11.

Ultraviolet light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a fairly short wavelength,

and it lies just
beyond the violet end of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light
lies just beyond
the other end of the visible (i.e. beyond the red end). Which of these is the most
reasonable statement
about infrared light?
a. it has a larger amplitude than ultraviolet.
b. It has a longer wavelength than ultraviolet.
c. It has a smaller amplitude than ultraviolet.
d. It has the same wavelength as ultraviolet.
B
12. What is the current favored hypothesis for the formation of the Moon?
a. The Moon formed directly from the solar nebula, alongside the Earth.
b. In the early history of the Earth, the Earth was hot and was rotating rapidly,
and it `flung off' a molten mass that became the Moon.
c. Another planet hit the Earth, and blasted mantle material into orbit, which
re-accreted to form the Moon.
d. The Moon is large asteroid that was captured by the Earth's gravitational
attraction.
C
13. Let's say that you're standing on Mercury, and it's noontime - the Sun appears at its
highest point in
the sky. If you wait one whole Mercurian day, for the Sun to once again appear at its
highest point,
how long will you have to wait?
a. One Earth day.
b. Two Mercurian years.
c. Two Mercurian weeks.
d. Two Earth years.
B
14. Besides holding the telescope steady, what important function does a telescope's
mount (or "mounting")
serve?
a. It keeps the telescope pointed at the celestial pole at all times.
b. It enables the telescope to track an object across the sky as the Earth rotates.
c. It compensates for changes in latitude of the telescope throughout the year.
d. It compensates for the annual apparent motions of the planets relative to the
background stars.
B
15. If a friend of yours were asking you how the solar system formed, which of the
following would be the
best way of describing the solar nebula to them?
a. It was the atmosphere of a `gas giant' planet, from which the other planets
formed.
b. It was a cloud of comets around the Sun, similar to the Oort Cloud.
c. It was a cloud of gas and dust.
d. It was the debris left over from the `giant impact' that formed the Moon.
C
16. Which of the following best describes how the Sun generates energy?
a. Hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium atoms, converting matter into
energy in the process.
b. A constant rain of meteorites onto the Sun's surface keeps it white-hot, as their
energy of motion is converted into heat energy.
c. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms combine rapidly, producing an extremely large,
white-hot sphere of flame.
d. Heavy atoms like uranium split into lighter atoms, in a process called `fission',
releasing energy as they do so.
A
17. Compared to the surface of the Moon, the surface of the Earth is very young. Which
of the following is
the best evidence for this?
a. The Earth's surface has very few craters, compared to the Moon or Mercury.
b. The Earth's surface has many lava flows on it.
c. The Earth's outer layer is broken into about 12 major plates, which move
around and interact at their boundaries.
d. The Earth's surface has about the same density of craters as the Moon or
Mercury.
A
18. Let's say that on a clear spring evening, you're spending a few enjoyable hours
looking at the Moon
through a telescope. How could you tell the lunar maria from the lunar highlands, just by
looking at
the surface of the Moon through your telescope?
a. The maria are smooth, dark-colored plains, as opposed to the highlands, which
are lighter-colored, more heavily-cratered regions.
b. The highlands are made of dark-colored material, whereas the maria are noted
for their very light color.
c. The highlands have a lot of craters on them, but the maria have even more
craters.
d. The color difference between the two types of terrain is very slight, but the
maria can be recognized by the fact that they have slightly larger craters than
the highlands.
A
19. We can use Earth-based telescopes, with special instruments attached to them, to
detect the presence of
things like methane in the atmosphere of Jupiter, or of water vapor in the atmosphere of
Mars. How is
this possible, even without going to those planets?
a. Each planet has its own continuous spectrum, and the color of the
continuous spectrum can be used to determine what the planet is made of.
b. When sunlight reflects off of those planets, certain colors of light are absorbed by
the planets. The positions of the dark lines in such an absorption spectrum
tell us which elements and compounds are present.
c. When sunlight passes through those planets, certain colors of light are absorbed
by the planets. The positions of the dark lines in such an absorption spectrum
tell us which elements and compounds are present.
d. Since the planets are glowing by their own light, they emit light only at certain
specific colors, creating an emission spectrum. The colors of the narrow
glowing lines in the spectrum tell astronomers which elements and compounds
are present.
B
20. Extra Credit: Which of the following statements about the Sun's energy-generating
process is most
accurate?
a. An important ingredient in the process is a particle called the neutrino, because
several neutrinos must fuse together to make a helium nucleus.
b. The process uses all of the protons that go into it, converting them entirely into
helium nuclei and energy.
c. This process, known as the triple-alpha process, converts three helium nuclei into
a carbon nucleus and energy.
d. This process uses more energy than it creates.
e. Although 6 protons go into the process, 2 come out, which allows this `chain
reaction' to continue.
E
21. After many futile attempts to determine the rotation period of Mercury by observing it
with optical
telescopes, which of the following things told radio astronomers that Mercury's rotation
is probably
NOT tidally `locked' to its period of revolution around the Sun?
a. The side of Mercury facing towards the Sun was somewhat warmer than would
be expected if it always faced the Sun.
b. The side of Mercury facing away from the Sun was somewhat warmer than
would be expected if it never had sunlight on it.
c. In a bizarre twist, which is still not explained, the side of Mercury facing away
from the Sun is the hottest side of the planet.
d. The temperatures on Mercury were exactly the same everywhere, which would
not be expected on an airless planet with one side permanently exposed to the
Sun.
B
22. Which of the following is NOT a reason why astronomical observatories are often
built on
mountaintops?
a. Depending on weather conditions, being on top of the mountain means that you
may be above fog or clouds some of the time.
b. By getting above some of the Earth's atmosphere, it is possible to look at
astronomical objects using wavelengths of light that would otherwise be blocked
by the atmosphere.
c. Being on top of a high mountain means that you are somewhat closer to the
objects you are studying, particularly objects like the Moon.
d. By getting above some of the Earth's atmosphere, there are fewer problems with
atmospheric turbulence causing poor `seeing'.
C
23. The Sun has a magnetic field, as do many other stars, and some planets. Imagine
that you could
magically change something about the Sun, with the goal of causing its magnetic field to
disappear.
Which of the following things would NOT be a useful way to try and destroy the Sun's
magnetic field?
a. Magically cause the convection in the Sun to stop, so that it only transfers
energy outward by radiation from atom to atom.
b. Through some magical means, prevent the gas that makes up most of the Sun's
inert outer envelope from being heated at its base.
c. Magically cause helium to form at a much faster rate in the Sun, compared to
the rate at which it currently forms via hydrogen fusion.
d. Magically cause the hot gas that makes up the Sun to no longer be ionized, i.e.
no longer able to conduct electricity.
C
24. (T/F)The telescope on the right is an example of a reflecting telescope

