Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Entries are indicated by volume and page numbers: italic numbers indicate volumes;
numbers that follow colons indicate pages. Page references in bold type indicate primary
articles. References followed by ‘‘t’’ indicate material in tables.
1
2 ABRASIVES
Acute exposure guidelines, information on, ethylene oxide reaction with, 10:638–639
25:239, 240–241t reactions with alkanolamines from olefin
Acute MI (myocardial infarction), 5:107 oxides and ammonia, 2:126
antianginal agents for, 5:110t Acyl lipids, 13:295
and coronary arterial thrombosis, 5:170 Acyloins, preparation of, 10:506
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and Acyl organosulfonyl peroxides, 18:475, 478
benzene exposure, 3:616 Acyloxy radicals, 14:283, 284
Acute oral toxicity Acyl peroxides, 18:467–478
of diorganotins, 24:829, 830t properties of, 18:467–476
of triorganotins, 24:828–829 synthesis of, 18:476–478
Acute renal failure (ARF), 26:813 N1-Acylsulfanilamides, 23:508
Acute thallium intoxication, 24:638 Acyltitaniums, 25:120
Acute toxic effects, 25:203, 204t 1-Adamantylamine, physical properties of,
Acute toxicity, of organic pigments, 19:452 2:499t
Acute toxicity studies, 25:217 Adams–Nickerson color space, 7:320
Acute toxicology. See also Toxicology Adapalene, 25:789
of pyridine, 21:117 Adapress, molecular formula and
of pyridine derivatives, 21:118 structure, 5:128t
Acyclic diastereoselection, 13:664 Adaptive control system, 20:698
Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET), 26:921, Adaptive sampling techniques,
924 26:1016–1019
Acyclic diperoxyketals, 14:287; 18:457 A/D converter (ADC), 20:677. See also
Acyclic diyne metathesis (ADIMET), 26:951 Analog(ue)-to-digital converter (ADC)
Acyclic monoterpenes, aroma chemicals, Addition agents, in steelmaking,
3:237 23:262–263
Acyclic podands, 24:41 Addition-cured model systems, of silicone
Acyclic sesquiterpenes, aroma chemicals, networks, 22:569
3:239 Addition-curing silicones, 22:35
Acyclo-retinoic acid, 17:662 Addition-fragmentation mechanism, of
Acylaminoanthraquinone dyes, 9:333, 334 chain- transfer (CT) agents,
Acylated plasminogen–streptokinase 23:383–384
activator complex, 5:175, 177–178 Addition polymerization, 14:274–275;
Acylates, titanium, 25:96 20:391, 408–409
Acylating agents, 12:174 Addition reactions, 20:243. See also
Acylation, 9:282; 12:173–188 Electrophilic addition reactions
of aliphatic compounds, 12:184–188 aldehydes, 2:63–64
amine oxides, 2:468–469 allyl alcohol, 2:234–239
aminophenols, 2:657 butadiene, 4:368–370
aniline, 2:786 carboxylic acids, 5:44–45
of aromatic compounds, 12:173–181 ethylene, 10:597–598
carbonates, 6:309–310 quinoline, 21:184
chloroformates, 6:296–297 quinone, 21:246–261
maleic anhydride, 15:486 toluene, 25:165
stereoselective, 12:176–177 in VDC emulsion polymerization,
N-Acylation, amino acids, 2:567 25:723–724
Acylation reactions, analogues of, of vinyl chloride, 25:631–632
12:181–184 polyimide synthesis via, 20:273–276
Acyl carbanion equivalents, reactions with, Addition silicones, 8:332
13:657–658 Additions, to fullerene, 12:238–241
Acyl fluoride–Lewis acid complexes, 12:176 Additive bromination, 4:345
Acyl groups, systematic names of, 17:398 Additive color films, 19:308–309
Acyl halides Additive color photography, 19:284
16 ADDITIVE FLAME RETARDANTS, BROMINATED AND CHLORINATED
AgBr, light sensitivity of, 19:360. see also mineralogical and structural properties
silver bromide of, 2:423t
AGDOC service, 18:244 thermodynamic data, 2:423t
Age. See also Aging; Dating Aging, 2:810
influence on toxicity, 25:212 in beer making, 3:584
using radioactive decays to determine, of metal–matrix composites, 16:183–184
21:316 PVA viscosity and, 25:597
Age-hardened alloys, 17:102–103 of regenerated cellulose fibers, 11:253
Age hardening, of aluminum alloys, 2:332t of silica gel, 22:396
Age-hardening precipitates, 13:512 in the sol–gel process, 23:60, 64–66
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease of tire compounds, 21:811–812
Registry, 16:51 Aging failure, 26:982
Agenda 21 (UNCED), 24:162, 163, 164, 167, Aging properties, in ethylene–acrylic
176 elastomers, 10:698
demands made by, 24:191 Agþ intermediate complexes. See also
risk assessment and, 24:185–186 Silver entries
toxic chemicals management and, thermal generation of, 19:355
24:184–185 thermal migration to latent image,
Agent BZ, 5:822–823 19:355–358
Age-related conditions, 2:811 Agitated column contactors, 10:767
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Agitated drying systems, 18:732
17:656–660 Agitated tanks, heat transfer in,
prevalence of, 17:659 16:716–719
risk factors for, 17:659 Agitation, pilot plant, 18:730–731
Age-resistant elastomers, 9:559–560 Agitation leaching, 16:153
Agfa-Gevaert instant reprographic Agitation process, 9:165
processes, 19:293–294 Agitator dryers, 9:131–133
Agglomerate fed roasters, 26:564–565 Agitators
Agglomeration, 16:655 for aeration, 1:738–740, 743
in crystallization, 8:95 in fermentation scale-up, 11:43
of synthetic zeolite powders, 16:834–835 Aglycones, 15:290, 298
in water treatment, 26:106 bioconversions of, 15:301–302
Agglomeration agents, in paper recycling, tylosin-type, 15:299t
21:440 AGN-201 research and training reactor,
Agglutination–precipitation 17:593
immunoassays, 14:140 Agon, molecular formula and structure,
Aggrastat, 4:104t, 105; 5:173–174 5:126t
molecular formula and structure, 5:171t Agouti-related peptide (AGRP), target of
Aggregates, of fillers, 11:303–304 antiobesity drugs, 3:97
Aggregation Agricultural animals, cloning, 12:451–452
of colloidal silica and silica sols, 22:392, Agricultural applications
393–394 magnesia in, 15:414
of surfactants, 22:725 for microwave technology, 16:529–530
Aggregation number, 24:124 Agricultural carriers
AGibbsite, 2:345t, 347, 421, 422–425 palygorskite/sepiolite application, 6:700t
activation, 2:394, 396 smectites application, 6:697t, 699
calcination, 2:403, 407–410 Agricultural chemicals, 12:808
classification, 2:422 arsenic applications, 3:271
compostion in bauxite used for alumina arsenic demand pattern in U.S., 3:270t
production, 2:346t bioseparation of value-added, 3:816
decomposition sequence, 2:392 C30 alcohol for, 2:21
from gelatinous boehmite, 2:427 carbon disulfide application, 4:837
‘‘AIR BREATHING’’ CELLS 23
Air buoyancy, effect on weighing, 26:242 Air infiltration barrier, spunbonded fabrics
Air classification, of wheat flour, 26:282 in, 17:486
Air cleaners, to improve indoor air quality, Air inhibition, in unsaturated polyesters,
1:820, 831–834 20:110
Air cleaning systems, industrial hygiene Airjet spinning, cotton yarn, 8:17
and, 14:213 Airjet textured yarn process, 20:19
Air-cooled acid plants, 18:822 Airjet texturing, 19:753
Air-cooled condensers, 23:218 Air-knife chemical finishing, 17:513
in refrigeration systems, 21:537 Air knife coating, 7:10–11
Air cooler fans, as a source of noise, 19:522 method summarized, 7:5t
Air core, in hydrocyclones, 22:285, 286 Air-laid processes, 11:179–180
Aircraft Air legislation (EU), 23:121
beryllium applications, 3:648 Airless atomization, in spray coating,
copper applications, 7:715 7:69–70
high throughput experimentation, Airlift bioreactors, 1:740–742, 744
7:382t, 414t oxygen transfer driving force, 1:735
oxygen partial pressure in, 17:765 Airlift devices, estimating shear rates for,
use of nonwoven goods in, 17:517 15:689
Aircraft coatings, 7:185–186 Airlift reactors, 15:703–709, 726–727
Aircraft gas turbines, rhenium in, 21:697 gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer
Aircraft industry, electrochemical coefficient correlations for,
machining in, 9:602 15:704–705t
Aircraft nuclear propulsion (ANP) solid–liquid mass transfer coefficient in,
program, 17:590 15:727t
Aircraft reactors, 17:589–590 static mixers in, 15:708–709
Aircraft sealants, specifications for, on wastewater treatment, 15:713–714
22:46 Air limes, 15:26
Air distributor grid, 11:725–726 Air/liquid (A/L) interface, adsorption of
Air driven bioreactors, 1:741 surfactants at, 24:133–138
Air drying Air mass zero (AM0) spectrum, 23:37
ceramics processing, 5:655 Air monitoring, for hydrazine, 13:589
of wood, 26:341 Air oxidized pan, 11:194
Air emissions Air-path XRF, in fine art examination/
from posttreatment operations, 25:64 conservation, 11:403–404
from sulfate process wastes, 25:62 Air pollutants. See also Nitrogen oxides
from the chloride process, 25:63 (NOx); Particulate matter; Sulfur
from waste treatment processes, 25:64 oxides (SOx); Volatile organic
Air-entraining cement admixtures, compounds (VOCs)
5:485, 493, 501 air toxics, 1:789, 801–802
Air filters, phenolic resins in, 18:790 carbon monoxide, 1:789, 798
Airflex, 7:640 common, 26:667
Air flowrates, in fermentation, 11:34 criteria pollutants, 1:813t
Air/fuel charge misfire, 10:53 indoor, 1:802–805, 820–823, 821t
Air/fuel conditions, TWC catalyst, 10:50 lead, 1:789, 801
Air/fuel mixture, stoichiometric, 10:57 photochemical smog, 1:789–796
Air/fuel ratio (AFR), 7:435–436 Air pollution, 1:787–815; 24:164–165.
effect on pollutants, 26:718–719 See also Air pollution control methods
exhaust gas composition and, 10:36 acid deposition, 1:805
Air gap coagulation, 11:209 activated carbon for protection against,
Air gap spinning, 11:209 4:755–756
Air impingement dryers, for coatings, coatings industries, 10:106–109
7:27–29 defined, 26:667
ALANINE 25
D-Alanine, systematic name, formula, and lower primary as feedstocks for higher
molecular weight, 2:555t aliphatic alcohols, 2:27t
DL-Alanine monocyclic monoterpenoid, 24:509–527
chemical synthesis, 2:596 monoterpenoid, 24:500–528
systematic name, formula, and oxidation of, 26:894–896
molecular weight, 2:555t ozonation of, 17:780
L-Alanine, systematic name, formula, polarity relative selected molecules,
and molecular weight, 2:555t 8:813t
Alar, 13:40t polyhydric, 2:46–58
as a plant growth regulator, 13:39–46 reaction of phosgene with, 18:805
Alarms, 20:671–672 reactions with acetaldehyde, 1:104–105
Albemarle a-olefin manufacture, 17:713, reactions with acetone, 1:163
714, 715, 716 reactions with acetylene, 1:181
AlBeMet (beryllium–aluminum), reactions with aluminum, 2:285
3:648–649, 649t, 650t reactions with boron trifluoride, 4:144t
Alberger process, 22:805 reactions with bromine, 4:303
Alborixin, 20:131, 137 reactions with carbon monoxide, 5:9–10
Albumin. See also Egg albumen reactions with carbonates, 6:306–307
as blood substitute, 4:111 reactions with chloroformates, 6:294
processes, 12:146 reaction with acrylamide, 1:289
properties of, 12:151t reaction with aldehydes, 2:64
worldwide use of, 12:147–148 reduction to chloroform, 6:284
Alcalase, 10:252 salicyl, 22:1, 23–25
Alcan multipolar cell, 15:337 silicon reactions with, 22:551–552
Alcogel, 23:56 sulfating, 23:539–540
Alcohol(s), 10:488. See also C12 alcohol; in waxes, 26:206
Detergent range alcohols; Ethanol; Alcoholate catalysts, 10:488
Fuel alcohol; Higher aliphatic alcohols; Alcohol autoxidation, 14:52
Plasticizer range alcohols; Polyhydric Alcohol concentration ranges, 10:532
alcohols Alcohol content, units of, 10:548
acetates of, 10:472 Alcohol dehydrogenases, 3:672
achiral derivatizing agents, 6:96t cofactor regenerating systems, 3:673
adsorbent affinity, 1:674 Alcohol ether sulfates, 24:145
amination, 2:544–545 Alcohol ethoxylates, 2:19–20; 24:149, 154
aroma chemicals, 3:241–246 rat oral LD50 values, 8:445
aroma compounds in roasted coffee, as soap bar additives, 22:745
7:256t Alcohol ethoxylate sulfates (AES), 23:516,
in beer, 3:582t 526
bicyclic monoterpenoid, 24:527–528 Alcohol ethoxysulfates, in mobility control,
catalytic esterification of, 10:482 18:627
chemiluminescence reagents for Alcohol fuels, emissions control for, 10:60
determination, 5:851–853 Alcohol group, acylation of, 14:118
chiral derivatizing reagents, 6:76t Alcoholic beverage industries, regulation
in cosmetic molded sticks, 7:840t of, 26:328–329
dispersant moieties, 8:706t Alcoholic beverages
esterification of organic acids with, distilled, 26:469–470
10:472–478 production of, 11:7
ethylene oxide reaction with, 10:637 Alcoholic gel systems, syneresis in, 23:64
as gasoline blending agents, 12:405 Alcoholometry, 10:550
hydroxybenzoic acids and, 22:4 Alcohol oxidation, microwaves in,
from indirect coal liquefaction, 16:567–570
6:865–866 Alcohol poisoning/intoxication, 10:552
ALFOL 6, CHAIN LENGTH AND LINEARITY 27
Alfol 18, chain length and linearity, 2:10t Aliphatic compounds, 13:105–108
Alfol alcohols, 2:8t acylation of, 12:184–188
Alfrey–Price parameters, 7:617t alkylation of, 12:171–172
AlGaAs–GaAs heterojunction, in SETs, biodegradability of, 25:826
22:171, 172 Aliphatic diesters, for PVC polymers,
AlGaAs semiconductor 25:674
in laser diodes, 22:179 Aliphatic diisocyanates, toxicity of, 25:
in LED technology, 22:175 479–480
in near-ir VCSELs, 22:180 Aliphatic dissolution inhibitors, low
Algae (seaweeds), 20:568. See also Algicides molecular weight, 15:177
alkaloids in, 2:75 Aliphatic endoperoxides, 18:442, 443
common and scientific names, 3:188t Aliphatic fluorocarbon production
indoor air pollutant, 1:804 Europe, 11:870–871
in industrial water treatment, 26:147 Pacific Rim/India, 11:871
AlGaInN compounds, 14:832 United States, 11:869–870
AlGaInP semiconductor Aliphatic fluorocarbons, surface energy of,
in laser diodes, 22:179 21:604
in LED technology, 22:175 Aliphatic glycidyl ethers, 10:376–377
Algal extract gums, 13:63t Aliphatic hydrocarbons. See also Aliphatics
Algal polysaccharides, 20:453–454 photochemical chlorination of, 19:113
Algebraic stress models (ASMs), 11:780 separation of, 10:782–785
Algicides, for swimming pool/spa water Aliphatic hydroxyl, replacement with
treatment, 26:188–189, 196 chloride, 13:821
Alginate-based irreversible hydrocolloids, Aliphatic iodine derivatives, 14:376
8:328 Aliphatic ketones, 14:563, 571, 581–585
Alginates, 12:53; 13:67, 732; 20:568–569 reactions of, 16:331–332
properties of, 13:74t Aliphatic monothiopolyesters, 23:739
Alginic acid, 4:725; 13:67; 20:453 Aliphatic nitration, 12:187
Alginite, 6:707t Aliphatic peroxyacids, 18:464
Algins, 4:724t, 724–725; 13:67 Aliphatic peroxycarboxylic acids, 18:463
properties of, 13:74t Aliphatic phosphines, 19:60
classification by structure, 4:723t Aliphatic polyamides (PA), 10:207–210;
Algocor, molecular formula and structure, 19:713, 739. See also Aromatic
5:119t polyamides; PA entries
Algorithms, for separation synthesis, producers of, 10:210
22:312–316 properties of, 10:208, 209t
Alicyclic diols, 20:113 Aliphatic polycarbonates, 24:703
Aliphatic alcohols, aroma chemicals, preparation of, 19:798
3:241 Aliphatic polyketones (PK), 10:197
Aliphatic aldehydes, 13:571 costs of, 10:222
physical properties of, 2:60t properties of, 10:198t
syntheses of, 12:187 Aliphatic poly(monosulfide)s, 23:702–704
Aliphatic a-hydroxy acids, 14:130 Aliphatic polyphosphonate dyes, 9:480
Aliphatic amine/polysulfide co-curing agent Aliphatic poly(polysulfide)s, 23:711
systems, 10:410 Aliphatic polysulfides, 23:734
Aliphatic amines, 10:393–394. See also Aliphatic polysulfoxides, 23:733
Higher aliphatic amines miscibility of, 23:735
Aliphatic carboxylic acids, syntheses of, Aliphatic polyurea preparation, carbonyl
12:187 sulfide in, 23:625
Aliphatic-carboxylic herbicides, 13:324 Aliphatics, 18:674–678. See also Aliphatic
Aliphatic chemicals, hydrocarbon use in, hydrocarbons
13:687 industrial use of, 24:254
ALKALINE PRIMARY CELLS 29
Bismuth removal, from lead, 14:755. See Bis-peroxides, as silicone rubber curing
also Kroll-Betterton debismuthizing agents, 22:580
process Bisphenol A (BPA), 2:209. See also BPA
Bismuth salts, 4:25 entries
Bismuth sesquisulfide, 4:24 with alkyd resins, 2:165–166
Bismuth subcarbonate, 4:36 copolycarbonates of, 19:800–801
Bismuth subgallate, 4:36 cumene as feedstock, 8:156
Bismuth subhalides, 4:19 phenol use in, 18:754
Bismuth subnitrate, 4:36 phosgenation of, 19:811
Bismuth subsalicylate, 4:1, 36 polycarbonates of, 19:799
medical applications of, 22:11–12 production from acetone, 1:174
Bismuth(III) sulfate, 4:25 Bisphenol A–based epoxy resins, 10:348
Bismuth(III) sulfide, 4:24 Bisphenol A–based novolacs, 10:406
Bismuth sulfides, 4:24–25 Bisphenol A bischloroformate, molecular
Bismuth thiolates, 4:25 formula, 6:291t
Bismuth–tin alloy waterfowl shot, 4:15 Bisphenol A–derived epoxy resins, 10:356
Bismuth triacetate, 4:25 Bisphenol A epoxy novolacs, 10:370
Bismuth tribromide, 4:21 Bisphenol A manufacture, microporous
physical properties of, 4:20t catalysts and, 14:420
Bismuth trichloride, 4:19–20 Bisphenol A moiety, 10:355–356
physical properties of, 4:20t Bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC),
Bismuth trifluoride, 4:19 10:195
physical properties of, 4:20t Bisphenol A resins, 10:5–6
Bismuth trihalides, 4:19 Bisphenol A terminated hardeners, 10:406
Bismuth triiodide, 4:21–22 Bisphenol F epoxy resin, 10:368–369
physical properties of, 4:20t Bis(phenolic) developers, 19:346–347
Bismuth trinitrate pentahydrate, 4:25 Bisphenol resins, formulation of,
Bismuth trioxide, 4:23–24 20:104–105
physical properties of, 4:20t Bisphenols. See also Bisphenol A (BPA)
Bismuth triperchlorate pentahydrate, aromatic polycarbonates derived from,
4:25 19:806–808t
Bismuth triselenide, 4:24 as developers in PTG systems, 19:358
Bismuth trisulfate, 4:25 Bis(phenol)trifluoroborane, 4:144t
Bismuth trisulfide, physical properties of, Bis(phthalocyaninato)lutecium(III)
4:20t electrochromic material, 6:577
Bismuth tritelluride, 4:24 1,2-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane,
physical properties of, 4:20t production from acetaldehyde, 1:105
Bismuth trithiocyanate, 4:25 Bis-pyrazolinones, 19:256
Bismuth Vanadate Yellow, 19:405–406 Bis(pyridoxal)tetraphosphate, hemoglobin
pigment for plastics, 7:370t modifier, 4:119–120
Bismuthyl carbonate hemihydrate, 4:25 Bis(squarylium) dye, 20:519
Bismuthyl nitrate hemihydrate, 4:25 Bis(tetramethyl tetraselenafulvalenium)
