PULSE WIDTH

MODULATION(PWM)
 The width of the pulses varies in proportion with
the amplitude of modulating signal.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PWM

1. The amplitude & frequency remains constant.

2. The width of the pulses changes.
3. Information is contained in the width
variation.
GENERATION OF PWM SIGNAL
 Modulating signal x(t) is applied to the non
inverting terminal of comparator.

 Sawtooth signal to the inverting terminal of

comparator.
 The Comparator output will remain high as long
as x(t) is greater than that of ramp signal.

 Here the leading edges of the PWM coincides

with falling edges of the ramp signal.
DEMODULATION PWM SIGNAL
How to detect or demodulate a Pulse
Width Modulated Signal?
 PWM pulse can be detected using Ramp generator and some
circuit combinations.
 The coded message in the form of PWM can be easily decoded
with the help of a synchronous pulse.
 Block Diagram
 The basic theory behind Pulse width demodulation is that converting
the PWM signal to PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) signal. PAM can
be easily detected by suitable low pass filter.

 Input PWM + Noise wave is applied to Pulse generator which

regenerates the original waveform.
 Regenerated pulse is applied
to Reference Pulse Generator
which generates constant
amplitude constant width
pulses.

 Ramp and Pedestal generator

will produce a ramp signal
whose amplitude is
proportional to width of the
PWM signal. The height is
prop. to the width of PWM
pulses.

 These Ramp and Reference

pulse are applied to an Adder
circuit which adds these
signals together.

 The next block is a positive

Clipper with a specific voltage;
Clipper clips the waveform at a
particular level.
 The output of clipper will be
PAM signal, now the PWM
signal gets converted to PAM
signal.

 The PAM can be demodulated

by Low Pass filtering method.

 Ramp and Pedestal Generator

+ Reference Pulse Generator+
Adder + Clipper = PWM to
PAM Converter
THANK YOU