coupling is the desirable or undesirable transfer of energy from one medium, such as a metallic

wire or an optical fiber, to another medium.

Coupling is also the transfer of electrical energy from one circuit segment to another. For example,
energy is transferred from a power source to an electrical load by means of conductive coupling,
which may be either resistive or hard-wire. An AC potential may be transferred from one circuit
segment to another having a DC potential by use of a capacitor. Electrical energy may be
transferred from one circuit segment to another segment with different impedance by use of a
transformer. This is known as impedance matching. These are examples
of electrostatic and electrodynamic inductive coupling.

The Adcock antenna is an antenna array consisting of four equidistant vertical elements which can
be used to transmit or receive directional radio waves.
The Adcock array was invented and patented by British engineer Frank Adcock in 1919
as British Patent No. 130,490, and has been used for a variety of applications, both civilian and
military, ever since.[1][2][3] Although originally conceived for receiving low frequency (LF) waves, it has
also been used for transmitting, and has since been adapted for use at much higher frequencies, up
to ultra high frequency (UHF).[4][5]
In the early 1930s, the Adcock antenna (transmitting in the LF/MF bands) became a key feature of
the newly created radio navigation system for aviation. The low frequency radio range (LFR)
network, which consisted of hundreds of Adcock antenna arrays, defined the airways used by
aircraft for instrument flying. The LFR remained as the main aerial navigation technology until it was
replaced by the VOR system in the 1950s and 1960s.
The Adcock antenna array has been widely used commercially, and implemented in vertical antenna
heights ranging from over 130 feet (40 meters) in the LFR network, to as small as 5 inches (13 cm)
in tactical direction finding applications (receiving in the UHF band).[5][6]

Low frequency radio range[edit]

Main article: Low Frequency radio range
In the late 1920s, the Adcock antenna was adopted for aerial navigation, in what became known as
the low frequency radio range (LFR), or the "Adcock radio range". Hundreds of transmitting stations,
each consisting of four or five Adcock antenna towers,[9] were constructed around the U.S. and
elsewhere.
The result was a network of electronic airways, which allowed pilots to navigate at night and in poor
visibility, under virtually all weather conditions. The LFR remained as the main aerial navigation
system in the U.S. and other countries until the 1950s, when it was replaced by VHF-
based VOR technology. By the 1980s all LFR stations were decommissioned.