ANALYSIS LEADERSHIP STYLE AND JOB

SATISFACTION CHIEF OF WARD AT HOSPITAL : A

LITERATURE REVIEW
Firmansyah1, KadekAyu Erika2 Andi Masyitha Irwan3
1
Student of Magister of Nursing Study Program, HasanuddinUniversity , Makassar,
2
Nursing Study Program, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
3
Nursing Study Program, Hasanuddin University, Makassar
E-mail:psmikfirmansyah@gmail.com, Samata, Gowa

ABSTRACT

IntroductionLeadership style and job satisfaction are two important things in an organization.One of the
achievements of the leadership style is job satisfaction. Some studies have shown that different leadership styles
will affect job satisfaction. Therefore this is an interest to do research by analyzing the leadership style and job
satisfaction by the chief of ward in various Hospitals. The purpose of this literature study is to find out the
comparison of leadership styles and job satisfaction by the chief of ward in several hospitals with different types
and status of ownership in the world. Methods: This literature study was obtained from the articles search of
scientific research from the range of 2011-2018 using PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Schoolar. There are 39
articles, after identification, screening and eligibility process of 39 articles there were 10 articles that fit the
inclusion criteria and are in accordance with the research questions. Results: From the literature study, 10
research articles from various countries explainabout various types of leadership styles applied by the chief of
ward and an overview of job satisfaction in various hospitals in the world. From various literatures, found that
there were three leadership styles applied in the world including transformational, transactional and laissez faire
leadership,whereas from various literatures explains that leadership style that the most affect the job satisfaction.
Discussion: Transformational leadership style becomes the most widely used leadership style in various
countries and in the literature study shows that the main factors that cause job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction
are leadership styles. Conclusion: The dominant leadership style run by the chief of ward in several countries in
the world is a transformational leadership style that has a positive impact on the job satisfaction of the chief of
ward and the nurses in the hospital.

Keywords: Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction, Chief of Ward

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is a varied branch of science.
Leadership is easy to define but in practice it is
very difficult to apply (Kartono, 2011). In
thetheory full rangeof leadership model, there are
three leadership styles, namely transformational
leadership, transactional leadership and laissez
faire. Effective leadership is the most important
component that leads an organization to get
effective and successful outcomes (Wong, 2007).
Effective leadership styles such as
transformational and transactional leadership styles
have a significant positive relationship with the
level of patient satisfaction (Lang et al, 2004).
However, in contrast withlaissez faire where a
leader is declared fail to be a leader (Havig, 2011).
In addition, several studies have emphasized the
importance of leadership styles for the quality of
health services in hospitals (Sfantou&Loliotis,
2017).
Leadership patterns will have a positive and
negative impact on the member, positive impacts
include positive thinking between leaders and
members, awareness of not violating commitments,
comfort between leaders and members, motivation
and satisfaction to continue working if you have a
transformational and transactional leadership model
. Negative impacts of leadership such as arrogant,
authoritarian, bad communication between leaders
and members, as well as inconvenience and
dissatisfaction in the work environment so that
there is a failure in the lead known as laissez faire
so it is very significant to analyze the leadership
style run by the chief of ward (Bass &Avolio,
2012).

