthy English
 Developed as a status symbol and spread throughout Europe
 Goal was to experience the “civilized world” and study the arts and sciences
 These travels often lasted for several years
 Growth in travel for business reasons

The Mobility Era (1800-1944)

 Growing economic prosperity
 Increase in systems, modes, and speeds of travel (roads, railroads, steamships)
 Thomas Cook developed tour packages for mass travel
 Invention of automobile and airplane expanded freedom to travel

The Modern Era (1945 to present)

 Paid vacations introduced in the early 1900’s made leisure travel possible for
working and middle classes
 Millions of people were introduced to international travel during World War II
 Postwar prosperity made mass ownerships of automobiles possible
 Advent of jet travel shortened travel time
 Time, money, safety and interest in travel led to unparalleled growth of tourism
 Development of mass tourism
Five Ages of tourism
 Pre-industrial Revolution age
 Railway age
 Automobile age,
 Jet Aircraft age
 Cruise Ship age.
The Pre-industrial Revolution age
Generally, this age is defined as year prior to 1840. We can trace back to the
Paleolithic age (30,000 B.C.-10,000 B.C.) when human was first able to discover fire
and tool and settle down in a shelter, having a usual region to live, which provide the
basic element of travel, moving from regions to regions.4000 B.C., ancient
Egyptians invented sailing vessels, which encouraged the intentional travelling to
explore the world, the invention of money and wheels by Sumerians(Babylonia)
shows the earliest development of tourism. The ruler of Babylonia collected
wayfarers for providing protection and rest houses to travelers For example, India
and China were very famous between early some travelers who were searching for
fortune. Many merchants went to India and China for sole purpose of trade and
commerce. Merchants and trading routes (e.g The Silk Road) reflect the strong
force trading had on the development of tourism.Also, travelling was undertaken
by pilgrims. They traveled for religious purposes, very little of them were
pleasure travel. They traveled to strengthen their faith, search for their "holy
land" and spread their religion out. this age, wealthy Romans was the first group
of travelers who developed the sense and habit of pleasure travel. They traveled
for natural beauty, music, sports, religion and pleasure in their leisure time because
they can afford the time and money. All thanks to the good communication system
and security of Roman Empire.However, the fall of Roman Empire between 400
A.D and 500 A.D forced Roman to have a great step back in travelling.

The Railway age

First passenger carried by rail happened in 1830 in England. A complete railway
track was newly built between Liverpool and Manchester, featuring the special
function of carrying passengers rather than only freights. Before that, people usually
traveled by horses and carriages. 1841, the first organised railway travel was
undertaken. 570 passengers made a journey by the Midland Country Railway
which included lots of beautiful spots seeing in the way. Followed by that, a
circular tour of Scotland with 5000 passengers was conducted from 1848 to 1863.the
idea of a railroad linking America's east and west coast (a transcontinental railway)
had appeared since 1830, especially when people tried to go to California for gold
mining. The route by wagon or ship around South America can take them almost
four months. However, the construction of railroad hadn't started since Northern
States and the Southern States had argument about the path of the railroad until
1861. Railroad was completed in 1869, the transcontinental railway was a big
success, shortening the time taken for the travel from four month to within a
week.1870, first-class railway was introduced by G.M.Pullman, who turned the
train into a place with luxury furnishing and dinning facilities, allowing
passengers to have long travel comfortably 1881, railways operated by 100
different companies had carried over 600 million passengers.Comparing to the
pre-industrial revolution age, we can see the invention of railways realized the
possibility of mass traveling in short time and allow people to have pleasure travel,
which greatly facilitated the development of tourism

The Automobile age

Automotive production on a commercial scale started in US and Europe in 1900's.
However, it was uncertain that which kind of engines to be used in automobile, and
the price for the steam-driven engine was high, also with the danger of explosion. In
May 1990, a steam-powered "Locomobile" was offered for $750. In 1904, imported
cars are sold in US at a price of $8000 while domestic cars are sold at $3700. At that
time, automobiles is for rich people. 1914, Henry Ford decided to sell affordable
car, he launched the Model T for $490, about a quarter the cost of the previous
decade. Also, he used the idea of assembly line for automobile manufacturing to
enhance the productivity and lower the production cost.1920 census, there were
9.5 million registrations of car and truck already. By the end of decade, the
number of registered drivers almost tripled to 23 million. Automobiles became an
usual means of private transportation. With the more frequently use of bicycles and
automobiles, the greatly increased demand for "goodroads

The Jet Aircraft age

The first successful human-carrying aircraft was built by Wright brothers in 1903.
Although by 1919, there was already scheduled aircraft service offered between
London and Paris. But mass traveling by aircraft had been a post second world
war activity. main period of growth of mass traveling by aircraft took place in
1960s after the advent of jet. The 707 jet aircraft which can carry 200 people was
invented, compared to the Comet which can only carry 70 people, it greatly
reduced the cost and fare of traveling for both travelers and the service provider.
Cheaper package tours could then be provided. Since Boeing 707 started serving the
New York to London route, there were more trans-Atlantic passengers travel by
aircrafts than by ships. Moreover, with the more advance aircraft technology,
travelling by aircraft is much safer, faster, and more comfortable than before. All
these factors providing travelers a new choice of transportation and more choices of
places to travel. aircraft is the most common mean of transportation for long distance
travel. According to the International Air Transport Association director general and
CEO, aviation contributed around 2.4 trillions in GDP in 2014. And there will be
more and more new fleet models and destinations for travelers.

The Cruise Ship age

First vessel built for cruising purpose was the Prinzessin Victoria Luise in 1990. To
complete with others, ocean liners keep adding other luxuries and
entertainments into the cruise. Cruising industry finally becoming more than
just a transatlantic trip, but also with services like cinema, library, casino and so
on.The cruise ship market is becoming more and more popular that it has an average
annual growth rate of passenger of 7.4% from 1990 to 2007. It facilitates tourism a
lot, contributing a total economic output of US$38 billion in 2007, there is an
estimation of 13.2 million passengers in 2008.There are different kinds of cruising
offered to travelers, such as coastal cruising around the world which focuses on
fishing, diving and sailing; adventure cruising which usually have smaller ship that
let travelers to visit some unusual destinations.