Bismuthyl nitrite hemihydrate, 4:25 hexafluorophosphate [(TMTSF)2-PF6],
Bis(N-maleimidomethyl) ether (BME), in organic semiconductor, 22:206
hemoglobin modifier, 4:113 Bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane, physical
Bisoprolol fumarate, molecular formula properties of, 4:355t
and structure, 5:156t Bis(tributyltin) oxide, as wood
Bis(pentafluorophenyl)borane, 13:638 preservative, 24:817–818
Bis(pentafluorophenyl)tri-4-tolylbismuth, Bis(trifluoromethyl)fluorobismuthine,
4:35 4:28
Bis(pentafluorophenyl)triphenylbismuth, 7,8-Bis(trifluoromethyl)tricyclodeca-3,7,
4:35 9-triene, 7:514
108 N,O-BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)ACETAMIDE (BSA)
nitrogen uptake curves for two samples, Carbon monoxide off-gas, from phosphorus
1:601 manufacture, 19:12
poor size distribution of typical, Carbon nanostructures, 17:46–58
1:586–587, 631 Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc., 1:718, 719
properties and applications, 1:587t Carbon-nanotube fibers, 13:385–386
resistance to mass transfer, 1:600 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 1:655, 693, 694,
Carbon molecular sieve MSC-5A, variation 719–722; 10:434; 17:47–48;
of activation energy with kinetic 22:719–720; 26:737
molecular diameter for diffusion, 1:600t deprotonation of, 17:57
Carbon monosulfide, 23:621 direct sidewall functionalization of, 17:58
Carbon monoxide (CO), 5:1–27. See also CO as fillers, 11:317
entries fluorination of, 17:54
as air pollutant, 1:789, 798; 26:668–669 functionalization of, 17:52
as air pollutant in mega-cities, 1:788t properties and applications of, 17:48–50
from burning PVC, 25:682–683 in scaling to deep submicron dimensions,
as a catalyst deactivator, 13:708 22:256
chemical reactions, 5:3–12 U.S. market trends in, 1:722t
from coal gasification, 6:771, 772, Carbon-nanotube spinning method,
773–774, 775 13:385–386
compatibility with elastomers Carbon nitride, 17:214–215
and plastics, 5:4t conductivity of, 17:204–206
compatibility with refractory materials, field emission properties of, 17:221
5:4t theoretical band structure calculations
control of, 10:102 for, 17:203–204
conversion, 10:102 Carbon nitride films, 17:205
criteria pollutant, 1:813t Carbon nitride solids, 17:203
cryogenic methods used for purification, Carbonochloridic esters, 6:290
8:42 Carbon paper, 4:738–739
electrostatic properties of, 1:621t Carbon profile, in gas carburizing, 16:204
feedstock for higher aliphatic alcohols, Carbon Raschig-ring tower packing, 12:745
2:36 Carbon reduction, of ferrovanadium,
gas bulk separation, 1:618t 25:518
indoor air pollutant, 1:804 Carbon residue, in diesel fuel, 12:424
N-substituted acrylamide preparation, Carbon selenides, 22:87
1:295 Carbon sources, for fermentation, 11:25
oxidation by palladium, 5:235 Carbon steels, 23:291–297
physical properties, 5:2–3 cold working, 23:295–296
in phosgene manufacture, 18:806 heat treatment of, 23:296
in a phosphoric acid fuel cell, 12:219 hot working, 23:294–295
sodium reactions with, 22:766 microstructure and grain size
thermophysical properties, 8:41t of, 23:293–294
three-way catalytic oxidation of, 10:49 properties of, 23:292–293
in transition-metal complexes, 16:58 residual elements in, 23:296–297
trends in emissions, 1:798 wrought, 23:296
typical commercial gas absorption Carbon storage, of hydrogen, 13:786
process, 1:26t Carbon sulfides, 23:621, incompletely
Carbon monoxide complexes characterized, 23:62
osmium, 19:643 Carbon sulfotelluride, 24:419
platinum, 19:656 Carbon–sulfur surface compounds, 23:621
Carbon monoxide/hydrogen stoichiometric Carbon tetrabromide, 4:348
feed, production of methanol from, Carbon tetrachloride, 6:249
25:303–305 acrylamide solubility in, 1:290t
144 CARBON YIELDS
China. See also People’s Republic of China Chiral, C1-symmetric (asymmetric) bridged
acrylic fiber production in, 11:189, 220 metallocenes, 16:108–109
adhesive joint ventures, 1:526 Chiral, C2-symmetric bridged
advanced materials research, 1:696 metallocenes, 16:104–108
aquaculture history, 3:183 Chiral, C2-symmetric catalysts, racemic
aquaculture production, 3:189t mixture of, 16:106
ascorbic acid synthesis in, 25:754 Chiral, C2-symmetric unbridged
demand for oil in, 23:530 metallocenes, 16:108
nanocomposite development, 1:717 Chiral catalysts, 16:395
natural graphite in, 12:780 Chiral centers, in biochemical compounds,
oil recovery program in, 23:534 17:402
olefin fiber production in, 11:243 Chiral chromatography, 6:387
production and consumption of Chiral crystalline materials, target of
regenerated cellulose fibers in, crystal engineering, 8:86t
11:275, 276t Chiral dialkylboranes, 13:640
silicon consumption and production by, Chiral discrimination, 24:47
22:510 Chiral frameworks, target of crystal
titanium production in, 24:839 engineering, 8:86t
titanium reserves in, 24:845 Chiral hosts, 14:180
titanium uses in, 24:868 a-Chiral ketones, synthesis of, 13:669
tungsten market in, 25:354–355 b-Chiral ketones, synthesis of, 13:669
China clay, 6:659 Chiral liquid crystals, high spontaneous
as filler, 11:312 polarizations in, 15:106–107
in paper manufacture, 18:108–109 Chiral metallocene catalysts, methyl
China jute, 11:295 substituents in, 16:106
Chinese gum turpentine, 24:476 Chiral molecules, 6:73. See also a-chiral
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells ketones; b-chiral entries
applications, 5:351t synthesis of, 13:667–671
use in cell culture, 5:348–349 Chiral monoalkylboranes, 13:666
Chinese insect wax, alcohols from, 2:2 Chiral nematic liquid crystals, 15:117
Chinese patent file, 18:248 structure of, 15:91–92
Chinese wax, 26:207–208 Chiral organoboranes, 13:662
Chinook salmon, common and scientific asymmetric synthesis via, 13:664–671
names, 3:187t Chiral pool, in oxazolidinone synthesis,
Chin-Shih-Hu, 2:102 17:740
Chiolite, 2:364t Chiral raw materials, 18:726
Chip-on-board (COB) encapsulated devices, Chiral recognition, 16:789–791
10:9 Chiral separations, 6:72–103
Chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients, achiral derivatizing agents, 6:96t
18:725–726. See also Enantio- entries cellulosic and amylosic phases, 6:88–89
Chiral additives, 6:75–79 chiral additives, 6:75–79
Chiral alcohols, synthesis of, 13:667–668 chiral crown ether phases, 6:91–92
b-Chiral alcohols, synthesis of, 13:669 chiral derivatizing reagents, 6:76t
Chiral alkanes, synthesis of, 13:668–669 chiral stationary phases, 6:79–82
Chiral alkenes, synthesis of, 13:668–669 chiral synthetic polymer phases,
Chiral alkoxides, 26:929 6:92–93
Chiral alkynes, synthesis of, 13:668–669 chirobiotic phases, 6:90–91
Chiral ammonium ions, enantiomer cyclodextrin phases, 6:84–87
recognition properties for, 16:790 ligand-exchange phases, 6:82–83
Chiral ansa-metallocenes, 16:90 liquid chromatography, 6:457
Chiral auxiliaries, in oxazolidinone Pirkle phases, 6:83–84
formation, 17:738–739 protein-based phases, 6:89–90
174 CHIRALSIL-val
water exchange rates and activation molecular formula, properties, and uses,
parameters of hexaaqua complexes, 6:563t
7:589t) properties, 6:527–538, 528–529t
Chromium(III) acetate, 6:533 specifications and shipment, 6:546–547
Chromium(II) acetate dihydrate, physical standard reduction potentials, 6:530t
properties, 6:528t uses, 6:551–565
Chromium(III) acetylacetonate, physical U.S. exports, 6:544t
properties, 6:528t U.S. imports for consumption, 6:545t
Chromium alloys, 6:468–523 Chromium(0) compounds, 6:527–531
Chromium alumina pink corundum, Chromium(II) compounds, 6:531–532
formula and DCMA number, 7:347t air standards and classification, 6:549t
Chromium antimony titanium buff rutile, Chromium(III) compounds, 6:533–535
formula and DCMA number, 7:347t and glucose tolerance/diabetes,
Chromium-based catalysts, 20:173 6:549–550
Chromium baths, 9:800–804 manufacture of water-soluble, 6:542–543
metallic impurities in, 9:802–803 in volumetric sweep efficiency, 18:620
specialty, 9:803 Chromium(IV) compounds, 6:533–535
Chromium(II) bromide, 6:531 Chromium(V) compounds, 6:535–536
Chromium(III) bromide, 6:532 Chromium(VI) compounds, 6:536–538
Chromium(IV) bromide, 6:535 air standards and classification, 6:549t
Chromium carbide, 4:649t, 668, 683, 685, U.S. Government specifications, 6:546t
691 Chromium(VI) dioxide difluoride, 6:535
lattice, 4:652 Chromium(VI) dioxide dichloride, physical
physical properties of, 4:684t properties, 6:528t
thermodynamic properties of, 4:651t Chromium copper, 7:760–761
U.S. imports for consumption, 6:545t effect of alloying on mechanical
Chromium carbide (3:2), 4:649t properties, 7:677
cemented carbides, 4:656 mechanical properties, 7:678t
as industrial hard carbide, 4:674 Chromium finishes, 9:766
Chromium carbide (4:1), 4:649t Chromium(II) fluoride, 6:531
Chromium carbide (7:3), 4:649t Chromium(III) fluoride, 6:532
Chromium carbide (23:6), 4:649t, 692 Chromium(IV) fluoride, 6:535
Chromium carbonitride, chemical vapor physical properties, 6:528t
deposition precursor, 5:805t Chromium(V) fluoride, 6:535
Chromium catalyst, for HDPE production, Chromium(VI) fluoride, 6:536
20:152–154 Chromium greenblack hematite,
Chromium(II) chloride, 6:528t, 531, 564t formula and DCMA number, 7:347t
Chromium(III) chloride, 6:532 Chromium hexacarbonyl, effective atomic
physical properties, 6:528t number of noble gas, 7:590t
Chromium(IV) chloride, 6:535 Chromium(0) hexacarbonyl
Chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, molecular formula, properties, and uses,
physical properties, 6:528t 6:563t
Chromium chromate coatings, 16:219–220 physical properties, 6:528t
Chromium complexes, 9:399 Chromium hydroxide, water exchange
Chromium compounds, 6:526–571 rates and activation parameters of
analytical methods, 6:547–548 hexaaqua complexes, 7:589t
economic aspects, 6:543–546 Chromium(III) hydroxide trihydrate,
environmental concerns, 6:550–551 6:534
health and safety factors, 6:548–550 Chromium(II) iodide, 6:531
hydrolysis, equilibrium, and complex Chromium(III) iodide, 6:532
formation constants, 6:530t Chromium(IV) iodide, 6:535
manufacture, 6:538–543 Chromium–iron alloys, 23:300
184 CHROMIUM IRON MANGANESE BROWN SPINEL
Chromous bromide, physical properties of, Cibacron Blue 3GA, for dye–ligand affinity
4:328 chromatography, 6:402
Chromous chloride hexahydrate, 6:531 Cibacron C dyes, 9:475
Chromous sulfate heptahydrate, 6:531 Ciba Specialty Chemicals, 19:448
Chromyl chloride, molecular formula, Cichlids, world aquaculture production in
properties, and uses, 6:561t 1996, 3:186t
Chromyl compounds, 6:526, 536 CIE color system, 7:304. See also Commission
Chromyl fluoride, 6:535 Internationale de l’clairage (CIE)
Chromyl perchlorate, anhydrous, 18:279 chromacity diagrams, 7:313–315
Chronic asthmatic bronchitis, effect on standard illuminants, 7:315–316
heart, 5:107 CIEDE200 color difference equation, 7:322
Chronic exposures, 25:203, 204t CIELAB, 7:304
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 26:813 CIELAB Color Space, 7:320
Chronic toxicity, 19:452 CIELAB color values, of flax fiber, 11:614t
studies, 25:218 Cielab dye nomenclature system, 9:244
Chronic toxicology, pyridine, 21:118 CIELAB Metric Color Spaces, 7:320
Chronoamperometry, 9:568, 575–577 CIELAB system, 19:428, 451
Chronocoulometry, 9:568 CIELUV Color Space, 7:319–320
Chronological materials standards, CIE Standard Observer, 7:311–312
15:745–747 Cigarette filters
Chronopotentiometry, 9:568 adsorbents for, 1:612
Chrysoberyl, color, 7:329 U.S. consumption of cellulose acetate
Chrysotile, 3:288, 292 flake for, 5:428t
crystal structure, 3:295–297 Cilnidipine, 5:130
electron micrograph, 3:295 molecular formula and structure, 5:125t
elemental analysis, 3:293t Cilostazol, 4:104t, 105
exposure limits, 3:316 Cimaterol, 13:14–15, 16
fiber morphology, 3:291–293 Cimetidine, achiral, 6:73
geological occurrence, 3:291t Cimetidine sulfoxide, chiral, 6:73
physical and chemical properties of, Cinchomeronic acid, 21:182
3:300t Cinchonidine, 2:74, 94, 97
silicate backbone, 3:296 ‘‘Cinderella anions,’’ 22:456
thermal analysis curve, 3:302 Cineole, binary azeotrope with
world production in 2000, 3:289t benzaldehyde, 3:591t
clino-Chrysotile, 3:297 1,8-Cineole, 24:528–529
ortho-Chrysotile, 3:297 Cinmethylin, 13:326
para-Chrysotile, 3:297 Cinnabar, 16:31–32, 33, 37
Chrysotile asbestos, 1:803 Cinnabarite, color and bad gap, 7:335t
Chuca, 22:844 Cinnamaldehyde, 3:595
Chudy coal grade (Poland), 6:713t Cinnamate esters, aroma chemicals, 3:257
Chum salmon, common and scientific Cinnamic acid, aroma chemical derived
names, 3:187t from toluene, 3:234
‘‘Chundles,’’ 24:58 Cinnamic alcohol, aroma chemical derived
Chymosin, 10:251, 296, 309; 12:65 from toluene, 3:234
recovery of recombinant, 3:845–846 Cinnamic aldehyde, aroma chemical
Chypre fragrances/perfumes, 18:358, 361 derived from toluene, 3:234
Cialis, molecular formula and structure, Cinnamon, 23:155, 165–166
5:182t Cinoxate, cosmetic uv absorber, 7:846t
Ciba Bordeaux B, 5,50 -dibromothioindigo, Cinromide, 4:359t
4:361t Ciprofloxacin, 3:29; 21:221, 223, 224
Ciba cell, 22:772 bacterial resistance mechanisms, 3:32t
Cibachrome dye destruction process, 19:241 resistance to, 21:220
186 CIRCLING DISEASE
Coatings industries processes, air pollution Cobalt alloys, 7:219–226. See also Cobalt
from, 10:106–109 high temperature alloys
Coatings industry, 9:153 for orthopedic devices, 3:728
solid epoxy resins in, 10:359 selenium and metallurgy of, 22:98
Coating structures, in photography, Cobalt alloy T-800, 7:223
19:198–199 properties, 7:223t
Coating techniques, in lithographic resists, Cobalt(II) aluminate, uses, 7:241t
15:155 Cobalt aluminate blue spinel, formula
Cobalamin, 25:803 and DCMA number, 7:348t
folic acid and, 25:802 Cobalt Aluminate Blue, pigment
Cobalt (Co), 7:207–228. See also Co-base for plastics, 7:370t
superalloys;60Co isotope; 60Co nucleus; Cobalt aluminum blue, transparent, 19:412
Fe-Ni-Co alloys; Dicobalt octacarbonyl; Cobalt(II) aminobenzoate, uses, 7:239t
Tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl Cobalt(II) ammonium sulfate, uses, 7:239t
analysis, 7:215–216 Cobalt(II) arsenate, uses, 7:241t
in ceramic–matrix composites, 5:554t Cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloys,
coke formation on, 5:266 7:221t
colloidal suspensions, 7:275 Cobalt-base high temperature alloys,
economic aspects, 7:214–215 7:221t
effect on copper resistivity, 7:676t Cobalt-base wear-resistant alloys, 7:221t
environmental concerns, 7:216 Cobalt borates, 4:282
health and safety factors, 7:216–218 Cobalt(II) bromide, uses, 7:239t
in M-type ferrites, 11:66, 69 Cobalt by-product, 16:129
occurrence, 7:208 Cobalt carbide, 4:690–692
poisons in representative reactions, lattice, 4:652
5:258t Cobalt carbide (3:1), 4:649t, 691
polymer autoxidation catalysis, 3:104 Cobalt carbonate, analysis, 7:237t
processing, 7:212–214 Cobalt(II) carbonate, 7:230
properties, 7:208–211 uses, 7:239t
solubility limits and electrical Cobalt(II) carbonate (basic), uses, 7:239t
conductivity effects on copper, Cobalt chloride
7:750t analysis, 7:237t
solution color of ions in glass, 7:343t as thermochromic material, 6:615
standard electrode potential, 7:799t Cobalt(II) chloride, uses, 7:239t
in superalloys, 17:103 Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, 7:230
uses, 7:218–219 Cobalt chromate, molecular formula,
water exchange rates and activation properties, and uses, 6:561t
parameters of hexaaqua complexes, Cobalt(II) chromate, uses, 7:241t
7:589t Cobalt chromite, molecular formula,
Cobalt(II), concentration formation properties, and uses, 6:563t
constant of chelates, 5:717t Cobalt Chromite Blue, pigment for plastics,
60
Cobalt, 7:219. See also 60Co isotope; 7:370t
60
Co nucleus Cobalt chromite blue-green spinel, formula
disinfection application, 8:663–664 and DCMA number, 7:348t
Cobalt(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, uses, 7:240t Cobalt chromite green spinel, formula
Cobalt(III) acetate, uses, 7:239t and DCMA number, 7:348t
Cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, analysis, Cobalt Chromite Green, pigment
7:237t for plastics, 7:370t
Cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate, 7:230 Cobalt–chromium alloys, dental
uses, 7:239t applications, 8:309–310
Cobalt(II) acetylacetonate, 7:230 Cobalt citrate, molecular formula, 6:638t
uses, 7:239t Cobalt(II) citrate, uses, 7:239t
COBALT TIN ALUMINA BLUE SPINEL 195
Cobalt tin blue-gray spinel, formula Cocoa-brown, in cocoa shell from roasted
and DCMA number, 7:348t beans, 6:357t
Cobalt titanate green spinel, formula Cocoa butter, 6:358–360
and DCMA number, 7:348t in cosmetic molded sticks, 7:840t
Cobalt Titanate Green, pigment fatty acid composition, 6:371t
for plastics, 7:370t in formulation for milk chocolates, 6:362t
Cobalt trifluoride, 7:232–233 in formulation for sweet (dark)
Cobalt(II) tungstate, uses, 7:242t chocolates, 6:362t
Cobalt tungsten carbide (6:6:1), 4:649t properties and composition, 6:360t
Cobalt violet phosphate, formula and tocopherols, 6:370t
DCMA number, 7:347t Cocoalkylamines, 2:519
Cobalt wear-resistant alloys, 7:221–223 melting point, 2:521t
Cobalt zinc aluminate blue spinel, formula Cocoalkyldimethylamines, melting point,
and DCMA number, 7:348t 2:521t
Cobalt Zinc Aluminate Blue, pigment for Cocoa mass, 6:355
plastics, 7:370t Cocoamidopropyl betaine
Cobalt zinc silicate blue phenacite, formula in liquid soap, 22:748
and DCMA number, 7:347t as soap bar additive, 22:745, 746
Co-base superalloys, 13:503, 525–527 Cocoamphoacetate, as soap bar additive,
composition of, 13:526 22:745
Cobbing services, magnetic drums used in, Cocoa powder, 6:358
15:445–446 Cocoa-purple, in cocoa shell from roasted
Cobb test, 18:101 beans, 6:357t
Cocaine, 2:74, 79, 80, 108 Cocoa shell, analysis of roasted beans,
economic aspects, 2:108 6:357t
Cocamide DEA, function as ingredient in CO combustion, in FCC units, 11:710.
cosmetics, 7:829t See also Promoted CO combustion
Cocamine oxide, cosmetic surfactant, CO combustion promoters, 11:710–713.