1
 According to Gibson & Donnelly (2002) job
satisfaction is a pleasant condition of feeling
produced by employees all the time in terms of
understanding their job. In a research on job
satisfaction there are three reasons why job
satisfaction in an organization is important. First,
there is clear evidence that dissatisfied employees
often miss thejob and are more likely to resign.
Second, it has been proven that satisfied employees
have a better level of health and a longer age.
Third, satisfaction in the job is impactedon the
daily life outside the job (Robbins & Judge, 2016)
One of the achievements of leadership style is
job satisfaction, leadership style plays an important
role in influencing job satisfaction both at the
superior level and subordinate level (Voon et al,
2011). Hospitals with different types and
ownership status will influence the leadership style
that is carried out and job satisfaction. A research
result also shows that the performance of nursing
managers is different in several type B government
hospitals in West Java (Yustien, 2012).
Based onvarious studies on leadership style
and job satisfaction of the chief of ward in
hospitals, so that the researcher knowsthe
originality of this research is that there has been no
literature study on leadership styles and job
satisfaction of chief of ward indifferent types of
hospitals in various countries.
The purpose of this literature study was to
compare the leadership styles carried out by the
chief of ward and job satisfaction thus it becomes a
reference source for nurses about the right
leadership style to be applied and the job
satisfaction indicators of the chief of ward.
METHODS
This literature study was obtained from the
articles search on scientific research research from
the range of 2011-2018 using thedatabase
PubMED, ProQuest, Google Schoolar.
Searching on PubMEDdatabase by entering
the first key words Leadership model"OR"
leadership style (all fields) and found 179 articles,
the second keyword by entering the job
satisfactionword "OR" work satisfactionand found
38065 articles, the third keyword by entering the
chief of wardword "OR" nurse manager found
16813 articles, merging between keywords, 1,2,
and 3 by filtering the year between 2011-2018,full
text,according to the research questions then
obtained 2 research articles.
Searching on Google schoolardatabase by
entering the key wordsleadership style "OR"
leadership model "AND" job satisfaction "OR"
work satisfaction "AND" chief of ward "OR" nurse
manager, from the search results by combining
keywords and obtained 705 research articles
Searching in ProQuestdatabase by entering
the leadership stylekey words "OR" leadership
model "AND" job satisfaction "OR" work
satisfying "AND" chief of ward "OR" nurse
manager, from the search results by combining the
keywords obtained 68 research articles
From the identification results of the three
search databases found 775 research articles
performedidentification, screening,
eligibilitythrough inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The inclusion criteria in the search for research
articles included the literatures explaining the
leadership style and job satisfaction of chief of
ward in the hospital, published internationally,
articles in 2011-2018, articles in English while the
exclusion criteria included not in full text,
leadership style and job satisfaction at the
institution education and government. Final
identification resultsfound 39 research articles,
according to the title of the literature study were 10
articles.
2
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Theflow diagramofliterature searchcarried out on three databases
PubMED Google schoolar ProQUEST

2 705 68

Inclusion: article from

2011-2018, published
Identified articles n: 775 internationally
Exclusion: article under
2011
Identification

ScreeningResult
n: 105 Inclusion:
Full text, according to
the title of literature
study, using English
Exclusion: not in
Screening accordance with the title
of the literature study

Correspond with literature study topic

n: 39
Inclusion: respondent
chief of ward in the
Hospital
Eligibility
Exclusion: executive
nurse, doctor, head of
hospital
Number of articles included n:10

Figure 1.1 flow diagram ofliterature search

Based on the results of the literature search, there satisfaction of chief of ward in various hospitals
were 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The with different ownership status in several hospitals
research article identifies leadership styles and job in the world.

Table 1. Analysis of the synthesis grid literature search

NO AUTHOR TITLE OF COUNTRY METHODS INSTRUMENTS RESULTS
RESEARCH
1 RidwanNu The Influence Indonesian quantitative Leadership style Frequency
rdin, Of Leadership study with questionnaire and distribution
Darmawan Style And Work Analytical job satisfaction results showed
syah, Indar Satisfaction On survey approach that the chief of
2012 Employee's ward used a
Performance In transactional
Namlea Public leadership style
Hospital with a score of

3
 Of Buru 73.8% with a job
Regency, satisfaction index
Maluku of 86.2%
Province
2 Warshwas Nurse Manager USA Quantitative Job Satisfaction The results of
ky, Nora & Job Satisfaction Study electronic Survey ANOVA
Havens and intent to statistical test, Chi
Donna leave Square shows that
2014 the chief of ward
who plans to work
more than 5 years
is more satisfied
than the chief of
ward who plans
to leave under 5
years of work
with p<001
3 Feather, Nurse Manager Indianapolis, Qualitative Five groups with From the results
RA, Ebrigt Behaviors that USA Study semi-structured of the interview
Patricia, RNs Perceive to interview methods analysis it was
Bakas, Affect Their Job identified that the
Tamylin Satisfaction two main factors
2015 that play a role in
the job
satisfaction of the
chief of ward are
communication
and respect

