ECE307

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Z. Aliyazicioglu

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

Cal Poly Pomona

Frequency Response
The Laplace of a Circuit
Transform

Some Preliminaries

Analysis of a circuit with varying frequency of a sinusoidal

sources is called the frequency response of a circuit

,
Frequency selection in the circuits are called filters because of
their ability to filter out certain input signals on the basis of
frequency

Input signal Filter Output signal

Filter

ECE 307-4 2

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
Some Preliminaries

We remember that the transfer function is the output voltage to

the input voltage of a circuit in s-domain is.
V0 (s )
H (s ) =
Vi (s )

Using sinusoidal source, the transfer function will be the

magnitude and phase of output voltage to the magnitude and
phase of input voltage of a circuit .

In this case we will use (jω) instead of s .

V0 ( jω )
H ( jω ) =
Vi ( jω )

ECE 307-4 3

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Frequency Response
Using transfer function of circuit, we plot a frequency
response of the circuit for both amplitude and phase
with changing source frequency

One graph of |H(jω)| versus frequency jω. It is called the

Magnitude plot.
One graph of θ(jω) versus frequency ω. It is called the Phase
Angle plot

|H(jω)| θ(jω) ω
ωc

Passband Stopband
ω θ(jωc)
ωc
ωc : Cutoff frequency
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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
Filter

A Low-Pass filter passes A High-Pass filter passes

signals at frequencies lower signals at frequencies higher
than the cutoff frequency than the cutoff frequency from
from the input to the output the input to the output
|H(jω)| ωc Cutoff frequency
|H(jω)|

Passband Stopband
Stopband Passband
ω
0 ω
θ(jω) ωc 0
θ(jω) ωc

θ(jωc)
θ(jωc)

Ideal Low-Pass Filter Ideal High-Pass Filter

ECE 307-4 5

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Filter
A Band-Pass filter passes
signals within the band defined
by two cutoff frequencies from
the input to the output
A Band-reject filter passes
signals outside the band defined
by two cutoff frequencies from
the input to the output

|H(jω)|
ωc Cutoff frequency
|H(jω)|
Stop Passband Stopband
band Pass Stop Pass
ω
band band band
θ(jω) ωc1 ωc2 ω
θ(jωc1) θ(jω)
θ(jωc1) ωc1 ωc2

θ(jωc1) 0

θ(jωc1)
Ideal Band-Pass Filter
Ideal Band-Reject Filter
ECE 307-4 6

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
Cutoff Frequency
The transfer function magnitude is decreased by the factor
1/√2 from its maximum value is called cutoff frequency

1
H ( jω c ) = Hmax
2

|Hmax | is the maximum magnitude of the transfer function

ECE 307-4 7

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Low-Pass Filter A Serial RL Circuit

1
sL 2

+ V0 (s ) R R
=
Vi(s) R Vi (s ) sL + R H (s ) = L
Vo(s) R
s+
- L

To find frequency response, substitute s=jω in equation

R Magnitude Response
H ( jω ) = L Phase Response
R R
jω +
L H ( jω ) = L  ωL 
2 θ ( jω ) = − tan−1  
R  R 
ω + 
2

L
ECE 307-4 8

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
A Serial RL Circuit

When ω=0 When ω=∞

R R
H ( j 0) = L =1 L
2 H ( j ∞) = =0
R 2
02 +   R
L ∞ + 
2

L
 0L   ∞L 
θ ( j 0) = − tan−1  =0
D
θ ( j ∞) = − tan−1   = −90
D
R   R 

To find Cutoff Frequency

Result
R
L 1 R
H ( jωc ) = = ωc =
R
2
2 L
ωc 2 +  
L

ECE 307-4 9

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example R=1KΩ F=1KHz. L=? Plot H(jω).
1000
R 1000
L= = = 0.159 H H ( jω ) = 0.159
ωc 2 * π * 1000 1000
jω +
0.159
>> R=1000;
>> L=0.159;
>> f=0:25:10000;
>> w=2*pi*f;
>> subplot (2,1,1)
>> h=abs((R/L)./(j*w+(R/L)));
>> semilogx(w,h)
>> grid on
>> title('|H(j\omega)|')
>> xlabel ('\omega')
>> ylabel ('|H(j\omega)|')
>> theta=angle((R/L)./(j*w+(R/L)));
>> subplot (2,1,2)
>> degree=theta*180/pi;
>> semilogx(w,degree)
>> grid on
>> title('\theta(j\omega)')
>> xlabel('\omega')
>> ylabel('\theta(j\omega)')
ECE 307-4 10

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
Example R=1KΩ F=1KHz. L=? Plot H(jω).