7:834t See also Carbon monoxide (CO)
Cocatalyst heterogenization, 16:87 Cocondensation resins, 15:778–780
Cocatalysts, metal alkyls, 12:190; 20:153 Cocontinuous morphology, in polymer
Cocatalyzed baths, 9:801 blends, 20:329–330
Coccidiosis, controlling, 20:139 Cocontinuous structures, in binary polymer
Coccolith exoskeletons, 24:60 blends, 20:334
Cochineal, colorant in cosmetics, 7:835 Coconut, fatty acid composition, 5:56t
Cochromite, 6:471t Coconut diethanolamide
Cockles, world aquaculture production in blends with alkylaryl sulfonate, 2:454t
1996, 3:186t effect on foaming of anionic surfactants,
Cocoa, 6:358 2:453t, 453–455
amino acid content, 6:368t Coconut oil
composition, 6:369t cosmetically useful lipid, 7:833t
theobromine and caffeine content, 6:367t fatty acid composition, 2:519t
vitamin content various samples, 6:370t feedstock for higher aliphatic alcohols,
Cocoa bean nibs, 6:356–358 2:28t
Cocoa beans, 6:352–355 list price versus ethylene (as high alcohol
composition, 6:369t feedstock), 2:8t
fatty acid composition, 6:371t in soap making, 22:732, 735, 742
minerals content, 6:371t Coconut palm, 11:297
production of raw, 6:354t Cocos nucifera, 11:297
tocopherols, 6:370t Co-current flow capillary electrophoresis,
varieties, 6:354t 4:635
vitamin content various samples, 6:370t Cocurrent spray dryers, 9:128
COKE FORMATION, IN FCC UNITS 197
Cone angle, 23:187. See also Conical entries Conical screen centrifuge, operation,
Cone calorimeter, 19:588 5:546–548
Cone crushers, 16:612 Coniel, molecular formula and structure,
Cone-down tank bottoms, 24:293–296 5:125t
Cone–plate viscometer, 21:734–735 Coniine, 2:74, 107
Cone-roof tanks, 24:289 Conjugated cyclohexenones, enolboration
Cones, in eye, 7:307–308 of, 13:672
Cone-up tank bottoms, 24:293 Conjugated-diene butyl, 4:436–437
Coney Island, salt production on, 22:800 Conjugated drying oils, 9:148
Confections Conjugated hemoglobin, 4:122–124
citric acid in, 6:646 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 10:829;
vanillin in, 25:552–553 17:664–665
Conferences, steam-related, 23:202. Conjugated oils, synthetic, 9:150
See also Chemical congresses Conjugated polymers, 23:709
Confidence level method (CLM), Conjugate vaccines, 25:506
optimization via, 26:1028–1029 Conjugating, protein isolation by, 13:748
Confidentiality, in technology transfer, Conjugation, 12:471. See also Conjugation
24:375–376 reactions
Confidentiality agreements, 24:376 plasmid, 12:501
Confidential Statement of Formula (CSF), Conjugation effect, influence on absorption
18:544 spectrum, 20:510
Configurable programmable logic Conjugation reactions, 14:139–140
controllers, 20:671 noncovalent methods for, 14:140
Configurational-bias Gibbs ensemble Conjuncto-boranes, 4:172
techniques, 26:1035–1036 Connectivity, in multiphasic solids,
Configuration heuristics, 22:334t 11:100–101
Confined aquifer, 12:839 Connector materials, in electronic
Confined jets, 11:759–760 materials packaging, 17:845–848
Conflicts of interest, in technology transfer, Connectors, fugitive emissions from, 10:71
24:367–368, 370–371 Connolly solvent-accessible dot surface,
Confocal microscopy, 16:472, 483–484 16:732, 733
Confocal micro XRF spectrometry, 26:439 Conrad-Limpach-Knorr synthesis, of
Conformal coating materials, in electronic quinolines, 21:189
materials packaging, 17:843–845 Conrad recycling process, 21:455
Conformal coatings, 10:12–13 Conradson carbon test method, 11:705, 721
Conformal moldings, 10:11 Consensus materials standards, 15:743
Conformation, of fiber polymers, 11:175 Consent decree protocols, in the United
Conformational analysis, 10:326–327; States, 11:692–694
15:306 Consent decrees, 11:689–690
of macrolide antibiotics, 15:305–306 Consequence analysis, 21:860–861
Conformational flexibility, 6:10–11 Consequence modeling, 13:165–166
Conformational polymorphism, 8:69 Conservation applications, high
Conformational searches, 6:10–11 performance fibers in, 13:398
Congestive heart failure Conservation of energy, 21:290
antianginal agents for, 5:110t Conservation of mass, 11:737, 738–739
therapy, 5:179, 184–187 Conservation, of resources, 24:164–167
Congo red, reactions with PVA, 25:603 Conservation scientists, 11:398–399
Congruent sublimation temperature, for ‘‘Consistent force field,’’16:744
compound semiconductors, 22:148 Consolidants, in fine art examination/
Conical basket centrifuge, 11:391. See also conservation, 11:410
Cone entries Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company
Conical refiners, 18:104–105 of Canada (Cominco, Ltd.), 26:562
CONTACTORS 211
Consolidated ocean deposits, 17:691–694 Construction industry, PVC use in, 25:676
Consolidation Synthetic Fuels (CSF) Construction materials
process, 6:848 embrittlement of, 13:839–840
CONSOL pyrolysis process, 6:854 resistance to hydrogen chloride,
Constant analyzer energy (CAE) mode, 13:825–827
24:103 for storing and using hydrazine,
Constant conduction heat pipes, 13:227 13:587–588
Constant failure rate, 13:167 Construction type, plant site selection and,
Constant-field scaling, of FETs, 22:253, 254 19:525
Constant-modulus alloys, 17:101 Construction vehicles, heavy duty diesel
Constant of proportionality, 14:237 engine oils for, 15:233–235
Constant pressure heat capacity, 24:656 Consultants, for market or marketing
Constant rate drying, 9:103–105 research studies, 15:631, 633
Constant rate period, 9:97; 23:66–67 Consultative Committee on Thermometry
Constant retard ratio (CRR) mode, 24:103 (CIPM), 24:436
Constant slope condition, 24:136–137 Consumable-electrode melting, 12:302
Constant stress test, 13:472; 19:583 Consumable-electrode electric-arc melting
Constant-voltage scaling, of FETs, 22:253 technique, 25:522
Constant volume heat capacity, 24:656 Consumable-electrode melting, 23:254
Constant volume sampling system (CVS), Consumer applications, for polyamide
10:33 plastics, 19:795
Constituent properties Consumer preferences, for tamper-evident
of bainite, 23:280 packaging, 18:29
of martensite, 23:280–281 Consumer Product Safety Commission
of pearlite, 23:280 (CPSC), 18:28, 86; 21:568
of tempered martensite, 23:281–282 ink regulation under, 14:333
‘‘Constrained geometry’’ catalysts, 16:81; Consumer products
20:193 hydrogen peroxide in, 14:68
Constraint control strategies, 20:675–676 microencapsulated, 16:459–460
Constraint method, in multiobjective nondestructive evaluation of, 17:414
optimization, 26:1033 Consumption, of regenerated cellulose
Constructed wetland, defined, 3:759t fibers, 11:275, 276–278
Constructed wetlands effluent treatment, Contac, 3:90
9:436–437 Contact activation, 4:86–87
Construction Contact adhesives, phenolic resins in,
aluminum applications, 2:340 18:783–784
copper applications, 7:711–712 Contact angle hysterisis, 22:109, 110,
epoxy resins in, 10:452–453 113–114
ethylene oxide polymers in, 10:689 Contact atomic force microscope system,
HEC applications, 5:454t 24:83
high performance fibers in, 13:394 Contact dermatitis, from nickel, 17:119
methylcellulose applications, 5:459t Contact dryers, coatings, 7:29
use of limestone in, 15:37–38 Contact drying, 9:105–107
uses of succinic acid and succinic Contact icing, of food, 21:561
anhydride in, 23:427t Contacting, differential, 10:760–762
Constructional alloy steels, 23:299–300 Contact mechanics, 1:515–517
molybdenum in, 17:16 Contact mode atomic force microscopy,
Construction and demolition (C&D) debris, 3:320–325; 17:63
21:411 Contact nucleation, 8:105
Construction business, economic future of Contactors
glass in, 12:617 ozone, 17:801–802
Construction codes, piping system, 19:487 selection of, 10:767–768
212 CONTACT PLANTS
Copper wrought alloy C180, properties of softening resistance, effect of prior cold
precipitation-hardened, 7:762t work on, 7:739
Copper wrought alloy C181, conductivity stress corrosion susceptibility and
and age- hardened tensile properties, dealloying, 7:743t
7:761t Copper wrought alloy C240, conductivity
Copper wrought alloy C182 and hard temper tensile properties,
applications, 7:763 7:752t
conductivity and age-hardened tensile Copper wrought alloy C260, 7:761
properties, 7:761t annealed tensile properties, 7:726t
conductivity and hard temper tensile annealing response of cold rolled, 7:728
properties, 7:752t applications, 7:762–763, 763
electrical conductivity and strength, conductivity and hard temper tensile
7:732t properties, 7:752t
elemental composition, 7:722t conductivity and wrought tensile
properties, 7:731t strength, 7:754t
strength, 7:730 electrical conductivity and strength,
Copper wrought alloy C187, 7:752 7:732t
machinability rating, 7:748t elemental composition, 7:722t
Copper wrought alloy C190, 7:752 fatigue strength, 7:742t
elemental composition, 7:722t grain size and strength, 7:726
Copper wrought alloy C194, 7:752, 753 hydrogen embrittlement resistant, 7:744
applications, 7:763 machinability rating, 7:748t
dispersed phase alloy, 7:729 properties, 7:731t
elemental composition, 7:722t springback, 7:737–738
fatigue strength, 7:742t stress corrosion susceptibility
hydrogen embrittlement resistant, and dealloying, 7:743t
7:744 stress relaxation resistance, 7:740
properties, 7:731t Copper wrought alloy C280, 7:753
stress corrosion susceptibility Copper wrought alloy C312, 7:753
and dealloying, 7:743t Copper wrought alloy C353
Copper wrought alloy C197 conductivity and hard temper tensile
elemental composition, 7:722t properties, 7:752t
hydrogen embrittlement resistant, machinability rating, 7:748t
7:744 Copper wrought alloy C360, 7:730, 748
Copper wrought alloy C199, 7:752 brazeability, 7:746
Copper wrought alloy C205, 7:753 conductivity and hard temper tensile
Copper wrought alloy C210 properties, 7:752t
conductivity and hard temper tensile elemental composition, 7:722t
properties, 7:752t machinability rating, 7:748t
electrical conductivity and strength, properties, 7:731t
7:732t Copper wrought alloy C385, 7:753
Copper wrought alloy C220 Copper wrought alloy C411, 7:754
annealed tensile properties, 7:726t conductivity and wrought tensile
conductivity and hard temper tensile strength, 7:754t
properties, 7:752t Copper wrought alloy C422, 7:754
conductivity and wrought tensile stress corrosion susceptibility
strength, 7:754t and dealloying, 7:743t
Copper wrought alloy C230 Copper wrought alloy C425, 7:754
conductivity and hard temper tensile annealed tensile properties, 7:726t
properties, 7:752t conductivity and wrought tensile
electrical conductivity and strength, strength, 7:754t
7:732t elemental composition, 7:722t
222 COPPER WROUGHT ALLOY C443
Copper wrought alloy C704, 7:758 Copper wrought alloy C757, conductivity
conductivity and hard temper tensile and hard temper tensile properties,
properties, 7:758t 7:759t
Copper wrought alloy C706, 7:758 Copper wrought alloy C762, fatigue
annealed tensile properties, 7:726t strength, 7:742t
annealing response of cold rolled, Copper wrought alloy C770
7:728 conductivity and hard temper tensile
applications, 7:763 properties, 7:759t
conductivity and hard temper tensile stress corrosion susceptibility
properties, 7:758t and dealloying, 7:743t
electrical conductivity and strength, Copper wrought alloy C782, 7:759
7:732t machinability rating, 7:748t
elemental composition, 7:722t Copper wrought alloy C1572
machinability rating, 7:748t elemental composition, 7:722t
properties, 7:731t properties, 7:731t
stress corrosion susceptibility Copper wrought alloy C1751, 7:761
and dealloying, 7:743t conductivity and yield strength, 7:760t
Copper wrought alloy C710, 7:758 electrical conductivity and strength,
conductivity and hard temper tensile 7:732t
properties, 7:758t elemental composition, 7:722t
Copper wrought alloy C715, 7:758 properties, 7:731t
applications, 7:763 strength, 7:730
conductivity and hard temper tensile Copper wrought alloy C4000, 7:754
properties, 7:758t Copper wrought alloy C6155, applications,
electrical conductivity and strength, 7:763
7:732t Copper wrought alloy C7025, 7:761
Copper wrought alloy C722, 7:758 applications, 7:763
Copper wrought alloy C725 electrical conductivity and strength,
bending, 7:734 7:732t
conductivity and hard temper tensile elemental composition, 7:722t
properties, 7:758t hydrogen embrittlement resistant, 7:744
elemental composition, 7:722t properties, 7:731t
properties, 7:731t properties of precipitation-hardened,
Copper wrought alloy C727, 7:761 7:762t
Copper wrought alloy C729, 7:761 strength, 7:730
elemental composition, 7:722t stress relaxation resistance, 7:740, 741
properties, 7:731t Copper wrought alloy C7026
properties of precipitation-hardened, elemental composition, 7:722t
7:762t properties of precipitation-hardened,
Copper wrought alloy C745, conductivity 7:762t
and hard temper tensile properties, Copper wrought alloy C7265, 7:761
7:759t properties of precipitation-hardened,
Copper wrought alloy C752 7:762t
annealed tensile properties, 7:726t Copper wrought alloy C7410, dispersed
conductivity and hard temper tensile phase alloy, 7:729
properties, 7:759t Copper wrought alloy C10100, 7:751
elemental composition, 7:722t Copper wrought alloy C10200, 7:751
machinability rating, 7:748t mechanical properties, 7:678t
properties, 7:731t Copper wrought alloy C11000,
C11000
Copper wrought alloy C754, conductivity arc welding, 7:747
and hard temper tensile properties, brazeability, 7:746
7:759t mechanical properties, 7:678t
224 COPPER WROUGHT ALLOY C12200, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Counterion exchange, in sulfonic acids, Cox experimental design text; versus other
23:534 texts, 8:395t
Counterions Cox–Merz empirical relationship, 21:723
micelle-associated, 24:123–124 Cozaar, molecular formula and structure,
in soap–water system, 22:727 5:153t
Counting scales, 26:244, 252 Cp2MX2 compounds, 25:440. See also
Coupled transport, 15:826 Dicyclopentadiene
Coupler-developers, 19:295 Cp2Ti derivatives, reactions of, 25:120.
Coupler types, in chromogenic chemistry, See also Cyclopentadienyltitanium
19:248–249 compounds
Coupling CP44,161 antibiotic, 20:137
of fillers, 11:304–305 CP-346086, novel potential
polymer chain termination by, 20:221 antihyperlipemic agent, 5:144t
Coupling agents, 19:383; 21:781; CP-529414, novel potential
24:705–706 antihyperlipemic agent, 5:144t
commercial silane, 22:698, 699t, 3-CPA, 13:41t, 48
701–703 4-CPA, 13:41t, 48–49
for polymer composites, 25:129–130 CP Matrix Pinch system, 13:199, 206
Coupling mechanisms, in chromogenic CpTi–R bond, 25:119–120. See also
chemistry, 19:249–252 Cyclopentadiene
Coupling reactions, 9:354, 357 Cr2O3 surface scale, 13:511
acid, 9:358–359 CR-39 casting resin, 19:798–799
alkaline, 9:358 ‘‘Crabbing,’’ 9:183
azo, 9:352–359 Crabs
ionic liquids in, 26:889–892 aquaculture, 3:189
palladium-catalyzed, 19:653 world aquaculture production in 1996,
as release mechanisms, 19:293 3:186t
Couplings, for pumps, 21:79–80 Crack closure, 13:495
Coupling step, in affinity chromatography, Crack deflection, 5:622
6:396 ceramic–matrix composites, 5:563–566
Coupling sugar, 23:480 Cracked gas, gas purification, 1:618t
Courtaulds lyocell process, 11:266–267, Crackel salt, 5:785t
267–269. See also Samuel Courtauld Cracking, 18:648; 24:257. See also Steam
& Co., Ltd. cracking
Covalent bonding, adhesion, 1:510–511 cutting tool failure mode, 4:660
Covalent carbon nanotube Cracking catalysts
functionalization, 17:53–54 cerium applications, 5:685–686
Covalent chromatography, 6:405 coking characteristics of, 11:705–706
Covalent compounds, of graphite, 12:778 kaolin application, 6:695
Covalent hydrides, 13:611–613 Cracking furnaces, 10:601–609. See also
properties of, 13:611t Cracking reactor
Covalent ligand immobilization, 6:395–396, efficiency of, 10:604
396t kinetic models used for design of,
Covalent noncyclopentadienyl compounds, 10:606–607
25:105–109 run length of, 10:607–609
Covalent sidewall nanotube Cracking models, based on molecular
functionalization, 17:55 reactions, 10:607
Cover crops, allelopathic, 13:352–353 Cracking reactions, 10:601–604
Covering power, 9:773 in vinyl chloride manufacture
Coverstock, use of nonwoven goods in, by pyrolysis, 25:643, 646
17:517 Cracking reactor. See also Cracking
Cowpox, 3:136 furnaces
CRIMP 231
Deuterium, 8:456–485; 13:759. See also Development scale (kilo-lab) pilot plants,
Canadian Deuterium Uranium 19:459
(CANDU) reactors Development solution, agitation of,
analytical methods, 8:467–468 19:208. See also Developer solutions
economic aspects, 8:467 Deviations, for polymethine dyes,
health and safety factors, 8:461–462 20:509
physical properties, 8:457–462, 459t Devices, manufacturing considerations,
production of heavy water, 8:459t, 5:777
462–467 Device scaling, of FETs, 22:253–255
uses of, 8:468–469 Deville process, 22:760, 766
Deuterium fusion, 8:468–469 Devitrification, 12:578
Deuterium nmr spectroscopy, filled of vitreous silica, 22:420–421
networks and, 19:565; 22:571 Devolatilization, defined, 6:827
Deuterium selenide, 22:86 Dewatering, 11:624; 22:279, 282.
Deuterium tryglycine sulfate (DTGS), See also Dewatering method
14:226 coal, 6:747
Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron polyacrylamide polymers for,
(DESY), aerogel application, 1:766 1:324
Deutsche Texaco one-step MIBK process, of resins, 14:398
16:339 thermal, 16:660
Devarda’s method, 17:191 Dewatering method
Developers in petroleum processing, 18:644–645
in chromogenic chemistry, 19:245–248 for phosphate salt manufacture,
for photothermographic/thermographic 18:852–853
imaging materials, 19:346–350 Dewaxing, 15:216–217
in Polacolor film, 19:298 molecular sieves in, 16:844
Developer solutions. See also Development of oils, 10:807
solution in petroleum refining, 18:662, 670,
activity of, 19:205–206 671
composition of, 19:204–206 Dew point, 9:97
Developing agents calculation of, 24:680
in color photography, 19:247 Dew retting, 11:291, 292, 604–606
incorporation of, 19:211 disadvantages of, 11:606–608
Development. See also Development process Dexanthation, of viscose, 11:255
adjacency effects during, 19:209–210 Dexatrim, 3:90
chemistry and mechanism of, Dexbrompheniramine, 4:359t
19:206–208 Dexfenfluramine, 3:93
initiation of, 19:208 Dexon sutures, 24:222
oxidation by-products of, 19:208 Dexsil, 4:204
photographic, 19:177, 204–212 Dextrans, 4:724t; 20:454; 23:481
role of binders in, 19:359–360 hemoglobin modifiers, 4:114, 122
source of silver ions during, 19:208 in beets, 23:463
special methods of, 19:211–212 Dextrins, 1:547; 4:720, 724t
temperature dependence of, 19:207–208 in beer, 3:582t
thermal, 19:358–359 Dextrose, 4:703
Development inhibitors, 19:258 formation of, 10:289
Development-inhibitor-releasing (DIR) uses of, 4:714
couplers, 19:243, 262 Dezincing, lead refining by, 14:754–755
in chromogenic chemistry, 19:257–260 DGEBA-aromatic polyamine adduct
Development process system, 10:416, 417. See also
for reliability, 26:991 Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A
technical service and, 24:348 (DGEBA)
258 N,N 0 -DI-(1-CYCLOHEXYLMETHYL)PIPERAZINE
Efficiency. See also Single collector EIA activities. See also Environmental
efficiency impact assessment (EIA)
of filtration, 11:329–330, 340–341 public and agency participation in,
of filtration particle capture 10:237
mechanisms, 11:339–340 uncertainties associated with,
in minerals recovery and processing, 10:245–246
16:664 EIA requirements, review and reform of,
of OLEDs, 22:215, 219 10:233–234
of size separation, 22:277, 278–279 Eicosahydrodibenzo[b,k]
Efficient sulfur vulcanization (EV) cure hexaoxacyclooctadecin, 7:588
systems, 21:801, 802 Eicosanoic acid, physical properties, 5:29t
Efficient genetic algorithm (EGA), 1-Eicosanol, physical properties of, 2:3t
26:1024–1025 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 17:663, 665
Efficient simulated annealing (ESA), 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, physical
26:1024 properties, 5:33t
Efficient stochastic genetic algorithm cis-5-Eicosenoic acid, physical properties,
(ESGA), optimization via, 26:1032 5:31t
Efficient stochastic annealing (ESTA), cis-9-Eicosenoic acid, physical properties,
optimization via, 26:1030 5:31t
Effluent gases, lime industry, 15:76 18-electron rule, 16:60–61
Effluent guidelines/standards, 21:581–582 18-electron species, thermally stable,
Effluent handling, in pilot plants, 19:467 16:62
Effluent pollutant, 9:303 Eimco High-Capacity thickener, 22:66
Effluents Einsteinium (Es), 1:463–491, 464t
lyocell process and, 11:280 electronic configuration, 1:474t
magnesia plant, 15:426 ion type and color, 1:477t
photographic processing, 19:217 metal properties of, 1:482t
viscose process and, 11:278 Einstein relation, 22:238. See also
Effluent separation, from a catalytic Einstein’s viscosity equation
reformer, 20:750 filled networks and, 22:571, 572
Effluent silver Einstein’s coefficient, 14:662
controlling, 22:654 Einstein’s equation, 7:280; 21:716; 23:99
environmental limits on, 22:652–653 Einstein’s law, 19:108
Effluent toxicity, 25:887 Einstein’s viscosity equation, 22:54.