4 Lorraine Do Staff Nurse USA Quantitative leadership style The Mean Value
Bormann, Perceptions of Kentucky Study with MLQ (Multifactor of
PhD, RN, Nurse University Analytical leadership transformational
MHA, Leadership Surveys Questionnaire) - leadership in the
CPHQ Behaviors Approaches 5X instruments range of 0-4 is
Kathleen Influence Staff 2.39 higher than
Abrahamso Nurse Job transactional
n, PhD, Satisfaction? leadership with a
RN The Case value of 2 , 26
2014 of Hospital
Applying for
MagnetA
Designation
5 Daria M. Awareness and USA Quantitative Organizational The Pearson
Byrne, Understanding University Study Commitment and correlation
EdD, RN of the of Central Professional statistical test on
& Barbara Leadership Style Missoury Satisfaction two leadership
N. Martin, of Qustionairre styles on job
EdD the Nursing Leadership satisfaction
2014 Department Style(LSOCPS) identified
Head Instrument transformational
leadership are
more related to

4
 statistical job
satisfaction with a
value of r = 0.51
6 H.D.W.T. Leadership Style Sri Langka Quantitative Leadership Form Results of
Damayanth of Nurse study with a Questionnaire analysis on the
i Manager descriptive (LFQ) Instrument chief of ward with
2014 approach and Demographic Transformational
Data Recording leadership style
Form (DDRF) (Mean-3.35, SD =
0.64),
Transactional
Leadership (Mean
= 3.25, SD =
0.45) thus
Transformational
leadership style is
better to apply
7 Cui Liu, Job satisfaction China Quantitative Mueller- The descriptive
Lingjuan and intention to study with cross McLoskey survey results of
Zhang, leave: a survey sectional Satisfaction Scale 50.2 were
Wenqin of approach satisfied with
Ye, hospital nurses their work and
Jianying in Shanghai of 40.8 were
Zhu, Jie China dissatisfied with
Cao, their work
Xiaoying
Lu and
Fengping
Li
2011

8 GiulianaM How staff Italian Mixed Method Multifactor P there is

orsiana nurses perceive Leadership acorrelation test
Msn, Rn, the impact of Questionnaire spearmen
Annamaria nurse managers' (MLQ) showing p value
Bagnasco leadership styles Instruments and 3 <0.01 In the
PHD, in terms of job discussion groups transactional
Medsc, satisfaction: a leadership style
Msn, Rn mixed that affects the
LoredanaS method study level of patient
asso satisfaction
MEDSC,
Msn, RN,
Faan
2016

9 UsamaSale The impact of Saudi Qualitative Semi-structured The results of

h, Tom nurse managers Arabia studies with interviews with interview analysis
O'Connor, 'leadership phenomenologic open-ended show that
Hattan Al- styles on ward al approaches questions participants
Subhi, staff describe four
RanaAlkatt types of

5
 an, Saad leadership styles:
Al-Harbi relational
and Declan leadership,
Patton preferential
2018 leadership,
communication
chain leadership,
and ineffective
leadership
10 Abdelhafid Impact of Jordan Quantitative MLQ-5X Research results
z, IM , leadership styles Study (Multifactor show a positive
Alloubani, adopted by head Comparative Leadership correlation
AM, nurse on Study Questionnaire) between
Almatari, satisfaction: a Instrument transformational
M comparative leadership style
2015 study between with job
Government and satisfaction with r
Private Hospital = 0.374
in Jordan