R/L
H (s ) =
s + R/L
Matlab
>> syms s
>> n=[0 1000/0.159];
>> d=[1 1000/0.159];
>> g=tf(n,d)

Transfer function:
6289
--------
s + 6289

>> bode (g)

>> grid on

ECE 307-4 11

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example 1
L1
2
0.159H
V V

V1
1Vac R1
0Vdc 1k

0
1. 0V

fc=1KHz

0. 5V

0V
1 0 0 Hz 3 0 0 Hz 1 . 0 KHz 3 . 0 KHz 1 0 KHz 3 0 KHz 1 0 0 KHz
V( L1 : 2 ) V( V1 : +)
Fr e q u e n c y
ECE 307-4 12

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
Low-Pass Filter A Serial RC Circuit

R
1 1
+ V0 (s ) sC H (s ) = RC
= 1
Vi(s) 1/sC Vo(s) Vi (s ) R + 1 s+
- sC RC

To find frequency response, substitute s=jω in equation

1
Magnitude Response
H ( jω ) = RC Phase Response
1 1
jω +
RC RC θ ( jω ) = − tan−1 (ω RC )
H ( jω ) =
2
 1 
ω2 +  
 RC 
ECE 307-4 13

Frequency Response of a Circuit

A Serial RC Circuit

When ω=0 When ω=∞

1 1
H ( j 0) = RC =1 RC
2 H ( j ∞) = =0
 1  2
02 +    1 
 RC  ∞ +
2

 RC 

θ ( j 0) = − tan−1 ( 0RC ) = 0D θ ( j ∞) = − tan−1 ( ∞RC ) = −90D

To find Cutoff Frequency

Result
1
RC 1 1
H ( jωc ) = = ωc =
 1 
2
2 RC
ωc 2 +  
 RC 

ECE 307-4 14

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example A series RC low-pass filter cutoff frequency is 8KHz.

R=10KΩ Find the capacitor value

1 1 1
ωc = C= C= = 1.99 nF
RC ωc R 2 * π * 8000 x10000

Example A series RL low-pass filter cutoff frequency is 2KHz.

R=5KΩ Find the inductor value. Find |H(jω)| at 50
KHz?

R R 5000
ωc = L= L= = 2.5 H
L ωc 2000
R 5000
H ( jω ) = L = 2.5 = 0.0635
50 KHz 2 2
R   5000 
ω + 
2
(2 * π * 50000) + 
2

L  2.5 
ECE 307-4 15

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example A series RC low-pass filter cutoff frequency is 8KHz.

R=10KΩ, C=1.99 nF
r=10000;
c=19.9*10^-9;

f=0:25:100000;
w=2*pi*f;
h=abs((1/(r*c))./(j*w+1/(r*c)));
subplot (2,1,1)
semilogx(w,h)
grid on
title('|H(j\omega)')
xlabel ('\omega')
ylabel ('|H(j\omega)')
theta=angle((1/(r*c))./(j*w+1/(r*c))
);
subplot (2,1,2)
degree=theta*180/pi;
semilogx (w, degree)
grid on
title('\theta(j\omega)')
xlabel('\omega')
ylabel('\theta(j\omega)')

ECE 307-4 16

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
R1

Example V V
10k
V1
1Vac C1
0Vdc 1.99n

0
1. 0V

1
fc=8KHz H (fc ) =
2

0. 5V

0V
1 0 0 Hz 1 . 0 KHz 1 0 KHz 1 0 0 KHz 1 . 0 MHz
V( R1 : 1 ) V( V1 : +)
Fr e q u e n c y

ECE 307-4 17

Frequency Response of a Circuit

High-Pass Filter A Serial RC Circuit

1/sC

+ V0 (s ) R s
= H (s ) =
Vi(s) R Vo(s) Vi (s ) R + 1 s+
1
- sC RC

To find frequency response, substitute s=jω in equation

jω
H ( jω ) = Magnitude Response
1 Phase Response
jω +
RC ω
H ( jω ) = θ ( jω ) = 90D − tan−1 (ω RC )
2
 1 
ω + 2

 RC 

ECE 307-4 18

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
A Serial RC Circuit

When ω=0 When ω=∞

0 ∞
H ( j 0) = =0 H ( j ∞) = =1
2
 1  2
0 +
2
  1 
 RC  ∞ +
2

 RC 

 0   ∞ 
θ ( j 0) = 90D − tan−1   = 90
D
θ ( j ∞) = 90D − tan−1  =0
D
 RC   RC 

To find Cutoff Frequency

Result
ωc 1
H ( jωc ) = = 1
2
2 ωc =
 1  RC
ωc 2 +  
 RC 

ECE 307-4 19

Frequency Response of a Circuit

High-Pass Filter A Serial RL Circuit
R
1
+ V0 (s ) sL s
= H (s ) =
Vi(s) sL Vi (s ) sL + R R
Vo(s) s+
L
2
-