Effluent treatment, 9:297–298; 20:759 See also Einstein relation
dye industry, 9:432–437 Eisenberg-Hird-Moore (EHM) model,
Effluent wastewater treatment, in 14:466, 467
propylene oxide manufacture, Ekato Intermig agitator, 1:739, 740
20:800–801 Ekoflot pneumatic cell, 16:653
Efflux viscometers, 21:729–730 Elaidic acid, physical properties,
Efonidipine, 5:131, 189 5:31t, 37t
molecular formula and structure, 5:125t Elastic behavior, ceramics, 5:613–615
E-Gas gasifier, 6:783t, 827 Elastic constants, measured values of,
Egg albumen, as a foaming agent, 12:21. 21:720t
See also Albumin Elastic deformation, 21:719
Eggplant, citric acid in, 6:632t ceramics, 5:613–615
E-glass–epoxy laminates, 17:843 coal, 6:724–725
E-glass fibers, 26:758 Elastic diffusion, 23:102
Egyptian Giza cotton, 8:2 Elastic element pressure measuring
Egyptian mummies devices, 20:681–682
chemical analysis of DNA, 5:751 Elastic interactions, 13:498
chemical analysis of lipids, 5:749 Elasticity, 19:743
300 ELASTICIZERS, POLYCHLOROPRENE LATEXES IN
Elemental tellurium, 24:408, 416. See also Emamectin (Slice), registered for use in
Tellurium (Te) aquaculture in Europe, 3:220t
Elemental uranium, crystal structures of, Emamectin benzoate, 14:347
25:409. See also Uranium (U) Emanuel Tire process, 21:470–471
Elementary reaction, 21:336 Embedded passives, 10:15
Element/isotope ratios, in fine art Embedding, 10:1–30. See also
examination/conservation, 11:419 Encapsulation
Element mapping, in fine art examination/ material curing in, 10:13–15
conservation, 11:406 material processes related to, 10:11–13
Element names/symbols, 17:386–387 reasons for, 10:1–3
transfermium, 17:387t Embedding materials, 10:3–8
Elements, in earth’s crust, 26:23 aluminum-filled composites in,
a-Eleostearic acid, physical properties, 10:15–28
5:33t electrical properties of, 10:9–10
b-Eleostearic acid, physical properties, epoxies, 10:5–6
5:33t mechanical properties of, 10:10
Elevated heat exchangers, 19:508 polyesters, 10:7
Elevated tank, 24:280–281 polysulfides, 10:7–8
Elevated temperature precipitation heat polyurethanes, 10:6–7
treatment, aluminum alloys, 2:333 rheological properties of, 10:10
Elevator furnace, 12:288 silicones, 10:3–5
Elgonidipine, 5:131 thermoplastics, 10:8
molecular formula and structure, 5:126t Embolite, 4:304
Elidinium bromide, 4:359t Embreyite, 6:471t
Elimination reactions, amine oxides, Embrittlement relief, 9:705
2:467–468 Embryo cloning
Elinvar, 13:522 by nuclear transfer from blastomeres,
Ellagic acid, antioxidant useful in 12:451
cosmetics, 7:830t by nuclear transfer from somatic cells,
Ellipsometry, 24:72 12:451–452
for MOCVD, 22:155 Embryonic genome, random insertion of
Ellipticine, 2:98 transgenes into, 12:454–459
Elongatable carbonaceous fiber, ‘‘Embryonic lethal,’’ 12:460
13:383–385 Embryonic stem cells, gene transfer with,
Elongated fullerenes, 12:232 12:457–459
Elongation, of olefin fibers, 11:226 Embryos
Elongational rheometer, 21:740 microinjected, 12:454
Elongation at break, 10:177; 19:743 retroviral infection of, 12:457
Elongation viscosity, of olefin fibers, Embryo splitting, 12:450–451
11:233, 234 Embryotoxic solvents, 23:119
Elovich equation, 1:595 Emerald, 3:638
Elution, in ion exchange, 14:410–412 color, 7:329
Elution buffer, in affinity chromatography, Emergency core cooling system (ECCS),
6:392 17:577, 596
Elution chromatography, 6:375 in nuclear power facilities, 17:544
Eluxyl process, 1:665 Emergency Exposure Guideline Levels
Elvax, 7:640 (EEGL), 21:837
EMAA ionomers, 14:466. See also Emergency Exposure Indices (EEI),
Na–EMAA ionomers; Zn–EMAA 21:838
ionomers Emergency exposure limits (EEL), for
glass transition of, 14:468–469 fluorine, 11:844
melt-rheology of, 14:474–475 Emergency planning, 21:861
312 EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW ACT
Federal agencies, functions of, 21:569t. See Feed(s). See also Animal feeds;
also United States entries; U.S. entries Nonruminant feeds; Pet foods;
Federal Anti-Tampering Act, 18:686 Ruminant feeds
Federal Communications Commission for aquaculture, 3:202–205
(FCC), 16:512 FCC unit, 11:705
Federal Controlled Drug Act of 1970, 3:90 for reforming, 25:167
Federal emission standards, 10:32 silica in, 22:375
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Feed Additive Compendium, 10:846
(FERC), 25:332 Feed additives. See Nonruminant feeds;
Federal Environmental Pest Control Act Pet foods; Ruminant feeds
(FEPCA), 18:537 Feedback control, purpose of, 20:666
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of Feedback controllers, 20:666–667
1938 (FFDCA), 18:683, 688, 701; tuning and stability of, 20:694
21:591 Feedback control systems, 20:691–695
Federal Hazardous Substance Labeling Feedback loops, between science and
Act, 21:854 technology, 21:615
Federal Hazardous Substances Act Feed-back system, closed loop fuel
(FHSA), 19:452 metering system, 10:56
Federal Hazardous Substances Act Feed characterization, in reverse osmosis,
protocols, for anthropogenic silicas and 21:666
silicates, 22:467 Feed components, in thermal cracking,
Federal income tax (FIT), 9:539–540 10:601
Federal Insecticide Act of 1910, 18:524 Feed compression process, 13:778–779
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Feed enzymes, 10:310
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 13:285, 327; Feedforward back-propagation networks,
16:52; 18:525, 537; 21:568, 591. See 6:68–69
also FIFRA amendments Feedforward control, 20:667, 695–696
registration and reregistration of Feedforward controller, design of,
pesticides under, 18:536, 544 20:696
Federal legislation, related to movement of Feed grain size, in potassium chloride
hazardous materials, 25:337–338 compaction, 20:621–622
Federal Maritime Commission (FMC), Feed handling, in pilot plants, 19:466–467
25:332 Feed industry, solid formulated enzymes
Federal Motor Carrier Safety in, 10:273
Administration (FMCSA), 25:332, Feeding equipment
337 for tank and hopper scales, 26:258–259
Federal Reformulated Gasoline (RFG) Feedpipe backmixing, 16:691
Phase 2 specifications, 11:686 Feed preparation, in phosphorus
Federal Register, 21:570; 25:255 manufacture, 19:7–8
Federal registration, 25:258 Feed processing methods, 10:864
Federal regulations, tank-related, Feed quality
24:304–305 in FCC unit regenerators, 11:721
Federal Reserve Act, 12:683 in FCC units, 11:711
Federal Test Procedure (FTP), automotive Feed saturation, 10:616
emission, 10:33–35 Feed size distribution, in size separation,
Federal Trademark Dilution Act, 25:256 22:279
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Feed solids
Amendments (FWPCA), 21:581 in heavy-media separation plants,
Federation of European Food Additives and 15:443–445
Food Enzyme Industries (ELC), 12:37 magnetic content of, 15:443–444
Federation of German Industries (BDI) Feed solution, in liquid–liquid extraction,
study, 24:194 10:745
350 FEEDSTOCK(s). See also FERMENTATION
from organic materials, 25:682–683 for transportation fuels from coal gasifier
pentane as, 13:702t syngas, 6:778
PVC as, 25:678, 682–683 Fischer–Tropsch waxes, 26:220
of titanium and its compounds, 24:865 Fish
vinyl chloride as, 25:651 mercury concentrations in, 16:49
Fire modeling studies, 19:588 packaging, 18:31–32
Fire point, of fats and oils, 10:822 Fish and Wildlife Service, aquaculture
Fireproofing, stannic chloride regulation, 3:185
pentahydrate in, 24:804 Fish diagram, 16:426–427
Fire protection, hydrogels in, 13:752 Fishery applications, high performance
Fire refining, copper, 7:685–686 fibers in, 13:395
Fire retardancy, ammonium phosphates in, Fish meal, 10:852
18:835 Fish oils, 5:28; 9:143; 10:814
Fire-retardant additives, 11:450, 451, Fission
452–453 nuclear, 25:851
Fire-retardant chemicals, materials, and spontaneous, 21:304–305
products, 11:448. See also Flame Fission-fragment track detection, 19:700
retardant entries Fission process, products of, 19:674
effect on wood, 26:351 Fission products
encapsulated, 16:460 actinide separation from, 17:550
Fire retardant treatment, for wood, 26:348 wastes from, 17:549–550
Fire science, 11:450 Fission rate, in nuclear power facilities,
Fire test methods, 11:449–450 17:536
Fire test terminology, 19:588 Fission weapons, plutonium in, 19:686
Fire-tube furnaces, 12:319–320, 327 Fissure sealants, 8:334–335
Firing, of ferrites, 11:73 Fitness-for-Service guide, 19:491
Firming agents, 12:32 Fitting, in kettle soap making, 22:736
as food additives, 12:57 Fittings, PVC in, 25:683–684, 685
First aid and rescue, 21:858 Fiurithromycin, 15:286
First aid, for nitric acid exposure, 17:192 5A zeolite. See Zeolite 5A
First failure, time to, 26:987 Five-dimensional (5D) rendering, 16:733
First falling rate period, 23:67 5HT3 inhibitors, 10:334
First-generation ionic liquids, 26:837–838, Five-membered ring chemistry, 21:151–152
841, 865 FIVESUB 5-substituted oxazolidinones,
First law of thermodynamics, 24:645–648 17:730–731
First limiting amino acid, 2:601 Fixation, 9:165, 213, 215, 216
First-order irreversible chemical kinetics, of atmospheric nitrogen, 11:111–112
25:286–287, 292–293 of phosphate fertilizers, 11:122
First-principle approach, in particle size in photography, 19:173, 177, 213–214
measurement, 18:153 Fixed-angle head bottle centrifuge, 5:529
First sale doctrine, 7:793 Fixed-angle mixers, 16:710
Fischer, Emil, 16:768 Fixed-bed bioreactor, defined, 3:759t
Fischer carbene reaction, 24:35–36 Fixed-bed butane process, 15:498
Fischer esterification, 10:499 Fixed-bed centrifuges, 11:389–391
Fischer formula, 4:697 Fixed bed gasifiers, 6:729, 789–790,
Fischer-Indole synthesis, 9:288 792–796, 827
Fischer ‘‘lock and key’’ hypothesis, 24:38 for biomass gasification, 3:693–694
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, 6:791, 827; operating conditions and product
12:431 distributions using bituminous coal,
of hydrocarbons, 10:532, 621; 13:768 6:788t
in indirect coal liquefaction, 6:764–765, Fixed-bed ion-exchange water softening,
859–865 26:120
362 FIXED BED PHOTOREACTORS
Grid-type couplings, for pumps, 21:80 Grinding wheels, 1:1, 2–3, 18–21
Grignard plant flow diagram, 12:826 Grisalva, 24:576
Grignard process, 22:547 Grizzlies, 16:617
Grignard reaction mixture, hydrolysis of, Gross energy requirements (GER), 24:165,
12:827 179–180, 196
Grignard reactions, 10:505–506; 12:818– comparison of, 24:183
838. See also Grignard reagents Gross National Photo-Product (GNPP),
activated magnesium, 12:835 19:216
aqueous and nonaqueous work-up of, Gross pathology, in toxicology studies,
12:830 25:216
economic aspects of, 12:828–830 Gross weight, 26:246
health and safety factors related to, Grotthus-Draper Law, 19:233
12:831–835 Ground alumina hydroxides, 2:429
value of, 12:820–823 properties of commercial, 2:429t
of vinyl chloride, 25:630 Ground aluminas, 2:408, 414
Grignard reagents, 12:818, 819–820; Ground calcium carbonate (GCC), in paper
15:384, 385; 25:105, 106, 107 manufacture, 18:107, 108
alkyl cross-coupling reactions of, 12:835 Ground ion-exchange resins, 14:420
alternative methods for making, Ground magnetite, screen analysis of,
12:824–825 15:445t
analysis of, 12:828 Groundnut oil, in soap making, 22:735
crystal structures of, 12:828 Ground quicklime, 15:28
custom synthesis of, 12:830–831 production of, 15:54–56
ethylene oxide reaction with, 10:638 quality control for, 15:70
formation of, 12:825–827 uses for, 15:61–62
handling, shipping, and storage of, Ground rubber, uses for, 21:471, 472
12:832–835 Groundwater
industrial manufacturing process for, air stripping of, 10:105
12:825–827 in the hydrogeochemical cycle, 26:12
preparation of, 12:823–825 Groundwater bioremediation
reactions and applications of, 12:835 halogenated compounds, 3:776
reaction with a substrate, 12:827 halogenated solvents, 3:772
regulation of, 12:832 hydrocarbons, 3:766–768
in tetraorganotin preparation, inorganics, 3:781–782
24:811–812 metals, 3:785
in triorganotin preparation, 24:815–816 military explosives, 3:780
Grignard-type reactions, maleic anhydride, nonchlorinated pesticides and
15:491 herbicides, 3:778
Grimaldiite, 6:471t Groundwater contamination
Grind gauge, 18:68–69 with chlorinated hydrocarbons,
Grinding 10:103–104
chocolate liquor, 6:356–357 by herbicides, 13:310
coffee, 7:258–259 in the United States, 24:281
electrochemical, 9:603 Groundwater flow systems, 12:838
in dye manufacture, 9:292 Groundwater monitoring, 12:838–847;
mineral, 16:613–615 21:588
Grinding fluids, 1:22–23 aquifers, 12:838–839
Grinding mills, mineral, 16:610 groundwater flow calculation,
Grinding techniques, in large-scale 12:841–842
pharmaceutical synthesis, 18:729 groundwater pressure and energy,
Grinding Wheel Institute (GWI), silicon 12:839–841
carbide standards by, 22:537 monitoring well design, 12:843–846
412 GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAM, DESIGN OF
High molecular weight (HMW) epoxy resin High performance concrete (HPC), 13:542
compositions, 10:348 High performance fibers, 13:369–401
High molecular weight (MW) linear applications of, 13:388–392
polymers, 23:733 carbon-nanotube, 13:385–386
High molecular weight characteristics of, 13:369
methylphenylsilicones, 22:575 classification by types of application,
High molecular weight monoglycidyl 13:391–398
aliphatic epoxy, 10:381–382 classification of, 13:388t, 392t
High molecular weight phenoxy resins, gel spun, 13:382–383
10:365 modified carbon fibers, 13:383–385
High molecular weight polyester, 20:23 preparation and properties of,
High molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) 13:370–388
resins, 10:674 properties of, 26:740t
High molecular weight polyisobutylene, rigid-rod polymers, 13:370–382
4:434 silicon carbide ceramic, 13:386
High molecular weight polylactides, 20:298 structure/property classification of,
High molecular weight polymeric 13:388–391
flocculating agents, 11:633, 636–637 vitreous fibers, 13:386–388
High molecular weight polymers, 20:4, 12; High performance fiber technology,
23:377, 730 drawdown of coagulated fiber in,
dissolving, 11:630 13:375
preparation by ROP, 23:711–712 High performance immunoaffinity
producing, 10:683 chromatography (hpiac), 6:400–402
High molecular weight poly(norbornene), High performance liquid chromatography
20:432 (hplc), 6:384, 440–441; 10:384, 387,
High molecular weight polysulfonates, 826; 16:407, 408, 409
23:723 analytical methods using, 23:554
High molecular weight poly(thioether application in combinatorial chemistry,
ketone)s, 23:710–711 7:405
High molecular weight PPS, 23:714. applications of, 6:457–465
See also Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) cellulosic and amylosic phases, 6:82t
High molecular weight PPSA, 23:709 chiral separation validation, 6:93–94
High molecular weight products, 11:442 chiral stationary phases, 6:81–82, 82t
High molecular weight silicone oils, 22:573, detectors, 6:448–450
575 for determination of polyether
High molecular weight synthetic alkylated antibiotics, 20:132
aromatic feedstocks, 23:533 equipment for, 6:441–443
High nuclearity carbonyl clusters, 16:64–66 for fermentation, 11:39
High nuclearity metal carbonyl synthesis, in microfluidic assays, 26:970
16:66–69 in phenolic resin analysis, 18:776
from salts, 16:68 postcolumn reaction detection, 6:450–452
from smaller carbonyls, 16:68–69 reversed-phased, 6:453–454
High ortho novolacs sample preparation, 6:443–448
from phenolic resin polymerization, silylation for, 22:697–698
18:761–762 of soap, 22:754
production of, 18:767–768 sugar analysis by, 23:476–477
High oxygen demanding fermentations, High performance liquid chromatography–
aeration biotechnology applications, mass spectrometry (hplc-ms), of
1:743 archaeological materials, 5:743
High performance adhesives, 1:545 High performance liquid crystalline all-
High performance affinity chromatography aromatic polyesters, 20:31
support, 6:394–395 High performance pigments (HPPs), 19:424
HIGH SOLIDS OXIDIZING ALKYDS 437
Inferred petroleum reserves, 18:595 Infrared reflective surfaces, use of gold in,
Infinite dilution coefficients, 8:743 12:704–705
Infinite heat-transfer surface area, 13:253 Infrared reflectography (irr)
Infinity point, 14:611 in art forgery detection, 11:419
Inflammation, as a toxic effect, 25:204–205 in fine art examination/conservation,
Inflammation-responsive drug delivery, 11:400–401
9:63 Infrared remote sensing, 23:141
Inflated–collapsed rayon, 11:261, 262 Infrared (ir)-sensitizing polymethine dyes,
Inflation 20:513
effects of, 9:547 Infrared spectra, of fats and oils, 10:823
of rayon, 11:262 Infrared spectral region, 19:564
Influenza A Virus, 3:137 Infrared spectroscopy, 14:224–243; 23:136–
Influenza vaccine 143. See also Chromatography-
inactivated, 25:493–494 infrared spectroscopy; Far- infrared
live intranasal, 25:494–495 spectroscopy; ir-selective surfaces; Ir
Informatics, 7:385, 400 (infrared) spectroscopy; Near- infrared
future developments, 7:421–422 spectroscopy; Thermal analysis-
Information Collection Rule (ICR), infrared spectroscopy
17:807 applications of, 14:239–240; 23:140–141
Information disclosure statement, for in composition measurements, 20:682
patents, 18:181 in fiber optic fabrication, 11:138
Information gathering, in industrial industrial applications of, 14:240
hygiene, 14:217–218 instrumentation in, 14:225–228; 23:137–
Information management, ink industry, 138
14:335 null-background techniques in, 23:139–
Information overload, 21:613 140
Information science, 11:13 in phenolic resin analysis, 18:774
Information storage/read out, in molecular polymer analysis using, 11:196
recognition, 16:769 quantitative, 14:239
Informed opinion technique, 15:637 sampling methods in, 14:228–230
Infrared (ir)-absorbing gases, in silica surface chemistry and, 22:373
transparent thermal insulation, 23:10 of silicate solutions, 22:458
Infrared (ir) analysis. See also Ir entries of silicones, 22:599t
composition determinations using, in silicone network characterization,
19:564 22:569
sampling for, 23:138–139 spectral analysis in, 14:234–239
Infrared detectors, liquid chromatography, in wax analysis, 26:224
6:450 Infrared technology, 15:469
Infrared drying, ceramics processing, 5:656 Infrastructure, sodium chloride impact on,
Infrared dyes, 9:500 22:813–814, 817
Infrared emission spectroscopy, 23:142 Infringement patent information searches,
Infrared inks, 14:315 18:207, 233–234, 241
Infrared lasers, 22:180 Infusion mashing, 3:577–578
Infrared LEDs, 22:175, 176 InGaAsP alloy, abrupt interfaces in,
Infrared measurements, in growing 22:159. See also Arsenic (As); Gallium
amorphous silicon, 22:130 (Ga); Indium (In); Phosphorus (P)
Infrared microspectroscopy, 16:486 InGaAsP semiconductor, in laser
Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy communication systems, 22:180
(irras), 24:72, 114–116. See also IR InGaAs semiconductor
spectra in laser diodes, 22:179–180
Infrared reflection, in inorganic pigments, in LED technology, 22:175
19:380 in near-ir VCSELs, 22:180
474 INGAN ALLOY, HETEROSTRUCTURES AND SUPERLATTICES IN
Large coal dense medium separator ‘‘Lasagna process,’’ in soil and ground
(LARCODEMS), 16:634 water treatment, 25:844
Large eddy simulations (LES), 11:778–779 Lasalocid, 20:132, 133, 135, 136, 139
Large-grain specialty sugars, 23:481–482 Lasalocid A, 20:136
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 23:861–862 Lasentec time-of-flight analyzer, 18:150
Large molecule permeation, in barrier Laser ablation
polymers, 3:388–390 in an inert gas background, 24:741
Large molecules, diffusivities of, 15:673t for thin-film deposition, 24:740
Largemouth bass Laser ablation deposition (LAD), 24:739
aquaculture, 3:183 Laser ablation spectroscopy (LAS),
common and scientific names, 3:187t archaeological materials, 5:743.
Large-pore gels, drying rate of, 23:67 See also LAS processing
Large pore silica zeolites, 16:817–818 Laser based patternators, 23:194
Large-scale fermentation, of Laser cavity, 14:671–672
polyhydroxyalkanoates, 20:258 Laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD),
Large-scale integration (LSI) 5:806–807
for lab-on-a-chip, 26:974 Laser diffraction equipment, in particle
vitreous silica in, 22:442–443 size measurement, 18:153–154
Large-scale pharmaceutical synthesis, Laser diffraction methodology, 23:193–194
18:722–746. See also Commercial-scale Laser diodes, 14:699; 22:172, 173–176.
pharmaceutical operations See also Planar cavity surface-emitting
bench-scale experimentation in, laser (PCSEL) diodes; Vertical cavity
18:726–729 surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes
of nevirapine, 18:737–744 compound semiconductor-based, 22:179
pilot plant in, 18:729–733 Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), 11:784
reaction stoichiometry and order of Laser Doppler velocimeters, 11:675
addition in, 18:728–729 Laser-drilled surgical needles, 24:206
reaction temperature in, Laser dye energy levels, 14:702–703
18:727–728 Laser fabrication techniques, titanium,
reaction time in, 18:728 24:857
route selection to molecules in, Laser flash photolysis, 13:429
18:724–725 Laser frequency, in Raman scattering,
scale-up for, 18:722–736 21:324
selection of reaction solvents for, Laser gain, 14:661–662
18:726–727 Laser glass, 12:616
solid-state requirements in, 18:729 Laser grooved buried contact cell (LGBC),
synthetic strategy in, 18:723–726 23:45–46
Large-scale polymer processing, Laser heating, case hardening by, 16:200
supercritical fluids in, 24:20–22 Laser heterodyne radiometry, 23:142
Large tanks, blending in, 16:705–708 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Larixol, 24:576 (LIBS), archaeological materials, 5:743
Larmor frequency, 23:857 Laser-induced EDC cracking, 25:646
Laromin C-260, 2:505 Laser-induced fluorescence, 23:127
Larox chamber filter, 16:659 Laser-induced fluorescence imaging,
Larson-Miller parameter, 13:478, 479 application in combinatorial
Larval ecdysis, compounds affecting, chemistry, 7:404
14:343 Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS),
Larvik furnaces, 21:395–396 archaeological materials, 5:743
LASIII glass, matrix for ceramic–matrix Laser isotope separation, 25:416–417
composites, 5:553t Laser light, 14:655–656
LAS acid, 23:554. See also Linear Laser light sources, in photochemical
alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) technology, 19:107–108
LATEX (LATICES) 511
Lipobay, molecular formula and structure, Liquid ammonia, high energy reserve
5:138t batteries, 3:467
Lipoic acid, 17:672 Liquid anhydrous hydrogen fluoride,
(R)-a-Lipoic acid, 17:672 specific heat of, 14:3
Lipolase, 10:281 Liquid argon, shipping, 17:364
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) bacterial, 25:498 Liquid atomization
Lipophilic amphiphiles, 24:154–155 breakup regime in, 23:182–183
Lipophilic interaction dominated substrate droplet dispersion zone in, 23:183–184
recognition, 16:783–786 internal flow in, 23:176–182
Lipophilic moieties, 8:706t physics of, 23:176–184
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 4:706; 11:47 Liquid atomizers, 23:172–173, 175–176
BPI protein ability to neutralize, 18:257 Liquid barrier stream, in Spherizone
peptide and protein binding affinity to, technology, 20:543
18:256 Liquid bubble-point line, 8:741
Lipoproteins, 12:146 Liquid butyl rubber, 4:437
niacin and, 25:798 Liquid carbon dioxide, 4:816–817, 818–820
Liposome-mediated immunoassays, 14:151 Liquid carburizing, case hardening by,
Liposomes, 24:159 16:210
noncovalent fluorescence labeling of, Liquid cathode lithium cells, 3:464–466
20:519 Liquid chromatography, 4:618–620; 6:375,
Lipson and Sheth experimental design text; 440–468; 14:233. See also High
versus other texts, 8:395t performance liquid chromatography;
Lipstatin, 3:95–96 Ion chromatography
Liptinite, 6:703, 706, 707t, 719 applications, 4:625–626; 6:457–465
defined, 6:828 brief overview, 6:384–388
Lipur, molecular formula and structure, column switching, 6:446–447
5:141t columns, 4:623
Liquation, lead refining by, 14:752 derivatization, 6:447–448
Liquefaction process, 10:287–288 detectors, 4:622–623; 6:386–387,
Liquefied gas propellants, 1:775 448–452
alternatives, 1:780 hyphenated techniques, 4:624–625
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 8:40; 13:693 instrumentation, 4:620–621; 6:441–443
cryogenic technology, 8:49–51 as microfluidic assay technique, 26:969
production of, 17:357 mobile-phase delivery, 4:621
role in transportation and storage of normal phase, 6:452–453
natural gas, 12:380 polymer analysis using, 19:566
Liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs), 13:684, postcolumn reaction detection,
691–692; 18:664–665 6:450–452
consumption of, 10:136 protein separation, 3:827–829
gas purification, 1:618t sample injection, 4:621–622
as a motor fuel, 12:432 sample preparation, 6:443–448
recovery by cryogenic technology, stationary phases, 4:623–624
8:54–56 systems, 6:452–457
spacing requirements for, 19:514 Liquid chromatography–mass
Liquefied starch, saccharification of, spectrometry (LC-MS), 4:624–625;
10:288–289 6:387, 450; 19:563
Liquid absorption, effect on wood, antibody based columns with, 6:402)
26:347–348 archaeological materials, 5:743
Liquid aerosols, 7:272t Liquid column pressure measuring devices,
occurrences of, 7:273t 20:681
Liquid aliphatic polyamines, 10:393 Liquid-crystal (LC) actuators, 22:718
Liquid alkaline finish removers, 18:84–85 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 15:113–116
526 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY SYSTEM DYES
from sulfate process wastes, 25:62–63 reactions with carboxylic acid group,
from waste treatment processes, 25:65 22:2–3
Liquid water in silica surface chemistry, 22:372
Frank-Wen flickering cluster model of, Lithium–aluminum/metal sulfide cells,
26:15, 16 3:549
physical and chemical properties of, Lithium amide, 15:129, 137
26:14t Lithium antimonide, 3:58
properties of, 26:17t Lithium batteries, 15:135–136, 611
Liquid-wave sensing, acoustic wave sensors Lithium-bearing minerals, 15:122
and, 22:270 Lithium bentonite, 6:696
Liquor ratio, 9:163, 165–166 Lithium benzoate, 3:635; 15:137
Lisinopril, molecular formula and Lithium bismuthide, alloy-like
structure, 5:150t superconducting compound, 4:18t
Lispine, molecular formula and structure, Lithium borates, 15:137
5:90t Lithium borohydride, 13:620–621
Lissamin rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride Lithium bromide, 15:139–140
chemiluminescence reagent, 5:852–853 manufacture, 4:324
Lister, Joseph, 11:7 physical properties of, 4:322t, 328
Literature research, in fine chemical solubility in water, 4:322t
research and development, 11:425–426 Lithium bromite, 4:333
Literature searches, 18:208 Lithium carbonate, 15:125–126, 127,
Litharge, 14:731, 753, 754, 783, 787 137–138
Litharge slag, 14:760 dessicant, 8:360
Lithium (Li), 15:120–153. See also Lithium–carbon monofluoride cells,
Lead–lithium alloys; Lead–lithium– 3:461–462
tin alloys characteristics, 3:462t
analytical methods for, 15:132 Lithium cells, 3:431, 459–460
economic aspects of, 15:131–132 companies manufacturing, 3:469t
effect on copper resistivity, 7:676t liquid cathode cells, 3:464–466
geochemical behavior of, 15:122 resistivity of battery electrolyte, 3:417
handling, 15:134 solid cathode cells, 3:460–464
health and safety factors related to, world market estimated, 3:410t
15:134 Lithium chemicals, U.S. exports of, 15:133.
