ANALOG PULSE MODULATION

METHODS
 In Pulse Modulation methods, the carrier is a pulse train.
 Some parameter of carrier is varied according to the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
 Two types of pulse modulation systems:
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
 Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)

 Two types of PTM:

 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation
(PDM)
 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

 In PAM the amplitude of regularly spaced rectangular

pulses vary according to instantaneous value of the
modulating or message signal.
 The pulses in a PAM signal may be flat-top type or
natural type or ideal type.
 The flat-top PAM is most popular and widely used
because it is immune to noise.
 A sample and hold circuit is used to generate flat-top
sampled PAM signal.
 Mathematical Analysis
Demodulation of PAM Signal
 For PAM signals, the demodulation is done using a
Holding circuit.
 Drawbacks of PAM Signal:
 The bandwidth required for PAM transmission is very large
as compared to maximum frequency of modulating wave.
 Interference of noise is more, since amplitude varies in
accordance to modulating signal.
 Peak power required by transmitter varies with amplitude.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) or
PULSE DURATION MODULATION (PDM)
 In PWM, the width of the modulated pulse varies with
respect to amplitude of modulating signal.
 The amplitude and frequency of the PWM wave remain
constant.
 The information is contained in width variation.
 At the receiver, if noise changes the amplitude, it is
easily reconstructed by means of limiter circuits.
 PWM is more immune to noise than a PAM signal.
Generation of PWM Signal
Detection of PWM Signal
 Advantages of PWM
 Less effect of noise.
 Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is not
essential.
 It is relatively easy to reconstruct PWM signal from a noise.

 Disadvantages of PWM
 Due to variable pulse width, the pulses have variable
power contents.
 The bandwidth required for the PWM communication is
large as compared to PAM.
PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM)

 In PPM ,the amplitude and width of the pulses is

constant but the position of each pulse is varied in
accordance with amplitudes of the sampled values of
the modulating signal.
 The position of pulses is changed with respect to the
position of reference pulse.
 It may be noted that with increase in the modulating
voltage the PPM pulses shift further with respect to
reference.
 The information is conveyed via changing position of the
pulses.
Generation of PPM Signal
Demodulation of PPM
 Advantages of PPM
 Good noise immunity, since information is not contained in
the amplitude.
 Due to constant amplitude of pulses, the transmitted
power always remains constant.

 Disadvantages of PPM
 A transmitter has to send synchronizing pulses to operate
the timing circuits in the receiver.
 Large bandwidth is required to ensure transmission of
undistorted pulses.
Performance Comparison of PAM,
PWM and PPM