Multimedia Presentation

Pulse Modulation

Presented by
Ketki Kulkarni-3764.
Savitri Naik-3778.
Dipali Patil-3792.
Shweta Patil-3796.
Ankita Sawant-3819.

Introduction

Modulation

is the process of frequency translation in which any one

parameter(Amplitude, frequency or phase) of high frequency carrier
signal is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of low
frequency modulating signal.

Modulation is either analog or digital.

A digital signal is superior to an analog signal because it is more

robust to noise and can easily be recovered, corrected and amplified.
For this reason, the tendency today is to change an analog signal to
digital data.

The process of transmitting signals in the form of pulses

(discontinuous signals) by using special techniques.

This process is called pulse modulation

Types of Pulse Modulation

.

Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse
Modulation
Pulse Amplitude
Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Position
Modulation (PPM)

Digital Pulse
Modulation
Pulse Code
Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Density
Modulation (PPM)

Types of Pulse Modulation

Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Position Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation
Pulse Denstity Modulation

Sampling
The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each

sample is propotional to the amplitude of signal at that

instant.This technique is called sampling.
Sampling means breaking of continous waves into
discrete set of points
Sampling is common in all pulse modulation techniques.
Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling
frequency.

Sampling Methods
There are 3 sampling methods:
Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
Natural - a pulse of short width with varying

amplitude
Flat top - sample and hold, like natural but with
single amplitude value

Sampling Methods

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

In Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) a pulse

signal is used to sample an analog signal. The

result is a train of constant-width pulses.
The amplitude of each pulse is proportional to
the amplitude of the message signal at the time
of sampling.

Generation of PAM Signal

Modulating
Signal

Low
Pass
Filter

Multiplier

Pulse train
generator

PAM
signal

Generation of PAM Signal

The carrier is in the form of narrow pulses having

frequency fs.The uniform sampling takes place in

multiplier to generate PAM signal.
The PAM signal can be detected by passing it
through a low pass filter.

Generation of PAM Signal

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:Generation & detection is easy.

Disadvantages:Added noise cannot be removed easily as it has

impact on amplitude which carries information.

Transmission bandwidth is too long.

Pulse Width Modulation

In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant

but the width of each pulse is varied in

accordance with instantaneous value of the analog
signal.
In pulse width modulation (PWM), the width of
each pulse is made directly proportional to the
amplitude of the information signal.

Generation of PWM signal

Generation of PWM signal

The block diagram of next slide can be used for
generation of PWM as well as PPM. In this case a
sawtooth signal of frequency fs is a sampling
signal.
It is applied to inverting terminal of a comparator
with modulating signal at non inverting terminal.
O/P remains high as long as modulating signal is
higher than that of ramp signal.

Generation of PWM signal

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:Very good noise immunity.
Its possible to separate out signal from noise.

Disadvantages:Bandwidth requirement is large as compared to

PAM.

Pulse Position Modulation

In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed

amplitude and width whereas the position of

each pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of
the analog signal.
PPM signal is further modification of a PWM
signal.

Generation of PPM signal

Generation of PPM signal

The PPM signal can be generated from PWM signal.
The PWM pulses obtained at the comparator output are

applied to a monostable multivibrator which is ve edge

triggered.
Hence for each trailing edge of PWM signal, the monostable
output goes high. It remains high for a fixed time decided by
its own RC components. Thus as the trailing edges of the
PWM signal keeps shifting in proportion with the
modulating signal, the PPM pulses also keep shifting.
Therefore all the PPM pulses have the same amplitude and
width. The information is conveyed via changing position of
pulses.

Generation of PPM signal

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:High noise immunity.

Disadvantages:Generation & detection is complex..

Pulse Code Modulation

In PCM, the available range of signal voltages is

divided into levels and each is assigned a binary

number
The number of levels available depends upon the
number of bits used to express the sample value
The number of levels is given by: N = 2m
PCM consists of three steps to digitize an analog signal:
I. Sampling
II. Quantization
III. Binary encoding

Generation of PCM Signal

Generation of PCM Signal

Sampling: The process of generating pulses of zero

width and of amplitude equal to the instantaneous

amplitude of the analog signal. The no. of pulses per
second is called sampling rate.
Quantization: The process of dividing the maximum
value of the analog signal into a fixed no. of levels in
order to convert the PAM into a Binary Code. The
levels obtained are called quanization levels.

Generation of PCM Signal

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Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:Secured.
Encoding is possible.
Very high noise immunity.
Convenient for long distance communication.
Good signal to noise ratio.

Disadvantages:Complex circuitry.
Requires large bandwidth.
Synchronization is required between Transmitter &

Reciever

Pulse Density Modulation

Pulse Density Modulation (PDM) involves changing

the density with which adjacent pulses are packed

together.
It is a one-bit, high rate data stream that conveys a
signal by modulating the density of the pulses

Generation of PDM Signal

A PDM bitstream is encoded from an analog signal

through the process of delta-sigma modulation.

This process uses a one bit quantizer that produces either
a 1 or 0 depending on the amplitude of the analog signal.
A 1 or 0 corresponds to a signal that is all the way up or
all the way down, respectively

Generation of PDM Signal

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:One bit code word for output.
Low signaling rate.
Low channel bandwidth.

Disadvantages:Granular noise present.

Thank You