manufacture of, 15:130 See also Lithium compounds
occurrence of, 15:121–124 Lithium chlorate, 6:117
physical properties of, 15:129t Lithium chloride, 15:131, 139
properties of, 15:128–130 corrosive effect on iron, 7:806
recovery from brine, 5:796–797; dessicant, 8:360
15:127–128 solvent for cotton, 8:21
recovery from clays, 15:124–127 Lithium chromate, 15:142
recovery from ores, 15:124–126 molecular formula, properties, and uses,
shipment of, 15:130–131 6:561t
specifications for, 15:132 Lithium citrate, molecular formula,
standard electrode potential, 7:799t 6:638t
uses for, 15:134–136 Lithium cobalt dioxide, uses, 7:241t
world reserves and resources, 15:125t Lithium complex greases, 15:243
Lithium acetate, 15:137 Lithium compounds, 20:598–599. See also
Lithium acetylide, 15:147 Organolithium compounds
Lithium aluminosilicates, 12:578. See also inorganic, 15:136–142
Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2 (LAS) system uses for, 15:134
Lithium aluminum hydride, 13:622–623 Lithium cyanide, 8:194
commercial manufacture of, 13:623 Lithium d–alumina, 2:406t
LITHOGRAPHIC RESISTS 531
post reactor process for, 20:217–218 physical properties of, 2:539, 540t
processing of, 20:222–224 shipping and handling, 2:547–548
properties of, 20:212–214 specifications, 2:551t
short- and long-chain branching in, Lower critical solution temperature
20:220 (LCST), 9:62; 13:737–738; 20:320, 322
specifications and standards for, Lower explosive limit (LEL), 10:107, 109;
20:226–227 21:840
supply/demand for, 20:226 Lower flammability limit (LFL), 21:840;
typical soluble dye applications, 7:376t 23:115, 116
uses for, 20:231–237 Lower heating value (LHV), 6:828
water-vapor transmission rate (WVTR), Lower molecular weight (MW) esters,
3:387t 10:500
Low density polyethylene resins, 17:700, Lower oxides of phosphorus (LOOP), 19:49
701 Lower temperature cure (LTC) epoxy
for wire and cable, 20:234–236 systems, 10:444
Low density resin Lower-valence organotitanium compounds,
for film applications, 20:232t, 233t 25:103t
for sheet and profile extrusion, 20:233t Lower valent titanates, 25:102–104
Low density rigid polyurethane foams, Lowest achievable emission rate (LAER),
25:461 1:812, 814; 21:584
Low density silica gel, 22:394–395 Lowest observable adverse effect level
Low-dextrose equivalent (DE) syrups, (LOAEL), 25:237
26:288 Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
Low dust (tail-end) plant, 10:101 (LUMO), 10:330; 12:235; 16:740, 741;
Loweite, 5:785t 17:272; 19:192, 194, 195; 26:927
Low emittance coatings, 23:16 OLED emission and, 22:218
Low energy dyes, 9:195, 416 in organic semiconductors, 22:209
Low energy electron beam irradiation, in single layer OLEDs, 22:216
silicone network preparation via, Low expansion foams, 12:20
22:567 Low flow pump operation, 21:83–84
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Low frequency sweep experiments, 10:15
24:74 Low grade copper scrap, 21:393, 394
Low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), 24:74 Low hydrocarbon feedstocks, best-suited
technique for, 24:106 developing technology for, 25:177t
Low energy photons, in solar cells, 22:137 Low intensity magnetic pulley separators,
Low enriched uranium (LEU), 17:527; 15:450
25:398, 412 Low intensity wet drum magnetic
Lower aliphatic amines, 2:537–552 separators, 15:442–449
chemical reactions, 2:539–542 Low internal phase ratio emulsions,
commercial, 2:537–538t 10:114
economic aspects, 2:548–551, 549–550t Low-level radioactive waste (LLW), 25:851.
health and safety factors, 2:548, 548t See also Low level wastes (LLW)
manufacture by alcohol amination, disposal of, 25:857–859
2:544–545 medical/biological, 25:865–866
manufacture by alkyl halide amination, storage of, 25:855
2:547 treatment of, 25:853
manufacture by nitrile reduction, 2:546– Low-level radioactive waste disposal
547 facility, operation of, 25:858
manufacture by olefin amination, 2:547 Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act of
manufacture by reductive alkylation, 1980, 25:852
2:546 radioactive waste disposal under,
manufacture by Ritter reaction, 2:546 25:858–859
536 LOW LEVEL WASTES (LLW)
Low level wastes (LLW), 23:592. See also Low pressure low density polyethylene
Low-level radioactive waste (LLW) (LDPE), 10:595
from reactors, 17:598 Low pressure tanks, 24:288
Low-melting lead alloys, 14:779 Low Q-state, 14:674
Low-melting-point indium alloys, 14:196 Low rank coal, defined, 6:828
Low-melting thiodiols, DBTDL-catalyzed Low resistivity joints, 23:847
step-growth solution and melt Low silica zeolites, 16:833
polymerization reaction of, 23:744 synthesis mechanisms of, 16:830
Low-methoxyl pectins (LM pectins), 4:728; Low soda alumina hydroxides, 2:429–430
13:69 Low solid, high density drilling fluids, 9:36
properties of, 13:74t Low solids solvent-borne coatings, 10:438
Low molecular weight (LMW) amines, Low speed surface aerators, 26:161
14:390 Low stress epoxy encapsulants, 10:6
Low molecular weight aliphatic dissolution Low stress molding compounds, 10:11
inhibitors, 15:177 Low sulfur gasoline, 18:667
Low molecular weight compounds, in Low temperature applications,
reactive compatibilization, 20:325–326 strengthening mechanisms for, 13:503t
Low molecular weight epoxy diluents, Low temperature carbonization, 6:760
toxicity of, 10:461 Low temperature chemical processes, 23:53
Low molecular weight epoxy resins, Low-temperature convection furnaces,
10:388 12:291–292
Low molecular weight heparin, 4:94–96, Low temperature difference heat
95t, 105–106 exchangers, 13:267–268
Low-molecular-weight polyacrylamides Low temperature flexibility, of sealants,
(LMPAM), 1:321 22:30
Low molecular weight polycarbonate, Low temperature membrane applications,
19:802 15:848
Low molecular weight polyisobutylene, Low temperature polymerization, 19:719
4:434 Low temperature properties, of
Low molecular weight polysulfides, 10:7 ethylene–acrylic elastomers,
Low molecular weight products, 11:442 10:699–700
Low-molecular-weight thiopolyesters, with Low-temperature radiation furnaces,
side benzylthiomethyl chains, 23:741 12:292
Low order detonation, 10:720 Low temperature reforming, 23:238
Low orientation yarns (LOYs), 19:752; Low-temperature solders, indium in,
20:14 14:195
drawing, 20:15–16 Low temperature superconductivity, 5:584.
Low performance affinity chromatography See also Low temperature
support, 6:394–395 superconductors (LTS)
Low performance sealants, 22:28 Low temperature superconducting coils,
Low permeability graphite, 12:747 23:867
Low phosphorus plate/punchings scrap, Low temperature superconductors (LTS),
21:408 23:828–836. See also Low temperature
Low polarity plasticizers, 14:479 superconductivity; LTS Josephson
Low power package, 14:863 devices
‘‘Low pressure’’ catalytic processes, 20:151 applications of, 23:852–872
Low pressure chemical vapor deposition Low temperature systems, design of,
(LPCVD), 5:807, 811–812 20:755
Low-pressure gas separation, spiral-wound Low temperature tail gas reduction,
membrane modules for, 15:823–824 23:617, 618
Low pressure hollow-fiber membranes, Low-thrombogenicity biomaterials,
16:24–26 ethylene oxide polymers in, 10:687
LUBRICATING OILS 537
Lyocell fibers, 11:261, 265; 24:616 MABS polymers, 16:290. See also ABS
applications for, 11:269–272 (acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene)
production and consumption of, materials
11:277–278 Macadam color difference scale, 7:321
Lyocell process, environmental issues MacAdams ellipses, 7:322
related to, 11:279–280. See also MacCoull equation, 15:207
Courtaulds lyocell process Mace, 23:155, 168
Lyondell’s process, 23:345 Maceral groups, 6:706
Lyophilic colloids, 7:283–284 Stopes–Heerlen classification, 6:707t
Lyophilization, 18:716 Macerals, 6:703, 706
Lyotropic liquid crystalline polyesters, Stopes–Heerlen classification, 6:707t
23:722 Machinability, copper wrought alloys,
Lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers, 7:748–749
13:372–373 Machine category, in patents, 18:166
Lyotropic liquid crystals, 15:86, 98–101 Machine components, case hardening,
amphiphilic molecules in, 15:99–101 16:196
Lyotropic mesophases, 20:79 Machine dishwashing, detersive systems
Lyotropic polymer liquid crystals, for, 8:413t
15:107–108 Machined surfaces, roughness values of,
Lyral, 1:278; 24:486 15:203
Lysergic acid, 2:100 Machine operator, responsibility of, 15:477
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), Machinery cast scrap, 21:410
2:93 Machine-tool accessories, molybdenum in,
Lysine 17:14
alkaloids derived from, 2:78, 80–82 Machine tools, high throughput
systematic name, formula, and experimentation, 7:382t
molecular weight, 2:556t Machining
taste profile, 2:605 ceramics processing, 5:664
content in cocoa and chocolate products, of copper, 7:697–698
6:368t of titanium, 24:859–860
D-Lysine, systematic name, formula, and Mach number, 11:745, 760, 761
molecular weight, 2:556t Mach–Zehnder configuration, 17:445
DL-Lysine, systematic name, formula, and Mach–Zehnder electrooptic modulators,
molecular weight, 2:556t 17:447
L-Lysine, systematic name, formula, and Mach–Zehnder interferometer, 11:153
molecular weight, 2:556t Mackenzie-Shuttleworth model, 23:75
Lysocellin, 20:120, 137 Mackie line effect, 19:209, 210
Lysozyme Macor glass-ceramic, 12:635
purification, 3:844, 845 Macquartite, 6:471t
registered for use in aquaculture in Macrinite, 6:707t
Japan, 3:221t ‘‘Macrobicyclic effect,’’ 24:39
Lyvelin, 11:608 Macrocrystalline wax, 26:214
D-Lyxose, 4:698 Macrocycles, 24:35, 45
developments of, 24:36
M2-Forming process, 3:609 Macrocyclic complexes, rhodium, 19:645
M17A2 gas mask, 5:832–833 Macrocyclic compounds, chelating agents,
M40 gas mask, 5:833 5:710, 713t
M41S materials, 16:847 Macrocyclic effect, 14:547; 24:38
M42 gas mask, 5:833 Macrocyclic ketones, investigation of,
M202/M74 flame thrower, 5:824 18:386
M258A1 decontamination kit, personal, Macrocyclic lattice host inclusion
5:836 compounds, 14:177–179
540 MACROCYCLIC LATTICE HOSTS
Metal corrosion, at various temperatures, Metal inert gas (MIG) welding, 17:369
11:841t. See also Corrosion entries Metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS)
Metal cutting and grinding, lubrication in, capacitor, 19:140–143
15:241 Metal–insulator–semiconductor devices,
Metal deactivation, in antidegradant 22:191, 192
selection, 21:787 Metal–insulator–semiconductor FETs
Metal deactivators (MISFETs), 22:162, 192. See also Field
antioxidants, 3:115 effect transistors (FETs)
in gasoline, 12:407 Metal–insulator–semiconductor junction,
for lubricating oil and grease, 15:221 23:34
Metaldehyde, 1:103 Metal ion impurities, silicate solubility and,
Metal deposition processes, early, 9:760– 22:455–456
761. See also Electroless deposition Metal ions. See also Silica polymer–metal
Metal deposition systems, in compound ions
semiconductor processing, 22:188–189 diffusion through vitreous silica, 22:422
Metal-dielectric composite-metal tandem high performance liquid chromatography
solar absorbing surface, 23:11 and, 22:698
Metal dithionates, 23:677–678 hydrolytic reactions of, 26:109t
uses for, 23:677–678 in soap–water system, 22:727
Metal dopants, in photographic processing, in water treatment, 26:107
19:218 toxic, 9:445–446
Metal effect pigments, 19:411 Metal lactate, reaction with an alkyl halide,
Metal emission limits, 13:183 14:118
Metal extractants, 10:750 Metallacyclobutane, 26:926
Metal extruders, for VDC copolymers, Metallic abrasives, 1:8
25:726 Metallic artworks. See also Metal
Metal films, as solid lubricants, sculptures
15:251–252 degradation of, 11:416–418
Metal finishing varnishes and protective coatings for,
chromium application, 6:523 11:411–412
sodium nitrite in, 22:859 Metallic behavior, conduction in organic
Metal-finishing process wastewaters, semiconductors and, 22:201–202,
reverse osmosis for, 21:645–646 202–203
Metal fixed-point cells, 24:443 Metallic carbides, 4:647, 648, 650–654
Metal fluorides, 11:855 Metallic coatings
reaction with hydrocarbons, 11:864 anti-corrosion, 1:713–714
solubility in anhydrous hydrogen on polyimide film, 20:281–282
fluoride, 14:9t zinc, 26:586
Metal-forming operations, lubrication in, Metallic electrodes, 9:585
15:242 Metallic fibers, 24:614, 618
Metal-free initiators, 14:258–259 Metallic films, conductive, 9:689
Metal fullerenes, 1:718–719 Metallic glasses, 12:576
Metal–halogen exchange, in pyridine Metallic gold, 12:701
chemistry, 21:107–108 Metallic halides, ethylene oxide reaction
Metal hydrazides, 13:567 with, 10:638–639
Metal hydrides, 13:611–613 Metallic hydrides, 13:607, 624–627, 771
amines by reduction, 2:493 Metallic hydrogen, 13:765
hydrogen storage and, 13:851 Metallic impurities, in magnesium, 15:343
nitriding, 17:206–207 Metallic ions, reaction with ozone, 17:777
storage of, 13:786 Metallic iron, 14:499
Metal-induced cycloadditions, of maleic Metallic magnesium, 15:326
anhydride, 15:489 Metallic manganese, uses of, 15:561–563
METALLOCENE LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHENE (mLLDPE) 567
Mie scattering, 7:308; 11:133; 23:127 production from hydrated lime, 15:56
dispersions, 8:715 production of, 15:57
MIG impeller, 16:672–673 in sodium carbonate recovery, 22:792
Migration effect, 9:613 ultrafine, 15:56, 57
Migration exhaust dyeing, 9:177 Milk protein, proteolytic modification of,
Mikropul Acucut classifier, 22:289, 290 10:298
Mildness additives, for bar soap, Milk sugar, 23:487–488
22:745–746 Milled bar process, in bar soap
Mild steel cast iron, in galvanic series, manufacture, 22:750–751
7:805t Milled translucent soaps, 22:747
Mild steel electrodes, 25:20 Millets, in ruminant feeds, 10:864
Mileage, polypropylene, 20:526–528 Mill hardened copper alloys, 7:723t
Military applications Milling
of calcium hydride, 13:611 of asbestos minerals, 3:308–309
of high performance fibers, 13:397–398 in bar soap manufacture, 22:748,
of polycarbonates, 19:820 750–752
of titanium, 24:861–862, 863, 864, 867 in beer making, 3:574–578
Military chemicals, bioremediation, 3:779– of corn, 26:287–288
780 in dye manufacture, 9:292
Military Oriented Protective Posture in ink manufacture, 14:322, 324
(MOPP), 5:834–835 of wheat, 26:279–282
Military specifications, for hydrazines, Milling acid dyes, 26:395–396
13:586 Milling by-products, in ruminant feeds,
Military spending, after 9/11 attacks, and 10:866
advanced materials research, 1:706 Milling equipment, pilot plant, 18:732
Milk Milling techniques, in large-scale
as blood substitute, 4:109–110 pharmaceutical synthesis, 18:729
as colloid, 7:272t, 273t Millipedes, alkaloids in, 2:75
dry whole in formulation for milk Millisecond catalytic cracking (MSCC)
chocolates, 6:362t process, 11:685
estimated maximum oxygen tolerance, Mill products, titanium, 24:858. 859
3:381t Mills, grinding, 16:613–615
improving in transgenic farm animals, Mill scale, raw material for cement, 5:475t
12:465 Mill shipments, titanium, 24:839
pasteurization, 8:636–637 Mill tailings
Milk and egg products, in pet foods, 10:853 as nuclear waste, 17:598
Milk chocolate, 6:361–366 uranium recovery from, 17:527
amino acid content, 6:368t Milrinone, 5:186
composition, 6:369t molecular formula and structure, 5:181t
minerals content, 6:371t Milstein, Cesar, 11:12
theobromine and caffeine content, 6:367t Mine drainage, bioremediation, 3:785–786
tocopherols, 6:370t Mineral acid catalysts, 10:477
typical formulation, 6:362t Mineral acids, cation exchanger
vitamin content various samples, 6:370t regeneration using, 14:411
Milkfish Mineral beneficiation, 16:135
aquacultural chemical needs, 3:209 anthropogenic silicas and silicates in,
common and scientific names, 3:187t 22:471–472
nutrition and feeding, 3:201 Mineral classifiers, types of, 16:619–622
reproduction and genetics, 3:205–206 Mineral commodities, world and U.S.