r = correlation value in statistical tests

Table.1 shows 10 research articles giving an
overview of leadership styles and job satisfaction
of the chief of room from various countries. There
are 5 articles that show a transformational
leadership style that is very good for job
satisfaction, there are 2 articles that show
transactional leadership style that is associated with
increased job satisfaction, and there are 3 articles
that show an overview about job satisfaction of the
chief of room.
Based on the results of research at one
hospital in USA by Byrne & Martin (2014), that
transformational leadership style has a positive
influence on professional satisfaction and
organizational commitment, while transactional
leaders have a negative impact on professional
satisfaction and organizational commitment.
Damayanthi's research (2014) at the Government
Hospital in Sri Langkaalsoshowed that nurses in
hospitals considered their manager's leadership
style as transformational leadership as an effective
leadership style.
Other studies in identifyinghospitals in Italy
show that most chiefs of room adopt transactional
leadership styles, but transformational leadership
styles remain dominantly imitated by the chiefs of
room in the world (Morsiana et al, 2016). Whereas
the research conducted in Jordan showed that the
chiefs of room in the Hospital had implemented a
transformational leadership style and had an impact
on the job satisfaction of the executive nurse
(Abdelhafidz et al, 2015).
The results of the research by Bormann &
Abrahamson (2014), identified that
transformational and transactional leadership was
positively related to nurse satisfaction and job
satisfaction in medical personnel in hospitals. A
valid instrument in assessing leadership style is by
using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
(MLQ-5X) where in Saudi Arabia found that
transformational leadership style is effective for
chiefs of room in implementing leadership styles
(Alharby, 2017).
Based on the results of Nurdin's research,
Darmawansyah&Indar (2012), the results of the
study showed that the leadership style and work
habits influence the performance of employers at
Namlea Regional Hospital. The most influence
variables on employee performance are leadership
style variables. In the study of
Totononu&Dwiantoro (2017), showed that
transformational leadership style has an influence
and impact on the job satisfaction of nurses thusa
lot of leaders use this leadership style in an
organization they lead, where with transformational
leadership style, it will increase the job satisfaction
of nurses and also contribute to increase nurse
retention and have the intention to retain.

6
 In Petrosova&Pokhilenko's (2015) study,
in Finland identifying factors that influence the job
satisfaction and dissatisfaction from the chief of
room were determined in six ways: working
conditions, support, opportunities for professional
development, autonomy and decision making,
power, and stress. The job satisfaction of nursing
managers can be enhanced by ensuring the safety
and enabling work environments, reducing
workload, range of control, and stress, providing
access to resources, personnel, and information,
implementing a management model, providing
DISCUSSION
In a study conducted by
Negussie&Demissie (2013) it was identified that
executive nurses were more satisfied with
transformational leadership style so that the chief
of ward was expected to use transformational
leadership style in increasing job satisfaction.
Transformational leadership style was a form of
modern leadership (Bushra et al, 2011), which is
able to increase or bring positive changes to
subordinates through effective problem solving
methods (Riaz et al, 2011).
Research conducted by Abdelhafiz et al
(2016) identified that transformational leadership
style is able to contribute to improving nurse
retention, this is in line with research conducted by
Abualrub et al (2011) that by implementing
transformational leadership, the nurses are more
motivated in work and according to Alsharani
(2016 ) able to improve the performance of his
subordinates. In other literature, transformational
leadership focuses on high responsibility,
persuasive problem solving, giving rewards,
acknowledgement and motivation between leaders
and members (Javed et al, 2014).
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
The dominant leadership style run by the
chief of ward in several countries in the world is a
transformational leadership style that has a positive
impact on the job satisfaction of the chief of ward
and the nurse in the hospital. The transformational
leadership style that is implemented becomes a
measure for the chief of ward in the Hospital as a
barometer of success in leading so that it becomes a
reference for leaders in any aspect to use this
leadership style. Job satisfaction of the chief of
ward and the nurse in the hospital is strongly
opportunities for professionals and developing
education.Results from other studies in China show
that most of the dissatisfaction of nurses in
Shanghai at work is influenced by salaries,
interactions, rewards,and supervisor responsibilities
are significant factors that cause nurses in China to
intend to leave the workplace and are dissatisfied
(Liu et al, 2016). In other studies the rate of chief
of room job satisfaction and nurses in hospitals in
the United States is strongly influenced by
communication and high respect between superiors
and employees (Feather et al, 2015).
Indicator of job satisfaction of each person is
different. Based on a study shows that the main
factors that cause job dissatisfaction and job
satisfaction are leadership styles (Asmuji, 2012), as
for other factors in the research as indicators of job
satisfaction are low income, high pressure, lack of
rewarduntil the relationship is not synergy with
leaders (Sunyoto, 2012).
According to Riggio (2011), increasing
job satisfaction can be achieve in the following
ways:make changes in the structure of work, such
as doing job rotation that is job exchangesystem
from one position to another, making changes in
the structure of salary payments, changes in the
payment system is based on expertise, Providing
flexible work schedules, providing control for
workers regarding their most important daily work
for those who work in crowded areas, companies
conduct programs that are considered to be able to
improve job satisfaction of employees, for
example: health centers, profit sharing, and
employee sponsored child care.
influenced by the leadership style of the superior
towards his subordinates so that between the
leadership style and job satisfaction are two things
that are directly proportional. Suggestions in the
next study need to be carried out a literature study
about leadership style and job satisfaction on
various elements in the Hospital not only the chief
of ward but the executive nurses, team leaders,
heads of installation and Hospital Directors in
various countries with different cultural
backgrounds.
7
REFERENCES

