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CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
Misconceptions
Source: http://infohost.nmt.edu/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
5. Living Things Grow
Cell division - the orderly formation of new cells.
Cell enlargement - the increase in size of a cell. Cells grow
to a certain size and then divide.
An organism gets larger as the number of its cells
increases.
6. Living Things Reproduce
Reproduction is not essential for the survival of individual
organisms, but must occur for a species to survive.
7. Living Things Adapt To Their Environment
Adaptations are traits giving an organism an advantage in
a certain environment.
Variation of individuals is important for a healthy species.
Source: http://infohost.nmt.edu/~klathrop/7characterisitcs_of_life.htm
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification schemes
Life is subdivided by this scheme:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (plural: phyla)
Class
Order
Family
Genus (plural: genera)
Species
These may be remembered by the mnemonic
“Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti”
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification schemes
There are three domains
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification schemes
There are six kingdoms within the domains
Domain Archeae
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Protista
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification schemes
You may encounter additional subdivisions created by
using prefixes ‘Super’ or ‘Sub’ at any classification level
Other subdivisions include ‘Division’, ‘Tribe’ and
‘Variety’
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Naming rules
Names of kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families
and genera are capitalized
Names of species are always in lower case
Genus and species are written with an underline or in
italics
Example: Homo sapiens sapiens or
Homo sapiens sapiens (humans)
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Determining classification
If you find an organism, you can use a key to determine
it’s classification
If there are two choices at each branch, the key is
dichotomous (more than two choices at each branch
gives a polychotomous key). Here are two types of keys
Spider key (graphic)
Numbered key (text)
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Part of a spider key to identify trees by their leaves
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification of an extreme halophile
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Phylum Euryarchaeota
Class Halobacteria
Order Halobacteriales
Family Halobacteriaceae
Genus Halobacterium
Species salinarum
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Kingdom Eubacteria
Bacteria
unicellular microorganisms
reproduce by binary fission
most have cell wall
may or may not have outer layer of
peptidoglycan
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Kingdom Eubacteria
http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id6.html
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
http://www.angelfire.com/ks3/lditton/eubacteria.html
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification of bacterium that produces Botox
Kingdom Eubacteria
Phylum Firmicutes
Class Clostridia
Order Clostridiales
Family Clostridiaceae
Genus Clostridium
Species botulinum
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Kingdom Animalia
The animals; have cells with nucleus but no
cell wall or chloroplasts
Some animals (vertebrates) have backbones
All other animals (invertebrates) lack
backbones
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Some phyla of kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera – sponges
Phylum Cnidaria – corals and jellyfish
Phylum Annelida – segmented worms
(earthworms and leeches)
Phylum Nematoda – roundworms
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
More phyla of kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda – insects, crabs,
lobsters, shrimp, spiders, scorpions,
centipedes, ticks
Phylum Mollusca – oysters, clams, octopi,
squids
Phylum Echinodermata – starfish, sea
urchins, sea cucumbers
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
More phyla of kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata – fish, sharks, rays,
amphibians, reptiles, bird and mammals
(all are vertebrates)
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification of humans
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primata
Family Hominideae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
Subspecies sapiens
Kingdom Plantae
Plants, including
Trees
Herbs
Bushes
Grasses
Ferns
Mosses
Green algae
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Kingdom Fungi
yeasts, molds, mushrooms
eukaryotic organisms
chitinous cell wall
some produce hyphae, some are single-celled
reproduction commonly by spores
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Kingdom Protista
Includes amoebas, forams, most algae, and slime
molds
Some unicellular, others are colonial, and yet others
are multicellular
all eukaryotes (they have a true nucleus).
all need some kind of a water-based environment--
which can be fresh or marine water, snow, damp soil,
polar bear hairs--in which to live
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Some Kingdom Protista phyla
Phylum Rhizopoda - amoebas
Phylum Rhodophyta – red algae, multicellular and
marine-dwelling, but are more typically found in
tropical zones and deeper in the ocean (Nori)
Phylum Apicomplexa – parasites that form tiny,
infectious spores (Plasmodium)
Phylum Zoomastigophora – free-living, symbionts and
parasites (such as trypanosomes)
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
More Kingdom Protista phyla
Phylum Phaeophyta – brown algae, multicellular and
live in marine, temperate zone, coastal areas (kelp)
Phylum Chlorophyta – green algae (Volvox, Spirogyra)
Phylum Ciliophora – solitary, fresh water organisms and
use cilia to move (Paramecium)
Phylum Myxomycota – slime molds, “body” is a giant,
multinucleate mass of cytoplasm
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Classification of a protist that causes malaria
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class Aconoidasida
Order Haemosporida
Family Plasmodiidae
Genus Plasmodium
Species falciparum
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Viruses and prions
Viruses cause diseases such as the common cold,
influenza, herpes, chickenpox and AIDS
Prions cause diseases as deer wasting disease,
scrapie (sheep) and bovine spongiform
encephalitis (mad cow disease)
Viruses and prions can cause infectious disease
but are not considered to be living organisms
However, they still have classification
CLASSWORK 2
Copy the questions into your notebook (right-side) and answer them