world aquaculture production in 1996, production of, 16:599–600t
3:186t Mineral constituents analysis, of water,
Milk of lime, 15:28, 55 26:40–42
MINERAL WAXES 589
liquid chromatography, 4:621; 6:384, 440 Models, for process control, 20:687–691
supercritical fluid chromatography, Model selection, in chemometrics, 6:50–52
4:630 Model silicone networks, 22:569–570
Mobile source emissions, control of, Mode of a distribution, 18:135
26:717–721 Moderately toxic substances, 23:113
Mobility control, issues in, 18:626 Moderately volatile materials, distribution
Mobility control agents ratios of, 23:213
polyacrylamides as, 18:625 Moderate molecular weight
in polymer flooding, 18:622 polyisobutylene, 4:434
Mobility control surfactants, in enhanced Moderator, nuclear reactor, 17:569
oil recovery, 18:625–628 Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, 19:543
Mobilizable vectors, for genetic Modern Plastics World Encyclopedia,
manipulation, 12:471 21:599
Mobilization, of ascorbic acid, 25:771 Modern reactive dyes, 9:470–492
Modacrylic fibers, 9:192; 11:188, 189, 190 acid fixing, 9:478–481
dyesite content of, 11:195 covalent dye fixation, 9:489–491
flame resistance of, 11:214 fiber pretreatment, 9:481–486
flammability of, 11:194 for wool fibers, 9:491–492
pigmented, 11:213 neutral fixing reactive dyes, 9:477–478
U.S. production of, 11:220t polyfunctional, 9:471–477
‘‘Mode conversion’’ phenomenon, 17:422 reactive fibers, 9:486–489
Model agreements, 24:373–374 Modified alkyds, 2:148, 158–160
Model-based methods, for reliability, Modified brass, UNS designation,
26:1044 7:721t
Model building, sampling techniques for, Modified carbon fibers, 13:383–385
26:1038–1939 Modified cellulosic membranes, in
Model colloids, 20:388 hemodialysis, 26:825, 826–828t
Model dental plasters, 8:290–291 Modified chemical vapor deposition
compressive strength, 8:289t (MCVD), in fiber optic fabrication,
Model dyes, 9:368–369 11:136–137, 138, 139
Modeling (modelling). See also Model Modified-Claus sulfur recovery process,
building 23:601, 602
of air pollution dispersion, 26:725 Modified coherence length, 23:806
in biochemical engineering, 11:41 Modified copper–zinc, nominal composition
of melamine resin hardening, 15:783 and UNS designation, 7:722t
of organic separations, 21:660–661 Modified oligonucleotides, 17:626–637
pilot plant, 19:459 applications of, 17:626–628
in protein structure prediction, Modified phosphodiester backbones,
20:837–839 17:628–629
for reliability, 26:981, 986-990 ‘‘Modified random network’’ glass
software systems for, 16:758t structure, 12:572
steam balance, 10:164 Modified Reverse Micelle (MRM) process,
stochastic, 26:1019–1023, 1025–1026, 6:850
1026–1028 Modified solution diffusion (MSD) model,
of supercritical phase behavior, 24:10–11 21:660
of the nanofiltration process, 21:652 Modified stainless steels, 13:511
Model investments, 8:294 Modified starches, 12:52
Modeller computer package, 10:335–337 Modified sugars, oligonucleotides with,
Modelocked lasers, 14:677–678 17:631–632
Modelocking technique, 14:677 Modified wood, 26:354–356
Model predictive control (MPC), Modifiers, 19:404
20:701–702 categories of, 16:650
594 MODULAR ARCHITECTURE, WITH FIBER-OPTIC SMART STRUCTURES
Molded resin parts, effects of fabrication on Molecular complexity, scales of, 24:31
physical properties of, 18:302–303 Molecular computers, 17:61–62; 24:60
Molding, 10:11. See also Forming; Molds Molecular design, computer-aided, 26:999
of artificial graphite, 12:732–733 Molecular diffusion, 10:751. See also
autoclave, 26:768–769 Diffusion
in bar soap manufacture, 22:748, 749 Molecular distillation, 8:777
compression, 26:770 Molecular dynamics (MD), 10:338;
developments in, 19:552 16:743–745
of ethylene–acrylic elastomers, 10:701 Monte Carlo simulations and,
expandable polystyrene, 19:554–555 16:745–750
injection, 19:549–554 Molecular dynamics simulation(s), 14:441;
milk chocolate, 6:365–366 26:869
in plastics processing, 19:549–556 of absorption, 1:30–36
of polychloroprene, 19:851 of gas adsorption dynamics, 1:629
of polytetrafluoroethylene, 18:300 operational process of, 16:748, 749
resin transfer, 26:771 Molecular electronic devices,
rotational, 19:554 oligonucleotide assemblies in, 17:638
structural foam, 19:552–553 Molecular encapsulation, 11:552–553
of VDC copolymers, 25:725, 726–727 Molecular energy levels, 23:128–130
Molding compounds, 17:838 Molecular engineering, 10:343–344
amino acid resins, 2:631–635 Molecular entanglements, 24:50–52
phenolic resins in, 18:785–786 Molecular fingerprints, 6:7
Molding cycle, 19:551, 553 Molecular formulas, for sulfur allotropes,
Molding operations, release agents in, 23:564–565. See also Molecular
21:606 structure
Molding powder, p(MMA), 16:283 Molecular gases, diffusion through vitreous
Molding resins silica, 22:422
liquid-crystal polymers as, 20:81 Molecular groups, explosion potential of,
PBT, 20:62–64 21:843–844
PET, 20:56–57 Molecular hydrogen, 13:759
PTT, 20:68 Molecular imprinting, 6:397
Molds Molecular interactions, 15:103
bismuth alloy applications, 4:14 Molecular interaction theories, 24:38
citric acid application, 6:648 Molecular Laser Isotope Separation (MLIS)
in continuous casting of steel, 23:267 process, 25:416–417
electroless deposition for, 9:701 Molecular level machine, 17:58
indoor air pollutant, 1:804 Molecularly imprinted plastics (MIPs)
Molecular adducts, xenon, 17:326–330 smart, 22:717)
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), 5:803; as synthetic receptors, 3:808–809
9:734, 735; 19:166; 24:728 ‘‘Molecular imprinting,’’ 26:790
compound semiconductors and, Molecular magnets, target of crystal
22:144–145, 148, 156, 159 engineering, 8:86t
silicon purification via, 22:496–497 Molecular mass, 15:649–650
Molecular beams, 14:628–629 ‘‘Molecular meccano,’’ 24:51
Molecular biology, 10:262 Molecular mechanical/grid (MM/Grid)
of yeast, 26:480–481 method, 10:339
advances in, 15:302 Molecular mechanics (MM), 16:727, 741–743
fluorescence labeling in, 20:519–521 studies of, 16:104
Molecular capsules, design of, 24:48 Molecular mechanism of action,
Molecular chaperones, 20:828 identifying, 17:646
Molecular cleft inclusion compounds, Molecular modeling, 10:334t; 16:726–768;
14:169 24:10
596 MOLECULAR MODELING EXPERIMENTS, ON MF RESINS
Natural polymers, hydrogels based on, Nb–Ti alloy, data on, 23:830. See also
13:732 Niobium (Nb)
Natural processes, unidirectional nature of, NbTi multifilament wire, 23:859–860
24:649 Nb–Ti conductors, 23:829–831
Natural product derivatives, as plant N-containing compounds, kinetics of the
growth regulators, 13:37–39 evolution of, 19:93
Natural products Nd:YAG laser, 14:673. See also Neodymium
caustic soda reactions with, 22:832 entries
as flocculating agents, 11:627–628 Nd:YAG Q-switched laser, in fine art
as herbicides, 13:329–331 examination/ conservation, 11:413
in perfumes, 18:365–366, 380–381 N-donating ligands, complexation with
supercritical fluid extraction for, 24:13 uranium, 25:434–436
Natural refrigerants, 21:531 Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure
Natural RNAs, 17:614 (NEXAFS), 24:72
Natural rubber (NR), 1:22 Near-equilibrium reactant conversions,
carbon monoxide compatibility with, 5:4t 25:315
categories of visually inspected, 21:763t Near-field scanning optical microscope
effects of nonblack fillers on properties (NSOM), 16:501–503
of, 21:782t Near-infrared absorbing dyes, 9:341
formulation for reclaiming, 21:476t Near-infrared spectroscopy (nir),
nitrogen diffusion coefficients in, 4:447 23:141–142
in rubber compounding, 21:760–7638 in sugar analysis, 23:477
synthesis of synthetic butyl rubbers after Near-ir LEDs, 22:175, 176
disruption of supply in WW II, 4:433 Near-ir region, 14:234–236
Natural rubber scrap, reclaiming, 21:475 Near-ir VCSELs, 22:180
Natural sodium nitrate, processing of, Near-zero sulfur fuel, 18:667
22:845–848 Neat soap phase, 22:726
Natural sweeteners, 12:38 in continuous saponification,
Natural waters, foams in, 12:24 22:737–738
Natural wines, 26:301 in kettle soap making, 22:736–737
Nature, obtaining enzymes from, NEAT sulfur dioxide process, 23:661
10:262–264 ‘‘NECAR 1’’ fuel cell vehicle, 13:800
Nature-identical flavoring substances, Necic acids, 2:80
12:47 Necrosis, as a toxic effect, 25:205
Naturetin, 5:168 NEDOL process, 6:844, 847, 849
molecular formula and structure, 5:161t Needle-bonding, 17:475
Nautamix, 16:720 Needle coke, properties of, 12:723t
Naval brass, 7:754 Needlelooms, 17:505–506
antimony addition to, 3:53 Needle petroleum coke, 12:722
arsenic addition to, 3:272 Needle-punching process, 17:475
in galvanic series, 7:805t Needle-punching web- consolidation
Naval reactors, 17:590–591 method, 17:505–507
Naval stores industry, wood in, 26:357–358 Needles, surgical, 24:206–207
Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations, 11:741– Needs
742, 744–745, 750, 761–762; 22:52; in chemical product design, 5:759,
26:960. See also Reynolds-averaged 760–766
Navier-Stokes (RANS); Stokes’ entries identification, 5:761–762
Navilox, molecular formula and structure, interpretation, 5:762–763
5:111t quantification, 5:763–766
Nb-based superconductors, 23:859–860. Negative-acting resist compositions,
See also Niobium (Nb) 15:156–157
NBitr, air pollutant, 1:796–797 Negative dye-scale image, 19:201
NEPHROTOXICITY 615
Nuclear fuel, thorium in, 24:758–759 Nuclear power facility safety, 17:531–561
Nuclear fuel applications, thorium in, assessment of, 17:538–542
24:756 basic principles of, 17:533–536
Nuclear fuel cycle, 17:545–547 characteristics of, 17:542–551
safety principles and, 17:546–547 design of, 17:536–542
Nuclear fuel reprocessing, 10:789–790 first barrier in, 17:536–537
Nuclear fuel reserves, 17:518–530 fourth barrier in, 17:538
alternative sources of, 17:527 future of, 17:554–557
economic aspects of, 17:526–527 operational, 17:538
toxicology of uranium, 17:528–529 radiation exposure and health
uranium mineral resources, 17:518–521, standards, 17:551–554
522–525 second barrier in, 17:537
uranium production, 17:525–526 third barrier in, 17:537–538
uranium reserves, 17:521–522 Nuclear power plants
Nuclear generating units, licensed, 17:566 krypton and xenon from, 17:362
Nuclear graphites, properties of, 12:744t physical barriers and levels of protection
Nuclear hazards, protection against, 19:702 in, 17:534–536
Nuclear industry, hydrogen fluoride in, treatment of radioactive waste from,
14:19 25:853
Nuclear ion stopping, 14:433 Nuclear power units, worldwide, 17:532t
Nuclear localization signal (NLS), 26:451 Nuclear properties, of rare earths, 14:652
Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), 17:418; Nuclear radiation effects, lubrication and,
21:278. See also Deuterium nmr 15:254–255
spectroscopy Nuclear reactor applications, artificial
for melamine resin analysis, 15:788–789 graphite in, 12:741–744
polymer analyses using, 11:196; Nuclear reactor control rods, indium in,
19:565–566 14:195
silica surface chemistry and, 22:372–373 Nuclear reactor fuel, 25:851. See also Spent
of silicate solutions, 22:457–458 radioactive fuel
of silicones, 22:599t uranium isotopes suitable for, 25:420
in wax analysis, 26:225 Nuclear reactors, 17:561–602
Nuclear magnetic resonance detectors, advanced, 13:848; 17:594–595
liquid chromatography, 6:450 aircraft, 17:589–590
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy behavior analysis of, 17:563–564
high pressure, 13:430, 431–435 boiling water, 17:578–582
in hydrogen determination, 13:791 classification of, 17:567–568
polysaccharide analysis using, 20:550 components of, 17:568–569
in protein structure determination, design of, 17:562–566
20:836 development of, 17:561–562, 562–563
Nuclear magnetic resonance systems, environmental aspects of, 17:598–599
electromagnets for, 23:857–861 evolutionary designs of, 17:554–557
Nuclear metallurgy, 16:127 fast-breeder, 17:585–588
Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, first, 17:570
17:550 graphite use in, 12:741–744; 17:569–573
Nuclear particle detectors, hydrogenated homogeneous aqueous reactors, 17:589
amorphous silicon in, 22:135 maritime, 17:591
Nuclear power, 6:813 minimum ingredients of, 17:562
hydrogen production using, 13:847–849 natural, 17:589; 25:397
usage for energy in U.S., 6:744t naval, 17:590–591
Nuclear power facilities, reactor types in, noble gases in, 17:375–376
17:542–545. See also Nuclear power package power, 17:591
facility safety; Nuclear reactors power generation by, 17:566–567
638 NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (NRC) REGULATIONS
feedstocks for higher aliphatic alcohols, Oleyl oleate, cosmetically useful lipid,
2:29t, 30t 7:833t
handling, 17:727 Olfaction, research in, 18:383–384
homopolymerization of, 16:110 Olfactory membrane, 11:567
manufacture of, 17:713–724 Olfactory perceptions, 11:510–511
metathesis of, 26:923 Olfactory receptors, 18:383–384
polymerization of, 20:424 Olfactory response, 11:566–567
production of, 10:598 Oligo(2-propenyloxy)methyloxyirane,
Olefins complexes, 18:557 sulfonation of, 23:720
Olefin separation, molecular sieves in, Oligocyclic lattice host inclusion
16:841 compounds, 14:177–179
Olefins plant separation train, 20:776 Oligocyclic lattice hosts, 14:177
Olefins reduction, in gasoline, 11:689 Oligo(g-caprolactone)dimethylacrylate, in
a-Olefin sulfonate (AOS), 17:725–726; shape- memory polymer networks,
23:526–527 22:364
a-Olefin sulfonates, 24:146 Oligo(g-caprolactone)diol, in shape-memory
use in cosmetics, 7:849 polymer networks, 22:364
OlefinsUltra, 11:695 Oligomer formation, 10:358–359
a-Olefin waxes, polymerized, 26:221 Oligomeric 2-chloroethyl phosphate, 11:492
Oleflex process, 4:417–418; 20:779; 24:272 Oligomeric cyclic phosphonates, 11:492
Oleic acid, 22:728 Oligomeric esters, 11:491–492
boiling point, 5:53t Oligomeric ethyl ethylene phosphate,
percentage in selected fats and oils, 11:489
2:519t; 5:47t Oligomeric flame retardants, 11:470–474
physical properties, 5:31t, 37t Oligomeric peroxides, 18:480
in toilet soap making, 22:733t Oligomeric phenolic poly-(mainly tetra-
Oleochemistry, metathesis in, 26:943–944 )sulfides, 23:644
Oleoresin, extraction of, 23:156 Oligomeric phosphate–phosphonate,
Oleoresinous phenolic varnishes, 18:783 11:497
Oleth-44, cosmetic surfactant, 7:834t Oligomeric products, obtaining, 16:106
Oleum(s) Oligomeric titanates, pyrolysis of, 25:121
density of, 23:765 Oligomerization, 23:329
equipment and piping for, 23:782 acetylene, 1:181
explosive reactions of, 23:793 butadiene, 4:373–374
heat capacity of, 23:768 in higher olefins, 17:712
heats of formation of, 23:766, 767t ionic liquids in, 26:885–887
manufacture of, 23:778 olefin, 16:111
melting points of, 23:766 Oligomer production, in styrene
properties of, 23:764–767 polymerization, 23:379
sulfur dioxide concentrations in, 23:792 Oligomers
sulfur dioxide production from, 23:661, brominated carbonate, 11:470
662 brominated epoxy, 11:470
vapor pressure of, 23:766 Oligonucleotide conjugates, therapeutic
viscosity of, 23:766 uses for, 17:636
Oleum plants, 23:770 Oligonucleotide library, 12:515
Oleum storage tanks, 23:783 Oligonucleotides, 12:513
Olex process, 1:673, 676t bioconjugated, 17:634
Oleyl alcohol, 2:2 cellular uptake of, 17:634–635
in cosmetic molded sticks, 7:840t conjugated to reactive molecules,
properties of commercial, 2:11t 17:636–637
Oleylamine, 2:519 crystallographic analyses of, 17:606–607
melting point, 2:521t in situ synthesis of, 16:390
ON-LINE NOVELTY SEARCHES 647
types and end uses of, 18:66–68 supported catalyst complexes, 5:339–341
vinyl acetate polymers in, 25:583–584 thermal degration of catalysts, 5:272
zinc oxide in, 26:615 Palladium alloy membranes, 15:813–814
Paint additives, 18:60 Palladium alloys, dental applications, 8:308
Paint adhesion, testing, 16:217–218 Palladium–alumina, catalytic aerogels,
Paint applications, titanates in, 25:121–122 1:763t
Paint/coatings industry, 9:153 Palladium bromide, physical properties of,
Paint color, 18:62 4:329
Paint dryers, cerium application, 5:688 Palladium catalysts, 10:42; 14:49; 16:250
Paint formulations, 18:60, 61t Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation, 13:656
Painting Palladium chloride/copper chloride,
industrial hygiene and, 14:210 supported catalyst, 5:329
of magnesium, 15:375 Palladium compounds, 19:650–654
Paintings synthesis of, 19:652
degradation of, 11:414–415 uses for, 19:653–654
varnishes and protective coatings for, Palladium films, 19:654
11:410–411 Palladium membranes, 15:813
Paint Remover Manufacturer’s Association, Palladium monoxide, 19:651
18:77 Palladium oxide, 19:601
Paint removers, manufacturers of, 18:87t. air/fuel conditions and, 10:50
See also Finish removers Palladium/palladium alloy plating, 9:823
Paint solvents, 18:59–60 Palladium recovery, 14:51–52
Paint stripping, methylene chloride in, Palladium–silica–alumina, catalytic
16:378 aerogels, 1:763t
Paint technologies, 18:54–55, 56 Palladium–silver alloy membranes,
Paint viscosity, measuring, 18:69 15:813–814
Paired comparison test, 11:512 Pall rings, 1:28; 8:770
Paired synthesis, of phthalide and 4-t- characteristics of metal and
butylbenzaldehyde, 9:680–681 polypropylene, 1:82t
PAI resins, properties of, 10:215t packing parameters, 1:69, 868
Pair production process, 21:313 characteristics of metal and plastic,
Palatinit, 12:44 8:774t
Palatinose, sucrose as fermentation Palma istle, 11:296
feedstock for, 23:481 Palm fibers, processing of, 11:298
Paleodiet, 5:753 Palmitic acid, 22:756
Palin analytical method, 13:114 boiling point, 5:53t
Palladium (Pd), 19:600. See also Pd(0) percentage in selected fats and oils,
catalysts 2:519t; 5:47t
as an autocatalyst, 19:624–625 physical properties, 5:29t
with gold in dental applications, 8:305, in toilet soap making, 22:733t
307t Palmitoleic acid, percent in important fats
demand for, 19:617 and oils, 5:47t
in dental alloys, 19:629 cis-9-Palmitoleic acid, physical properties,
dental applications, 8:308 5:31t
effect on copper resistivity, 7:676t trans-9-Palmitoleic acid, physical
electronic applications of, 19:630–631 properties, 5:31t
poisons in representative reactions, Palmitylamine, 2:519
5:258t Palm kernel oil
in solder for dental applications, 8:316 fatty acid composition, 2:519t
in the solvent extraction process, in soap making, 22:732, 735, 742
19:610 Palm oil
supply and demand for, 19:614–615t fatty acid composition, 2:519t; 5:56t
670 PALPATION SENSOR, FOR DETECTING PROSTATE CANCER
Pigment Orange 13, 19:435 Pigment Red 272, pigment for plastics,
for plastics, 7:367t 7:367t
Pigment Orange 20, for plastics, 7:370t Pigment replacements, environmentally
Pigment Orange 21, for plastics, 7:370t safe, 9:45
Pigment Orange 34, for plastics, 7:367t Pigments, 9:155. See also Azo pigments;
Pigment Orange 36, 19:433 Colorants; Inorganic pigments;
Pigment Orange 43, 19:443–444 Organic pigments; Titanium dioxide
for plastics, 7:367t absorbents, 10:808–809
Pigment Orange 64, for plastics, 7:367t anthraquinone dye, 9:301, 302
Pigment Orange 71, for plastics, 7:367t attributes of, 19:423
Pigment Orange 73, for plastics, 7:367t black, 19:408–470
Pigment particles, encapsulation of, cadmium applications, 4:499–500
19:383–384 carbon black applications, 4:797–799
Pigment-printed textiles, 9:214–215 carotenoid, 10:806
Pigment producers, sales and capacities of, categories of, 19:423
25:42t for ceramics, 7:345–354
Pigment Red 1, 19:435 chromium application, 6:523, 554–558
Pigment Red 3, 19:435 for coatings, 7:112–118
Pigment Red 38, 19:437 colored, 19:397–408; 25:39
Pigment Red 48:3, for plastics, 7:366t commercial forms of, 19:423
Pigment Red 48:2, for plastics, 7:366t coordination compounds, 7:595–596
Pigment Red 48:1, for plastics, 7:366t in cotton fiber, 8:19t
Pigment Red 49:1, 19:435 global consumption of, 19:454t
Pigment Red 53, for plastics, 7:366t ink, 14:316
Pigment Red 57:1, 19:436 inorganic colorants for plastics, 7:359,
Pigment Red 88, 19:444 367, 369–370t, 372t, 378
Pigment Red 101, for plastics, 7:370t iron oxide, 14:557–559
Pigment Red 104, for plastics, 7:370t lead-based, 19:386
Pigment Red 108, for plastics, 7:370t mercury in, 16:52
Pigment Red 112, 19:437 molybdenum compounds in, 17:39
Pigment Red 122, for plastics, 7:366t nickel compounds in, 17:124–125
Pigment Red 123, for plastics, 7:366t opacity of, 19:376, 380
Pigment Red 144, for plastics, 7:366t organic colorants for plastics, 7:359, 365,
Pigment Red 166, for plastics, 7:366t 366–368t, 378
Pigment Red 168, for plastics, 7:367t paint, 18:57–58; 19:377
Pigment Red 170, 19:438 performance characteristics of, 19:376
Pigment Red 177, 19:444–445 for PVC polymers, 25:675
for plastics, 7:367t rare earth, 14:646, 650
Pigment Red 179, for plastics, 7:367t selenium in, 22:91, 97, 102
Pigment Red 188, 19:437 in silicone heat-cured rubber, 22:580
Pigment Red 190, for plastics, 7:367t as soap bar additives, 22:744
Pigment Red 202, for plastics, 7:367t tellurium in, 24:427
Pigment Red 216, tribromopyranthrone, versus dyes, 19:417
4:361t Pigment technology, 19:375
Pigment Red 220, for plastics, 7:367t Pigment Violet, for plastics, 7:370t
Pigment Red 221, for plastics, 7:367t Pigment Violet 14, for plastics, 7:370t
Pigment Red 254, 19:443 Pigment Violet 15, for plastics, 7:370t
for plastics, 7:367t Pigment Violet 16, for plastics, 7:370t
Pigment Red 255, for plastics, 7:367t Pigment Violet 19
Pigment Red 259, for plastics, 7:370t for plastics, 7:367t
Pigment Red 264, 19:443 semipermanent hair dye, 7:857t
pigment for plastics, 7:367t Pigment Violet 19, 19:441
PINACOL, PRODUCTION FROM ACETONE 709
Poloxamer 407, cosmetic surfactant, 7:834t Poly(3-hexylfuran), optical band gap, 7:529t
Poly(2-acrylamido-2- Poly(3-hexylthiophene)
methylpropanesulfonic acid) conducting, 7:517
electrochromic material, 6:574–575 electroluminescent properties, 7:540
Poly(3-alkoxythiophenes), conducting Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate), 23:742