Abualrub R.F. &Alghamdi M.G. (2011): The Nurse educator Vol 39 No.3 Copyright 2014
impact of leadership style on wolters kluwert health Lippincot william &
nurses’ satisfaction and intentio to stay wikins. Volume(issue):39(3)
among Saudi nurses. Journal Of Nursing Damayanthi, H. (2014). Leadership Style of Nurse
Management. Saudi Manager. International journal of scientific
Arabia.Volume(issue):1-11. and research publications volume 4, issue 8
Abdelhafiz, I.M., Alloubani, A.M., &Almatari, M. August 2014 ISSN 2250-3153.
(2016): Impact of Feather,R.A, Ebrigt Patricia,
leadership style adopted by head nurses on Bakas,Tamylin.(2015).Nurse Manager
job satisfaction: a comparative Behaviors that RNs Perceive to Affect Their
study between governmental and private Job Satisfaction.Journal of Nursing Forum
hospitals in Jordan. JuornalOf Nursing an independent voice of Nursing Volume 50
Management. Saudi Issue.2 Page 220-229 2015
Arabia.Volume(issue):384-392. Gibson, J.L., & Donnelly, J.H.(2002).
Alharby, A. Y. (2017). Leadership styles of Nurse OrganisasiPerilaku,Strukturdan proses.
manager and their effect on nurse and Jilid 1,Jakarta: Erlangga.
organisational performance,issue, and Havig, A.; Skogstad, A.; Kjekshus, LA;
problems. international journal of Romoren.(2011) LE Leadership, staffing
information research and review , and quality of care in nursing homes.
Volume(issue):4(09) 516-4525 September BMC Health Serv. [CrossRef]
2017. [PubMed].Volume 2,Issue 10 Page 101-
Alshahrani, F.M., &Baig, L.A., (2015): Effect of 111
leadership style on job Javed, H. A., Jaffari, A. A., & Rahim, M. (2014):
satisfaction among critical care nurses in Leadership style and
Aseer, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the College employees’ job satisfaction: A case from
ofphysicians and Surgeons Pakistan, the private Banking sector of
Volume(issue): 26(5).366-370. Pakistan. Journal Of Asian Business
Asmuji.(2012).ManajemenKeperawatan.Jakarta:Ar Strategy. Pakistan. Volume 9.issue 06
ruz media Page 41-50.
Bass, B.M.& Avolio, B.J.(2006).Bass &stodghill’s Kartini,Kartono.(2011).Pemimpin dan
handbook of leadership: Theory, Kepemimpinan.Jakarta: Rajawali Grafindo
Research, and Managerial Persada
Aplication3rded.New York: Free Press Lang, TA; Hodge, M.; Olson, V.; Romano, PS;
Bormann, L., & Abrahamson, K. (2014). Do staff Kravitz, RL.(2004). Nurse-patient ratios: A
perceptions of nurses leadership behaviours systematic review on the effects of nurse
influence staff nurse job satisfaction the case staffing on patient, nurse employee and
of hospital applyng for magneta designation. hospital. J. Nurs. Adm., Volume 34.Issue
JONA Volume 44 Copyroght B 2014 04,Page 326–337. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincot William & Liu, C., Zhang, L., Yee, W., & Zhu, J. (2011). Job
wikins Satisfaction and intention to leave:a
Bushra, F., Usman, A., &Naveed, A. (2011): Effect questionaire survei of hospital nurses in
of Transformational Shanghai of China. Blackwell publishing
Leadership on Employees’ Job Satisfaction Ltd.Journal of Clinical Nursing, Volume
and Organizational Commitment 21,Issue 12,255-263 255
in Banking Sector ofLahore (Pakistan). DOI:10.1111/J.13652702.201.03766.X .
International Journal of Business and Social Morsiana, G., Bagnasco, A., & Sasso, L. (2016).
Science. Lahore, Pakistan. How staff nurses perceive the impact of
Volume(isue):2(08). nurse manager leadership style in terms of
Byrne, D. M., & Martin, B. N. (2014). Awareness job satisfaction: a mixed method study.
and understanding of the leadership style of Journal of Nursing Management.Volume
the nursing departemen head. Journal of 23, Issue 03.DOI:10.1111/jonm.12448 .