To find frequency response, substitute s=jω in equation

jω Magnitude Response
H ( jω ) = Phase Response
R
jω +
L ω  ωL 
H ( jω ) = θ ( jω ) = 90D − tan−1 
2 
R  R 
ω + 
2

L

ECE 307-4 20

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
A Serial RL Circuit

When ω=0 When ω=∞

0 ∞
H ( j 0) = =0 H ( j ∞) = =1
2
R  2
0 + 
2
R
L ∞ + 
2

L

 0L   ∞L 
θ ( j 0) = 90D − tan−1   = 90
D
θ ( j ∞) = 90D − tan−1  =0
D
R   R 

To find Cutoff Frequency

Result
ωc
1
H ( jωc ) = = R
2
2 ωc =
R L
ωc 2 +  
L

ECE 307-4 21

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example Define R and L values for a high pass filter with a

cutoff frequency of 10KHz. Find |H(jω)|at 5 KHz

R We can’t calculate R and L values

ωc =
L independently. We can select R or L values
then define the other

Let R = 1K Ω Result
R 1000
L= L= = 15.9 mH
ωc 2 * π * 10000

ω 2 * π * 5000
H ( jω ) 5 KHz = = = 0.4469
2 2
R  1000 
ω + 
2
(2 * π * 5000) + 
2

L  0.0159 
ECE 307-4 22

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example A RL high pass filter with a cutoff frequency of

10KHz. R = 1K Ω 1000
L= = 15.9 mH
2 * π * 10000
R=1000;
L=15.9*10^-3;

f=0:25:70000;
w=2*pi*f;
h=abs((j*w)./(j*w+R/L));
subplot (2,1,1)
semilogx(w,h)
grid on
title('|H(j\omega)')
xlabel ('\omega')
ylabel ('|H(j\omega)')
theta=angle((j*w)./(j*w+R/L));
subplot (2,1,2)
plot (w, theta)
degree=theta*180/pi;
semilogx (f, degree)
grid on
title('\theta(j\omega)')
xlabel('\omega')
ylabel('\theta(j\omega)')
ECE 307-4 23

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example
R1

V 1 V
1K
V1 L2
1Vac
0Vdc 15.9mH

1. 0V

1
fc=8KHz H (fc ) =
2

0. 5V

0V
1 0 0 Hz 1 . 0 KHz 1 0 KHz 1 0 0 KHz 1 . 0 MHz
V( R1 : 2 ) V( V1 : + ) ECE 307-4 24
Fr e q u e n c y

12
 Frequency Response of a Circuit
Plotting phase:
R1
Take the probe Phase of Voltage, which is under Pspice,
Markers, and Advanced.
VP 1K
1
VP Marked the node you want to see phase
V1 L2
1Vac
0Vdc 15.9mH

100d 0

50d fc=8KHz (H (fc ) = 45D

0d
1 0 0 Hz 1 . 0 KHz 1 0 KHz 1 0 0 KHz 1 . 0 MHz
VP( V1 : +) VP( R1 : 2 )
Fr e q u e n c y

ECE 307-4 25

Frequency Response of a Circuit

Example Let’s place load resister in parallel to inductor in RL
high-pass filter shown in the figure
a. Find the transfer function
b. Rs=RL=1KΩ, find L value for cutoff frequency at
R
10KHz.
1 RLsL
+
V0 (s ) RL + sL
Vi(s) sL RL Vo(s) =
Vi (s ) R + RL sL
2
- RL + sL

RL
s
R + RL Ks where RL 1
H (s ) = = K= K= = 0.5
RL R R R + RL 1+ 1
s+ s+K
R + RL L L
Result
R R 1
ωc = K L=K = 0.5 = 7.95 mH
L ωc 2 * π * 10 ECE 307-4 26

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 Frequency Response of a Circuit
Example Rs=RL=1KΩ, L=7.95 mH High-pass filter cutoff
frequency at 10KHz.
jω K
H ( jω ) = R=1000;
R RL=1000;
jω + K L=7.95*10^-3;
L K=RL/(R+RL)

f=0:25:70000;
w=2*pi*f;
h=abs((j*w*K)./(j*w+K*R/L));
subplot (2,1,1)
semilogx(w,h)
grid on
title('|H(j\omega)')
xlabel ('\omega')
ylabel ('|H(j\omega)')
theta=angle((j*w*K)./(j*w+K*R/L));
subplot (2,1,2)
plot (w, theta)
degree=theta*180/pi;
semilogx (f, degree)
grid on
title('\theta(j\omega)')
xlabel('\omega')
ylabel('\theta(j\omega)')
grid on

ECE 307-4 27

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