polymers, 7:519 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-
Poly[3,4-(alkylene dioxy)thiophene]s hydroxyvalerate), 10:518)
(PXDOTs) electrochromic materials, Poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate)
6:575–576 (PHEMA) hydrogels, 13:733–734, 749,
Poly(3-alkylsulfonate thiophene)s, 23:717 750
Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs) Poly[2,20 -(m-phenylene)-5,50 -
conducting, 7:517 bisbenzimidazole] (PBI), 13:380–381
stability, 7:536 Poly(3-methyl thiophene) (PMeT)
Poly(3-alkylthiothiophenes), conducting, optical band gap, 7:529t
7:519 room temperature conductivity, 7:532
Poly(1,4-benzamide) (PBA), 13:371 Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP), 20:413, 417
Poly(1-butene) (PB), 4:429. See also Blown crystalline, 20:415
PB film; Isotactic PB resins; Isotactic film, 20:432
poly(1- butene) (PB); PB entries; mechanical properties of, 20:418
Pipe-grade PB resin; Syndiotactic optical properties of, 20:419–420
poly(1-butene) (PB) polymerization processes for, 20:424–425
mechanical properties of, 20:418 uses of, 20:431–432
polymerization processes for, 20:424–425 Poly[3-(N-2-methacroyloyethyl-N,N-
uses of, 20:430–431 dimethylammonio)propanesulfonate-
commercial manufacture of, 20:429 block- methyl methacrylate]
Poly-1-olefins, regioregular, 26:513 copolymer, 20:485
Poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT), Poly(1,4-naphthalenevinylene),
10:188 conducting, 7:521
Poly(1,4-butyleneterephthalate) (PBT), Poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentabromobenzyl acrylate),
20:32–33. See also 11:474
Poly(butyleneterephthalate) (PBT) Poly(3-perfluoroalkylthiophenes),
Poly(2,6-dibromophenylene oxide), 11:474 conducting, 7:519
Poly(2,3-dihexylthieno[3,4-b]pyrazine), Poly(2,5-pyridinediyl), conducting, 7:522
conducting, 7:519 Poly(3-thiopheneacetic acid), conducting,
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether) 7:519
(PPO), 10:193 Poly(3-thiophene-bethanesulfonate),
Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] conducting, 7:519
(PDMAEMA), 20:469 Poly(2-vinyldibenzothiophene), 23:715
Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate- Poly(N-acetyl-neuraminic, classification by
block- methyl methacrylate] structure, 4:723t
copolymer, 20:485 Poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-1,4-phenylene)
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) (PPBP), sulfonated, 23:718
(PPO), 16:9 Polyacetal, antioxidant applications, 3:121
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/ Polyacetaldehyde, 1:103
high impact polystyrene (PPO/HIPS), Polyacetal fiber, 13:392
20:360 Polyacetylene, 7:514–515; 26:953
Poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene] conduction in, 7:527; 22:208
(PEDOT) electrochromic material, 6:575 molecular structure of, 22:211
conducting, 7:520 optical band gap, 7:529t
room temperature conductivity, 7:532 Peierls distortion in, 22:203, 208
Poly(3-fluoroalkyloxythiophenes), room temperature conductivity, 7:532
conducting, 7:519 synthesis of, 22:213
POLYAMIDE FIBERS 723
Propylene oxide (PO), 10:555; 12:62, 663, Propylene polymer manufacture, catalysts
666; 14:66; 20:790–822; 24:172, 173, and technologies of, 17:704
272 Propylene polymers, 17:700. See also
base- and acid-catalyzed reactions of, Polypropylene
20:793 history of, 17:704
chemical properties of, 20:791–796 properties of, 17:704–705
copolymerization of, 20:793–794 types of, 17:703–704
developmental processes for, 20:806–808 uses of, 17:705
direct oxidation of propylene to, Propylene polymers/copolymers,
20:806–807 17:703–705
economic aspects of, 20:808 Propylene production, 24:259
electrocatalytic systhesis of, 20:807 Propylene urea resins, 2:639
final purification of, 20:803 n-Propyl formate, physical properties,
Friedel–Crafts reactions of, 20:795–796 6:292t
global production capacities for, 20:797t Propyl gallate, antioxidant useful in
health and safety factors related to, cosmetics, 7:830t
20:810–811 Propylparaben
isomerization and hydrogenolysis of, antimicrobial used in cosmetics, 7:831t
20:796 function as ingredient in cosmetics,
manufacture of, 20:796–806 7:829t
physical properties of, 20:790–791 2-Propyn-1-ol. See Propargyl alcohol
physiological effects of, 20:811 Propynal, 21:149
polymerization to polyether polyols, Propyne, methyl methacrylate from,
20:793–794 16:250–251
production of, 20:784–785 Propynoic (propiolic, propargylic) acid,
purification of, 20:800 5:34t
reactions of, 20:794–796 Proshear, 13:37–38
reaction with ammonia, 2:122 ProSimPlus, 1:652
reaction with carbon dioxide and carbon PROSIM software package, 1:76
disulfide, 20:795 Prosopite, 2:364t
reaction with carbonyl compounds, Prostacyclin, 5:112
20:796 Prostaglandin, 4:84
reaction with fatty amines, 2:523 Prostaglandin, acetylsalicylic acid and,
reaction with Grignard reagents, 20:796 22:20
reaction with hydrogen halides, 20:796 Prostaglandins, 5:28
reaction with hydrogen sulfide, 20:795 Prostanoic acid, 5:28
ring opening in, 20:791–793 Prostate cancers, 17:662
solvents for purification of, 20:803t antiaging agents for, 2:811, 826
specifications and analysis for, 20:810 Prosthetic group label immunoassay
storage and materials of construction for, (PGLIA), 14:148
20:808–809 Prosthetic groups, 10:253
in styrene manufacture, 23:334 Prosthetics, 3:707
transportation of, 20:809–810 silk in, 22:634
treatment of spices with, 23:157 Protactinium (Pa), 1:463–491, 464t
uses for, 20:812 electronic configuration, 1:474t
Propylene oxide selectivity, 20:806–807 ion type and color, 1:477t
Propylene oxide vapors, 20:811 metal properties of, 1:482t
Propylene oxide–styrene (PO–SM) Protease activity, minimizing, 10:269
coproduction, in styrene manufacture, Protease performance, 10:277, 278, 279
23:334, 342 Proteases, 3:675–676; 10:252, 278–279,
Propylene polymerization, 20:523, 524, 774 285, 300; 11:4–5
aluminum alkyl in, 20:529 as bleaching agents, 4:64
PROTEINS 769
chemical sensitization in, 19:362 Pu-Ga phase diagram, 19:684. See also
nonchemical stabilization methods in, Plutonium– gallium alloys
19:366 PULEG d-Pulegone, l-menthol from,
stabilization of, 19:362 24:523
stabilizing compounds in, 19:362–366 Pulegone, 24:540
tribromomethyl compounds in, Pulleys, magnetic, 15:452
19:363–365 Pullulan, 4:724t
PTT molding resins, 20:68. See also classification by structure, 4:723t
Poly(trimethyleneterephthalate) (PTT) Pulmonary damage
PTV (oil–metal incendiary mixture), 5:827 as a toxic effect, 25:208
p-type (positive) silicon, 23:35 Pulmonary drug delivery, 9:49–50
p-type dopants Pulmonary embolism
in ion implantation, 22:185, 187–188 and blood coagulation, 4:81
for MOCVD, 22:150t, 157–158 Pulmonary mercury toxicity, 16:50
in silicon, 22:485, 486, 487 Pulmozyme
p-type doping cell culture technology product, 5:346t
in HBTs, 22:168–169 Pulp. See also Dry pulps; Pulps; Wet pulps
in photocatalysis, 19:83 chlorate application, 6:116
p-type emitters, in HBTs, 22:166 defoamer applications, 8:248
p-type FET devices, 22:164. See also Field end use of chlorine, 6:134t
effect transistors (FETs) future of, 11:281
p-type high temperature superconductors, plant fibers and, 11:287
23:838 for regenerated cellulose fibers,
p-type MOSFET (PFET, PMOSFET). See 11:251–252
also Field effect transistors (FETs) Pulps, 21:1–42
in CMOS logic circuits, 22:251–253 kappa number of, 21:21
long-channel behavior of, 22:251 mechanical, 21:48–49
scaling to deep submicron dimensions, nonwood fibers in, 21:16–20
22:255–256 pretreatments of lignocellulosics, 21:20
p-type regions, in photovoltaic devices, wood and fibers, 21:1–16
22:220 Pulp and paper industry
p-type semiconductors water use in, 26:56
boron applications, 4:137 Pulp bleaching, 4:45; 21:31–38, 43–54
p-type silicon carbide semiconductors, bleaching of recycled pulps, 21:51–52
22:530 chemical, 21:43–48
Publication delays, 24:376 initial reacting species in, 21:32–33
Public Health Service Act, 3:826 lignin reactions during, 21:33–38
Public Health Service Drinking Water main chemicals used in, 21:31t
Standards, 22:680 mechanical, 14:63–64; 21:48–51
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), ozone use in, 17:810
21:582 sodium dithionite in, 23:676
Public materials standards, 15:743 Pulp bleaching agents, 21:44–48
Public, protection of, 21:827–828 Pulp bleaching chemistry, 21:32–38
Public sanitation, soap and, 22:755, 756 Pulp, dry-laid, 17:504
Public sector aquaculture, 3:182–183 Pulp fibers, in paper, 11:164
Public Utilities Commission, 6:828 Pulping, 5:367; 21:1, 20–31
Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act chemical, 21:21–31
(PURPA), 12:533–534 mechanical, 21:20–21
PUC19 plasmid vector, 12:501, 502 organosolv, 21:29–31
Puccinnia chondrillina, 13:347 steam explosion, 21:21
Puffer fish poison, 5:822 thermomechanical, 15:13
Puffing, 12:722, 740 Pulp-like olefin fibers, 11:241
PUMPS 773
Silicon dioxide, 22:380. See also Amorphous Silicone polymer plasticizers, 22:32–33
silica; Quartz Silicone products, 22:548t
in ceramics, 5:582 Silicone, reclaimed, 21:785
in commercial soluble silicates, 22:451 Silicone release coatings, 21:604
in Portland cement, 5:467 Silicone resins, properties and applications
reactions in cement manufacture, 5:490 of, 22:586–590
in silica, 22:365 Silicone rubber, 9:562–563
in vitreous silica, 22:407 combustion of, 22:584
Silicon drift detector (SDD), 26:434 compression set of, 22:582–583
Silicone for copper wire, 7:691
pressure-sensitive adhesives, 1:530 cure agents for, 22:579t
Silicone alkyds, 2:148 electrical properties of, 22:583t
Silicone-based coatings, 17:845 fabrication of, 22:581–582
Silicone-based heat transfer system, silica in, 22:377
temperature range for, 18:728 swelling of, 22:583
Silicone cross-linking, platinum-group vulcanized, 22:582
metal catalysts in, 19:622 Silicone rubber film, 22:583
Silicone elastomers, 17:840, 21:771–772 Silicones, 22:32–35, 48t, 547–626
permeability of, 22:582t addition-curing, 22:35
Silicone encapsulants, 14:864 airborne organic, 22:603
Silicone fluids analytical methods for, 22:597–601
petroleum oil versus, 22:575t, 576 applications of, 22:547, 548t, 572–597
properties and applications of, as embedding materials, 10:3–5
22:572–579, 601 biological applications of, 22:601
methyl chloride in, 16:326–327 cerium addition, 5:688
Silicone foam rubber, properties and chemistry of, 22:549–555
applications of, 22:585–586 dental impression material, 8:327–329
Silicone gums, properties of, 22:582t described, 22:547
Silicone heat-cured rubber, properties and economic aspects of, 22:597
applications of, 22:579–584 from environmental samples, 22:600,
Silicone hydride, addition-curing silicones 602t
and, 22:35 environmental transformation of, 22:603
Silicone industry, history of, 22:547–548 fiber finishing applications of,
Silicone latex sealants, 22:34–35 22:592–594
Silicone liquid-injection-molded (LIM) in hair treatments, 22:593, 594
rubber health and environmental factors related
compression set of, 22:585 to, 22:601–605
properties and applications of, history of, 22:547–549
22:584–585 inorganic pigment applications, 7:372t
Silicone lubricants, in fiber finishing, markets for, 22:508
22:594 moisture-curing, 22:32–34
Silicone membranes, flow through, 15:722– moisture-releasing, 22:34–35
723. See also Membrane processes network formation in, 22:562–572
Silicone monomers, synthesis of, notation and abbreviations for, 22:547,
22:552–555 549
Silicone networks organic pigment applications, 7:368t
characterization of, 22:569 polymerization of, 22:555–562
filled, 22:570–572 properties of, 22:572–597
formation of, 22:562–572 reactive hot melt, 22:35
model, 22:569–570 room temperature vulcanizable,
Silicone oils, 15:226 22:594–595
Silicone oils, for cosmetic emulsions, 24:159 soil degradation of, 22:604
842 SILICONE SEALANT FORMULATION
Ross and Miles foam heights with amide Food Chemicals Codex specifications for,
fatty acid amides, 2:456t 22:851t
surface tension, 8:244t health and safety factors related to,
viscosity enhancement, 2:455t 22:849–851
Sodium lignosulfonate killing rate of e. coli, 8:641t
cosmetic surfactant, 7:835t manufacture and processing of,
function as ingredient in cosmetics, 22:845–849
7:829t miscellaneous applications of,
Sodium manganate(V), 15:594 22:852–853
Sodium metabismuthate(V), 4:24 properties of, 22:845
Sodium metabisulfite, 23:672–673 reagent grade of, 22:850t
economic aspects of, 23:673 standards and specifications for, 22:849,
grades and specifications for, 23:673 850t, 851t
health and safety factors related to, synthetic, 22:843, 848–849
23:673 world producers of, 22:849t
uses for, 23:673 Sodium nitrate electrolyte, 9:595–596
Sodium metaborate in hole drilling, 9:599
solubility–temperature curve, Sodium nitrite, 22:853–862
4:262 applications of, 22:858–860
Sodium metaborate dihydrate, 4:242t, 268 chemical analysis of, 22:856–858
uses of, 4:275 described, 22:853
Sodium metaborate tetrahydrate, 4:242t, dry grades of, 22:856, 857t
267–268 field estimation of, 22:858
uses of, 4:275 health and safety factors related to,
Sodium metaniobate, 17:152 22:856, 858
Sodium metasilicates manufacture of, 22:855–856
atomic structure of, 22:454, 455 properties of, 22:853–855
commercial, 22:465, 466t, 468t, 469t quality control of, 22:856–858
as food/water additives, 22:468 shipment of, 22:856
manufacture of, 22:464, 465, 469t specifications for, 22:856–858
Sodium metatitanate, 25:43 storage of, 22:856
Sodium methanesulfonate (Amquel) in synthetic sodium nitrate processing,
water treatment compound for 22:848
aquaculture in U.S., 3:214t Sodium nitroprusside, 14:536
Sodium methyl dithiocarbamate, 4:826 Sodium nonoxynol-25 sulfate
Sodium methyl naphthalene sulfonate cosmetic surfactant, 7:834t
cosmetic surfactant, 7:834t Sodium oleoyl isethionate
Sodium methyl oleoyl taurate cosmetic surfactant, 7:834t
cosmetic surfactant, 7:834t Sodium orthophosphates, 18:832t
Sodium montmorillonite, 6:696 Sodium orthosilicates
structure and composition, 6:668–669, commercial, 22:465, 466t, 469t
671 manufacture of, 22:464, 465
Sodium naphthalene, 14:247 Sodium oxide(s), 2:273, 22:765
Sodium naphthalene complex, 22:764 in cement, 5:468
Sodium niobate, 17:153 contamination by, 22:776
Sodium nitrate, 22:843–853, 860–862 Sodium ozonide, 18:417
applications of, 22:843, 852–853 Sodium palmitate, as soap, 22:726
commercial grades of, 22:850t Sodium pentaborate
crystallization of, 22:848 solubility–temperature curve,
deposits of, 22:843–845 4:262
described, 22:843 Sodium pentaborate pentahydrate, 4:242t,
economic aspects of, 22:849 267
860 SODIUM PERBORATE
Sodium vapor, vitreous silica reaction with, monitoring and targeting (M&T), 10:166
22:418 process control, 20:672–673, 694–695
Sodium X zeolite, 16:823 process integration, 20:765
Sodium zeolite water softening method, steam balance, 10:164
26:122 targeting, 13:219–221
SOFC construction, tubular, 12:224–225. term extraction and analysis, 18:244
See also Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 3D physical design, 19:519–521
Soft annealed copper alloys, 7:723t Software modules, 20:672–673
SOFTANOL, 2:43 Soft water, salt and, 22:817–819
Soft-burned quicklime, 15:29 Soft-wheat flours, 26:283
Soft coals, 6:703 Soft wheat mill, 26:281
Soft copolymers, 26:538, 540 Softwood(s), 21:1, 2, 26:333–334
Softeners, in tire compounding, 21:809–810 hemicelluloses in, 21:8–9
Softening kiln-drying time schedules for, 26:342t
in fiber finishing, 22:593 main constituents in the cell wall of, 21:4t
of water by salt, 22:817–819 resistance to chemicals, 26:352
Softening glass, 15:255 Softwood fibers, in paper, 18:92
Softening point Softwood lignins, 15:2
defined, 6:829 Softwood lignosulfonates, 15:16
Softening processes Softwood pulps, bleaching sequences used
for water, 26:115–123 for, 21:32t
Softening resistance Softwood roundwood, 26:363
copper wrought alloys, 7:738–739 Soil(s)
Soft fibers. See Bast fibers in bioremediation design considerations,
Soft-gelatin pharmaceutical capsules, 25:838
18:708 breakdown of phenoxyacetic acids in,
Soft independent modeling of class analogy 13:314
(SIMCA), 10:330 hydrothermally treated, 14:110–111
‘‘Soft lithography,’’ 15:192 lead content of, 14:763
for lab-on-a-chip valves, 26:975 retention ability of, 13:308
in microfluidic cell patterning, 26:972– selenium content of, 22:77–78
973 silicone degradation in, 22:604, 605
Soft magnetic spinel ferrites, 11:57 for sludge disposal, 25:914
Soft oils, in toilet soap making, 22:734 vinyl chloride in, 25:650
Soft repulsions, 23:94 Soil beds
Soft rot in soil and ground water treatment,
of wood, 26:352–353 25:843
Soft rubber Soil bioremediation
elastic properties, 5:614t halogenated compounds, 3:775–776
Soft sugars, 23:453 halogenated solvents, 3:772
Soft tissue injuries, 3:724–725 hydrocarbons, 3:768–769
Software. See also Computer entries; metals, 3:786
Programmable logic controllers military explosives, 3:780
(PLCs); Mathematical programming; nonchlorinated pesticides and
Computer entries herbicides, 3:778
advanced image processing, 16:487 Soil chemistry, of nitrogen, potassium, and
contrast-enhancing, 16:487 phosphorus, 11:111–113
cross-file, 18:243 Soil flushing
laboratory information management in soil and ground water treatment,
system, 21:163–164 25:844
for modeling in glass-melting tanks, Soil fumigants, economic aspects of,
12:606 18:535–536
SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS 863
Solubility Solubilization
of anthropogenic silicas and silicates, chelant applications, 5:732
22:455–458 chelants, 5:727–728
in antidegradant selection, 21:787 inclusion compounds in, 14:184
of L-ascorbic acid, 25:751–752 in polymer blends, 20:355
of ethylene oxide polymers, 10:675–679 Solubilized vat
of fullerenes, 12:234 soluble dyes, 7:373t
of gases in silicone fluids, 22:578 Solubilizing agents
of gases, 15:683 cosmetic surfactants, 7:834t
of gelatin, 12:438 Solubilizing vehicles, large molecule, 16:410
of higher olefin polymers, 20:423 Soluble alkali silicates, 22:452
of hydroxybenzoic acids, 22:2t, 3t Soluble anodes, 9:776
in ionic liquids, 26:863–865 Soluble dyes
of limestone, 15:32 colorants for plastics, 7:359, 371,
of maleic anhydride, maleic acid, and 373–375t, 379
fumaric acid, 15:484t Soluble electrolytes, ternary soap–water
multidimensional representation of, systems and, 22:727
23:90–91 Soluble glass, 22:452
of polycarbonates, 19:799–801 Soluble hydrophilic dyes, 9:190
of polymers, 20:403–405 Soluble microbial products (SMP)
precipitation and, 25:821 in biological wastewater treatment,
of proteins, 20:449–450 25:896. 897
of silicones in water, 22:602–603 Soluble oil metal-working fluids, 1:22
of silver sulfide, 22:673 Soluble oils, 15:240
of slaked lime, 15:45 Soluble silicates, 22:451–452
of sodium bromide, 22:823 dissolution of, 22:455–456
of sodium chloride (salt), 22:801t history and applications of, 22:452
of sodium iodide in water, 22:827t Soluble starch synthases, 12:492
of sodium nitrite in nonaqueous Soluble titanium glycolate complexes, 25:87
solutions, 22:854t Solute clearances
of sodium nitrite in water, 22:853, in hemodialysis, 26:819–823, 831
854 Solute flux equation, 21:639
of sodium sulfates, 22:864–865 Solute flux, in reverse osmosis, 21:637–638
of sodium, 22:764 Solute–membrane interactions, in organic
of vanillin, 25:548 separations, 21:660
of VDC copolymers, 25:703–706 Solute permeability coefficient, 21:639
of vitamins, 25:788t Solutes
Solubility behavior, protein, 12:131–135 activity coefficient of, 23:91
Solubility coefficients diffusivities of, 15:672t
for polymer penetrants, 25:711t diffusivity and mass transfer in
Solubility diagrams, 22:302 supercritical fluids, 24:7–8
Solubility limit, 13:513–514 molecular diffusivities of, 10:751
Solubility parameter(s), 20:403, 404, solvation studies of, 23:109
23:89–91, 24:3 Solute solubilities, in supercritical fluids, 24:6
for finish removers, 18:77 Solution(s)
Solubility parameter–charge effects model, adhesives, 1:532–534
21:661 aerosols, 1:772–773
Solubility properties, of fats and oils, cloud point of, 24:126
10:823 polysaccharide, 20:554–555
Solubility–temperature relationship(s) recovery of metal from, 16:154–156
sodium with other elements, 22:763 silicates in, 22:456–458
for surfactants, 24:125–126 surfactants in 724–724
868 SOLUTION BLENDING, OF POLYMER BLENDS
Sources, for separation synthesis, 22:315 feedstock for higher aliphatic alcohols,
Source separated recyclable items 2:28t
in waste collection, 25:869 hydrogenation of, 10:810
Source-to-drain current, 22:165 Soybean products, in pet foods, 10:852
Sourdoughs, 26:464 Soy isoflavones
Sour gases, 23:630 anticancer activity trials, 2:826
hydrogen sulfide absorption from CO2- Soy products, 17:668–669
rich sour gases using MDEA, 1:72–76, Soy sauce (shoyu), 26:470–471
78–80 Soy wax, 26:212
Sour natural gas, 23:597 Space cooling
Sour syngas dessicant applications, 8:356t
defined, 6:829 Space exploration
Sour taste, 11:566 plutonium-238 in, 19:669
South Africa, platinum-group metal virtual two-way SMA devices in, 22:350
deposits in, 19:604, 612 Space printing, 9:213
South African gold mines, 12:686 Space reactors, 17:591–592
South African manganese mining, 15:555 Space satellites, use of gold in, 12:703
South America Space Shuttle
natural graphite in, 12:781 silica aerogel application, 1:766
sodium nitrate in, 22:843–845 Space technology, silicon carbide in, 22:541
tin mining in, 24:783, 800 Space vehicles, vitreous silica in, 22:443,
Southern blotting, 12:454, 499, 500 444
Southern blotting technique, 9:756 Space velocity, in ethylene oxidation,
Southern quahog 10:650
common and scientific names, 3:188t Spain
Soviet Union aquaculture production, 3:189t
germanium stockpiles in, 12:548–549, 557 Spalart-Allmaras model, 11:780
rhenium from, 21:683, 684, 685t, Spanning, 13:465
687–688 Spans, 24:150