8
Mrayyan, M. T. (2011). Nurse job satisfaction and
retention: comparing public with private
hospitals in. Journal of Nursing
Management, Volume 13, Issue 8, Page
40-50.
Negussie, N. &Demissie, A. (2013): Relationship
between leadership style of
nurses managers and nurses’ job satisfaction
in Jimma University
Specilialized Hospital. Ethiopia J Health
Sci. Vol. 1, No. 03. Page 49-58
Nurdin, R., Darmawansyah, & Indar. (2012). The
influence of leadership style and work
satisfaction on employes's performance in
Namlea Public Hospital of Buru Regency,
Maluku Province. Journal kesehatan
masyarakat universitas Hasanuddin,Volume
9.Issue 01 Page 01-09.
Petrosova, L., & Pokhilenko, I. (2015). Job
satisfaction of nursing manager. publication
Bachelor's nthesis jamk university.Journal of
Nursing Management and leadership.Volume
06.Issu 02.Page 20-31
Robbins, S.P&Timothy A. J leave.NIH
(2016).PerilakuOrganisasiEdisi 16, PT.
SalembaEmpat :Jakarta.
Riaz, T., Akram M.U., &Ijaz H. (2011). Impact of
Transformational
Leadership Style on Affective Employees’
Commitment: an Empirical Study of
Banking Sector in Islamabad (Pakistan). The
Journal of Commerce.Volume(Issue) 3(1),
page 43-51
Riggio,R,E (2011).Introduction to industrial/
organizational psychology.(5thEdition).
New Jersey: Pearson Education
Saleh, U., O'Conner. T., Al-Subhi, H.,Al Kattan. R,
Al-Harbi.S, Patton.D.(2018). The Impact
of nurse manager leadership style on ward
staff. British journal of Nursing 2018
volume 27 No.4.Page 197-203
Sfantou, D. F., Laliotis, A., Patelarou, A. E., Sifaki-
Pistolla, D., Matalliotakis, M., &Patelarou,
E. (2017). Importance of Leadership Style
towards Quality of Care Measures in
Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review.
Healthcare,Volume(Issue) 5(4), Page 73.
http://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5040073
Sunyoto.(2012).ManajemenSumberDayaManusia.J
akarta:PTBukuSeru
Totonou, A. E., & Dwiantoro, L. (2017). Gaya
kepemimpinan yang dapat meningkatkan
kepuasan kerja perawat. jurnal
keperawatan universitas
Diponegoro.Volume 04.Issue 09 Page:07-
13
Voon M.L et al.(2011).The influence of leadership
styles on employees' job satisfaction in
public sector organization in Malaysia.
International Journalof Business,
Management and Social Sciences. Vol.2,
No.1, Page 24-32
Warshwasky, N. E &Havens,D.S.(2014).Nurse
Manager Job Satisfaction and Intent
Public Access Author
Manuscript Nurs Econ Volume 31 Issue
01 Page 32-39PMID: 24689156
Wong, CA; Cummings, GG The relationship
between nursing leadership and patient
outcomes:A systematic review. J. Nurs.
Manag. 2007, 15, 508–521. [CrossRef]
[PubMed
Yustien, R. (2012). Pengaruh penerapan sistem
pengendalian manajemen pada pusat
pendapatan dan biaya terhadap kinerja
manajerial rumah sakit umum tipe B di
provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal pendidikan
ekonomi dan bisnis.Volume 04 Issue
01.Hal:44-53.