SOx emission control area (SECA), 23:589 Spansule brand drug granules, 18:709
SOx emissions, from FCC unit Sparfloxacin, 3:29, 21:220, 223, 224, 226,
regenerators, 11:715–718 231
Soxhlet extraction Sparger air filtration, in fermentation,
capillary chromatography sample 11:36
preparation, 4:609 Spargers, 11:33–34
SOx reduction catalyst additive, Sparging, 13:268
11:717–718 in beer making, 3:579
SOx removal catalyst systems, 11:718 Spark ignited (SI) engines, 10:60
Soyaalkylamines, 2:519 Sparkling wines, 26:300, 301, 310
melting point, 2:521t fermentation of, 26:314–315
Soya bean oil, in soap making, 22:735 Spark plugs, platinum-group metals in,
Soya oil 19:630
fatty acid composition, 2:519t SPARTAN, 7:385, 399, 422
Soybean(s) Spas/hot tubs
fatty acid composition, 5:56t construction of, 26:194
solvent extraction of, 10:818 long exposure in, 26:197
Soybean meal skin irritation in, 26:197
in nonruminant feeds, 10:837 water treatment for, 26:194–196
in ruminant feeds, 10:866 Spatial light modulator(s), 15:117
Soybean oil, 9:143, 150, 151 electrooptic materials in, 17:452
in defoamer formulations, 8:237–238 Spatial resolution, improved, 15:187
epoxidized, 9:152 Spa treatment, ozone use in, 17:809
SPECTRAL NORMAL EMISSIVITY, OF VITREOUS SILICA 873
solubility of boron halides in, 4:140t health and safety factors related to,
specific conductance of, 23:760, 761 23:644
specific gravity of, 23:759 manufacture of, 23:643
supported, 5:327 organic reactions of, 23:642
sulfur use in, 23:590 physical properties of, 23:640, 641t
toxicity of, 23:794–795 as a precursor for mustard gas, 23:644
United States trade in, 23:583 shipment and storage of, 23:643
uses for, 23:589, 788 thermodynamic properties of, 23:641t
use in selenium analysis, 22:94 uses for, 23:643–644
vapor pressure of, 23:763 Sulfur mustards, 5:816, 817
worldwide production of, 23:790 Sulfur nitrides, 23:654
Sulfuric acid alkylation, 14:20 Sulfurous acid, 23:657
Sulfuric acid catalysts, 23:780 Sulfur oxide additives, 11:690–692
Sulfuric acid concentrators, 23:787 catalytic reduction of, 11:691. See also
Sulfuric acid corrosion, materials of SOx entries
construction for, 23:783–785 Sulfur oxide emissions, reducing,
Sulfuric acid equilibrium conversions, 11:689–692. See also SOx emissions
23:776 Sulfur oxide removal
Sulfuric acid leach liquors, nickel and cerium application, 5:687
cobalt extraction from, 10:791 Sulfur oxides (SOx), 1:789, 797, 10:102,
Sulfuric acid lithium recovery process, 23:655
15:125–126 as air pollutants, 26:668
Sulfuric acid mists, 23:771 from combustion, 7:472
physiological responses to, 23:794 Sulfur oxygen acids, 23:669–678
Sulfuric acid piping, 23:782–783 Sulfur polymer cement (SPC), 23:592–593
Sulfuric acid plants, 23:659 Sulfur recovery
conversion efficiency of, 23:776 from ore, 23:574
energy efficient, 23:786–787 by solvent extraction, 23:574
special designs for, 23:785–787 Sulfur recovery plant, 23:601
Sulfuric acid production, sulfur dioxide in, Sulfur recovery unit (SRU), 13:793
23:667 Sulfur reduction additives, 11:688–689
Sulfuric acid reconcentration, 10:538 Sulfur reduction, in gasoline, 11:686
Sulfuric acid solutions Sulfur sensitization, in photography,
electrical conductivity of, 23:759–761 19:190
index of refraction of, 23:761 Sulfur/sulfur–nitrogen heterocycles, 9:289
viscosity of, 23:761 Sulfur tetrafluoride, 11:863
Sulfuric acid stack emission limit, 23:774 Sulfur trioxide, 23:515, 517–520, 525, 661,
Sulfuric acid storage tanks, 23:783 754–801
Sulfur impregnation, 23:593–594 air pollutant, 1:797
Sulfur–iodine (S–I) cycle, 13:848 in cement, 5:468
Sulfurized olefins, 23:642 in screening smokes, 5:829–830
Sulfur ligands, platinum, 19:656 See also ClSO3H; Continuous falling film
Sulfur linkages SO3 sulfonation process; Continuous
polyesters containing, 23:738–742 SO3 processes; Falling film continuous
polyurethanes containing, 23:742–745 SO3 sulfonation technology;
Sulfur mining technology, 23:572–573 Multitubular falling film continuous
Sulfur monochloride SO3 sulfonation units; SO3 entries
end use of chlorine, 6:135t density of, 23:757
Sulfur monochloride, 23:640–644 as an electrophile, 23:519
as a chlorinating agent, 23:644 physical properties of, 23:755–759
commercial uses of, 23:644 polymers of, 23:519t
economic aspects of, 23:644 process detalls for, 23:778–779
906 SULFUR TRIOXIDE COMPLEXES
Surface coating technology, for solar energy Surface molecular composition analysis,
materials, 23:1 24:109–116
Surface conductivity, of vitreous silica, Surface monolayers, molecular recognition
22:430 at, 16:796–801
Surface curvature, color coding for, 10:340 Surface morphology, analysis of, 24:75–84
Surface defect densities, 9:731 Surface mount technology (SMT), 20:60,
Surface deformation, case hardening by, 10:373, 458
16:207–208 Surface of nasal impact frequency (SNIF),
Surface diffusion 11:520–521
macropore diffusion, 1:596 Surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC),
micropore diffusion, 1:596 26:929
Surface driers, 2:149, 9:147 Surface overpotential, 9:611
Surface elemental composition analysis, Surface oxides
24:84 morphology of, 13:507
Surface-emitting LEDs, 22:174 of refractory metals, 13:521
Surface-emitting semiconductor lasers, Surface oxide scale, 13:504–506
22:177–179 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 6:405
Surface energy, 1:505–506 for immunosensor detection, 3:802
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering Surface polarity
(SERS), 16:486; 21:327–328; 24:72 adsorbents, 1:586
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Surface preparation, 1:512–513
silver and, 22:640 Surface protection, poly(fluorosilicones) in,
Surface-enhanced resonance Raman 20:244–245
scattering (SERRS), 21:327–328 Surface renewal theory, 1:46
advantage of, 21:329 Surface roughness
Surface Evolver software, 12:11 dust and self-cleaning, 22:115–116
Surface excess, 24:135, 136 superhydrophobicity and, 22:110–113
Surface extended X-ray absorption fine Surfaces
structure (SEXAFS), 19:179; 24:72 deburring, 9:597–598
Surface filtration, 11:322–323 nano-microstructured, 22:720
Surface finish(es). See also Electroplating photocatalytically active, 23:23
in electrochemical machining, 9:591 Surface sensitive properties, controlled
fatigue performance and, 13:486–487 modification of, 14:428–429
Surface finishing agents, 12:33 Surface sizing, of paper, 18:122–123
Surface force apparatus, 1:517 Surface species, characterization of, 24:110
Surface force-pore flow (SFPF) model, Surface stability, of high temperature
21:640–641 alloys, 13:504–508
Surface fouling, 15:831 Surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid
Surface grinding crystal device, 15:115
ceramics processing, 5:654–655 Surface sulfur deposits, extraction of sulfur
Surface-hydrated amorphous silica, from, 23:573–574
22:380 Surface superconductivity, 23:811
Surface layer dissociation behavior, in Surface tension, 9:112, 24:119, 120, 134,
polymer colloids, 20:381–383 11:776
Surface layer impregnation, hydrothermal colloids, 7:282
technology for, 14:105, 106t, 107t exponents of dimensions in absolute,
Surface layers, IR spectra of, 24:110 gravitational, and engineering
Surface micromachining systems, 8:584t
in MEMS, 22:260 of fats and oils, 10:822
of MEMS devices, 26:964 of foams, 12:3–4
Surface modification in heat pipe design, 13:230
adsorbents, 1:585 of mercury, 16:36
912 SURFACE TRANSPORTATION BOARD (STB)
N-Trimethylsilylimidazole Trimethylolpropane
chiral derivatizing agent, 6:96t butyraldehyde derivative, 4:461, 467,
Trimeric uranyl hydroxide complexes, 2:47
25:430 economic aspects, 2:52
Trimetallic uranyl cluster, 25:431 physical properties of, 2:48t
Trimetaphosphoric acid, 18:829 Trimethylolpropane acrylic esters, 2:53
Trimethapan, 5:159 Trimethylsilanol, in silicone
Trimethine dyes, 9:505, 509 polymerization, 22:556
Trimethine unsymmetric homodimeric Trimethylsilation, of silicate solutions,
cyanine dyes, 20:520 22:458
Trimethine unsymmetric monomeric Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives
cyanine dyes, 20:520 in organic synthesis, 22:695–696
Trimethoprim, 23:510 as silylating agents, 22:694
bacterial resistance mechanisms, 3:32t Trimethylsilyl azide, as silylating agent,
registered for use in aquaculture in 22:695–696
Europe, 3:220t Trimethylsilyl enol ethers, synthesis of,
from vanillin, 25:554 22:696
world market for, 3:16t Trimethylsilyliodide (TMSI), as silylating
year of disclosure or market agent, 22:694–695
introduction, 3:6t Trimethylsilyl methacrylate (TMSMA),
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 20:477
resistance to, 23:504–505 Trimethylstibine, 3:58, 69
Trimethylacetic acid, 5:60–61 Trimethylstibine oxide, 3:73
Trimethylaluminum (TMA), 16:85, 87, Trimethylstibine sulfide, 3:74
88, 92, 93 Trimethylsylil groups, 13:537
Trimethylamine (TMA), 16:356, 357 Trimethyltin chloride, 24:823
reactions, 16:359 Trimethylvinylammonium chloride. See
Trimethylamine, 14:390 Neurine
Trimethylaminealane, in MOCVD epitaxy, Tri-N2 complexes, 17:312
22:156 Tri-n-butylamine, 2:538t
Trimethylaminoethyl group physical and chemical properties of,
ion-exchange group used in protein 2:540t
purification, 3:830t specifications and economic data, 2:551t
Trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) Tri-n-butyl citrate
present in water and food, 3:276t physical properties, 6:649t
Trimethylchlorosilane Tri-n-dodecylamine
in MQ resin manufacture, 22:587–588 melting point, 2:521t
as silylating agent, 22:692, 695 Trinexapac-ethyl, 13:45t, 57
Trimethyl cyanurate, 8:205 Tri-n-hexadecylamines
Trimethylene terephthalate (PTT), melting point, 2:521t
18:569 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, 3:602
Trimethylgallium (TMGa) 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, 22:5, 6
gallium arsenide semiconductor and, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, 3:601, 602
22:152–153 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, 10:732
modeling GaAs growth from, 22:154, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine,
156–157 10:732
Trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
(TMDI), 14:588 bioremediation substrate, 3:779–780
Trimethyl isocyanurate, 8:205 2,4,7-Trinitro-9-fluorenylidene
Trimethylolethane, 2:47 malononitrile (TNF-MN)
economic aspects, 2:52 electrochromic material, 6:581, 581t
physical properties of, 2:48t Trinickel orthophosphate, 17:112
TRIPODAL COELENTERANDS 973
Viscous liquid blending, in laminar regime, Vitamin C, 25:745–781, 804–805. See also
16:690–691 Ascorbic acid
Viscous shear effects, 16:697 dietary sources of, 25:805
Viscozyme L, 11:609 metabolic functions of, 25:805
Visible LEDs, 22:175 synthesis of, 11:8, 25:782
Visible light, 7:304 Vitamin C redox system, 25:746
Vision 2020 program, 24:169–170, 174, Vitamin D, photochemical synthesis of,
175, 182 19:116–117
Vision 21 Concept (USDOE), 6:833 Vitamin D receptor, 25:792
Visken Vitamin D2, 25:791
molecular formula and structure, 5:157t Vitamin D3, 25:781, 791
Vista a-olefin manufacture, 17:714 Vitamin E, 3:117, 17:651–653
Vistalon, 7:637 anticancer activity trials, 2:826
Visual effects, in specialty soaps, 22:746–747 ascorbic acid and, 25:769
Visual inspection, 17:415 deficiency, 17:652
in nondestructive evaluation, production of, 17:653
17:416–417 Vitamin E family, 25:793–794
Visual technology, advanced, 15:469–470 dietary sources of, 25:794
Visual testing (VT) piping system, 19:485 metabolic functions of, 25:794
Vitallium, 3:729, 7:221 Vitamin F, 25:807
base-metal dental alloy, 8:309t Vitamin K, 25:794–795
Vitallium FHS alloy dietary sources of, 25:795
hip implants, 3:734 metabolic function of, 25:795
Vitamin A, 25:787–790 Vitamin K antagonists, 4:98–100
carotenes as precursors of, 25:790 Vitamin K1, 17:653–655, 25:795
production from Wittig reaction, 2:65 synthesis of, 17:654
Vitamin B, 17:651 Vitamin K2, 25:795
antiaging effects, 2:822 Vitamin market, terpenoids in,
in beer, 3:582t, 588 24:474
Vitamin B1, 25:795–796. See also Vitamin P, 25:797
Thiamine Vitamins, 25:781–808
content in cocoa beans and chocolate analytical methods for, 25:807
products, 6:370t biotin, 25:800
dietary sources of, 25:796 calciferols, 25:791–793
metabolic functions of, 25:796 carotenes, 25:790–791
Vitamin B12, 11:10, 25:803–804 chloroform application, 6:288
cobalt’s role in, 7:218, 238 classification and nomenclature of,
dietary sources of, 25:804 25:787, 788t
folic acid and, 25:802 cofactor forms of, 25:781
metabolic functions of, 25:804 content of cocoa beans and chocolate
Vitamin B2, 25:796–797 products, 6:370t
content in cocoa beans and chocolate defined, 25:781
products, 6:370t discovery and isolation of, 25:782
dietary sources of, 25:797 folic acid, 25:800–803
metabolic functions of, 25:797 as food additives, 12:68–70
Vitamin B6, 25:798–799 history of, 25:781–787
content in cocoa beans and chocolate importance to human health, 26:291
products, 6:370t liquid chromatography applications,
dietary sources of, 25:799 6:465
drug–nutrient interactions involving, market tor, 17:651
25:798 molecular distillation, 8:777
metabolic functions of, 25:798 niacin, 25:797–798
VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFAS) 1007
Nobel prizes awarded for research on, radiation effects on, 22:433–438
25:782, 783t ultralow expansion, 22:443–444
in nonruminant feeds, 10:838 Vitreous silica manufacture, 22:407, 410–416
as nutraceuticals, 17:649–655 history of, 22:410–412
pantothenic acid, 25:799 modern, 22:412–416
production of, 25:806 Vitrification, 10:422–423
properties of, 25:805–806 in soil and ground water treatment,
pseudovitamins, 25:807 25:844–845
RDA and AI of, 25:785t of spent nuclear fuel, 25:854
in ruminant feeds, 10:867–868 Vitrified grinding wheels, 1:18
solvent extraction in preparing, 10:786 Vitrinite, 6:703, 707t, 830
stability of, 25:806t and coal gasification performance,
syntheses of, 25:782 6:779–780
vitamin A, 25:787–790 heated coals, 6:733
vitamin B1, 25:795–796 most abundant maceral, 6:706, 719
vitamin B2, 25:796–797 reflectance, 6:707, 708
vitamin B6, 25:798–799 reflectance limits and ASTM coal rank
vitamin B12, 25:803–804 classes, 6:708t
vitamin C, 25:804–805 structure, 6:716
vitamin E family, 25:793–794 Vitriol
vitamin K, 25:794–795 color, 7:331
Vitamins and Minerals Amendments, Vitrodetrinite, 6:707t
18:685 Vivostar
Vitellin, 22:679 gold-based dental alloy, 8:307t
Viton A, 7:641, 24:91–92 VK process, 19:748
Viton B, 7:641 Vlamkool coal grade (Netherlands), 6:713t
Vitrain, 6:704, 705 VLDPE resins, 20:186
Vitravene, 17:629–630 VLS (silicon carbide)
Vitreosil, viscosity of, 22:424t, 425 whisker reinforcement for ceramic–
Vitreous, 5:582 matrix composites, 5:557t
Vitreous carbon, 4:738 V-nitrogenases, 17:303
Vitreous fibers, 13:386–388 VOC regulations, 10:438, 443. See also
Vitreous silica, 22:380, 407–451. See also Volatile organic compounds (VOCs);
Amorphous silica; Vitreous silica Volatile organic content (VOC)
manufacture VOC removal. See also Volatile organic
applications of, 22:407–408, 439–445 compounds (VOCs)
atomic structure of, 22:408–410 adsorption processes, 1:613
chemical durability of, 22:417–419 anaerobic digestion for, 3:702
classification of, 22:408 gas adsorption for, 1:641–642, 651
commercial, 22:408t, 411–412 Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman CVFT) equation,
corrosion rates of, 22:418t 12:588
described, 22:407–408 Void content, effects of fabrication on,
devitrification of, 22:420–421 18:302–303
diffusion coefficients in, 22:421t Void-filling material, in wet classifiers,
diffusion of gases in, 22:421–422, 423t 22:284, 285
economic aspects of, 22:438–439 Volatile acidity
hardness in various scales, 1:3t in wine, 26:330
hydroxyl concentrations of, 22:433t Volatile compounds
impurities in, 22:410, 411t fluorinated, 11:831
manufacturers and suppliers of, 22:439t in wine, 26:303–304
natural occurrence of, 22:407 Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 10:865, 20:136
properties of, 22:407, 416–438 for ruminal bacteria, 10:871
1008 VOLATILE METALS
silicone fluid solubility in, 22:578 vitreous silica reaction with, 22:417
in silicone latex sealants, 22:34–35 Wentworth process for ethanol
silicone rubber and, 22:584 separation from, 8:834–835
silicone solubility in, 22:602–603 Water absorption, thermoplastic,
as smart material, 22:720 10:176
in soap bar hydration, 22:730–731 Water–acetone–chloroform azeotrope,
soap bars and, 22:742 8:821
soap with low water content, 22:729 Water activity
soda ash solutions in, 22:795 in food deterioration, 12:76–77
sodium carbonate solubility in, in food processing, 12:84
22:787–788 Water–atmosphere interaction, 26:8
in sodium chloride solution mining, Water balance chemicals
22:802–805 for swimming pools, 26:192
sodium hydrosulfide solutions in, 22:870 Water-based drilling fluids, 9:33–35
sodium iodide solubility in, 22:827t Water-based fluorescent lamp coatings,
sodium nitrite solubility in, 22:853, 854 ethylene oxide polymers in,
sodium reactions with, 22:765, 775 10:688–689
sodium sulfide solutions in, 22:873 Water-based inks, 14:326
solubilities of alkanoic acids in, 5:39t Water-based muds, 9:3–5
solute species in, 26:16–17 Water-based writing inks, 14:328
solvent in commercial gas absorption Water-borne adhesives, 25:475
processes, 1:26t Waterborne alkyds, 2:156–158
in solvent recovery, 11:209–210 Waterborne automotive coatings, 10:448
as a solvent, 26:12–16 Waterborne can coating system,
splitting, 13:849 10:445–446
as a supercritical fluid, 24:2 Waterborne coatings, 7:127–128, 10:443
surfactants in, 22:724–725 Waterborne coating technologies, 10:349
in synthetic latex manufacture, 14:711 Waterborne contact adhesives, phenolic
terminal activity coefficients of mixture resins in, 18:784
with ethyl acetate, 8:743t Waterborne polyamides, 10:400
terminal activity coefficients of mixture Water-borne polyurethane coatings,
with hexane, 8:743t 25:474
terminal activity coefficients of mixture Water-borne transport, 25:327–328
with methyl acetate, 8:743t Waterborne wood preservative treatments,
ternary heterogeneous azeotropes, 8:823 26:348
thermodynamic constants for phase Water-break test, 9:782
changes of, 26:13t Water carriers, 25:327
total oxidation reactions in the presence liability of, 25:336
of, 19:87 Water chemistry, in steam-generating
transfer of ozone into, 17:801–802 systems, 23:219–228
transport in barrier polymers, 3:403 Water circulation
triple point of, 24:439–440 types of, 26:20
typical commercial gas absorption Water clarification, in paper recycling,
process, 1:26t 21:441–442
typical commercial gas absorption ‘‘Water continuous’’ microemulsions,
process, 1:26t 16:423, 424, 425
use in the United States, 26:4 Water conditioning, salt use in,
vapor–liquid equilibrium of ammonia– 22:817–819
water system, 2:682 Water consumption
vinyl chloride and, 25:628 growth in, 26:97
vitreous silica devitrification and, Water contact angle hysterisis, 22:109, 110,
22:420–421 113–114
1014 WATER CONTENT
X-ray absorption near-edge structure X-ray imaging, selenium in, 22:101. See
(XANES) spectroscopy, also Extended X-ray absorption fine
25:418 structure (EXAFS) analysis
X-ray absorption studies, of ionomers, X-ray imaging techniques, 16:504
14:463–465 X-ray imaging tests, 26:440
X-ray area detector, 26:421 X-ray-induced X-ray emission, 24:109
X-ray contrast media, iodinated, X-ray instruments, 26:411
14:371 for special applications, 26:430–432
X-ray crystallography, computer graphics X-ray irradiation
and, 16:733–734 silicone network preparation via, 22:567
X-ray crystallography of vitreous silica, 22:435–436
in protein structure determination, X-ray lithography, 15:159, 160
20:835 thin film applications, 1:725
X-ray detector, 26:420 X-ray lithography, in compound
X-ray diffraction (XRD). See also X-ray semiconductor processing, 22:193
single-crystal diffraction, 24:72 X-ray methods, determining trace mercury
application in high throughput using, 16:45
experimentation, 7:395, 420–421 X-ray microscopy, 16:464, 504–505
Bragg’s law and, 26:418–419 X-ray monochromator, 26:419–420,
from a crystal lattice, 26:416–418 24:102
in fine art examination/ conservation, X-ray photoelectron spectrum,
11:406 24:85
for MOCVD, 22:155 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),
patterns of, 26:415–416 24:72, 84–87. See also XPS entries
principles of, 26:414–418 angle-resolved, 24:90
of silica, 22:380, 382 effects of elastic scattering in, 24:88
silica surface chemistry and, 22:373, quantitative, 24:92–94
374 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
X-ray diffraction profile, 26:417 archaeological materials, 5:744
X-ray diffractometers X-ray photons, 26:413, 419
commonly used, 26:422 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), 18:851
X-ray effect, 20:661 X-ray radiography, 26:440–441
X-ray electromagnetic spectrum, X-ray reflectometer, 26:430
26:411–412 X rays, 21:284–286, 311
X-ray films, sensitization of, characterization and generation of,
19:360–361 26:411–413
X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 24:95, X-rays. See Radiography
23:127, 26:413, 432–435. See also annihilation radiation and,
EDXRF instruments 21:312–313
application in high throughput energies of, 21:311
experimentation, 7:395, 421 hazards of, 21:285
archaeological materials, 5:742 X-ray scattering
in fine art examination/conservation, of PVC particles, 25:659, 660
11:403–404 X-ray scattering, wide-angle and small-
in ore sorting, 16:626 angle, 19:567–568
in polymer analysis, 11:196 X-ray sedimentation, 18:143
silver analysis via, 22:651, 677 X-ray single-crystal diffraction
total reflection, 26:435–437 instruments for, 26:419–422
X-ray fluoroscopy, 26:440 X-ray source(s), 26:419
X-ray holograms, silver and, 22:639, XPS, 24:101
657–658 X-ray spectrometers, 26:433
X-ray images, 19:199–200 X rays, use of iodine in, 14:371
YEAST ALLERGIES 1029