SLIDE 5
T
25. What is the purpose of the item marked Y?
a. It increases the magnification of the telescope.
b. It spreads the light from a celestial object into a spectrum, allowing the
astronomer to analyze the composition of the object.
c. It keeps the observer from having to block the front end of the telescope with
their head.
d. It increases the aperture of the telescope.

5
C
26. What do the items marked X and Z have in common?
a. They are both light-sensitive silicon chips used for taking images of astronomical
objects.
b. They are both transparent to light.
c. They both gather light and focus the rays of light to a point.
d. They are both made of aluminum metal.

5
C
27. The telescope design on the right was originally invented by Isaac Newton, and the
version shown here
was perfected by a designer named Guillaume Cassegrain. When Newton first invented
this type of
telescope, what problem (that the `scope on the left would have) was he trying to avoid?
a. Different colors of light coming to focus at different distances, causing colored
`halos' around objects as seen through the eyepiece.
b. The glass in item X isn't very transparent, so objects seen through the telescope
on the left look very dim.
c. The focal length of a telescope like the one on the right can be made much
longer than the one on the left.
d. It was extremely difficult to make a curved reflective surface, so he was trying to
find a way to use lenses instead of mirrors.

5
A
28. (T/F) The Sun generates energy in the layer marked X.

5
F
29. What do we call the thin red layer marked Z?
a. The chromosphere
b. The solar corona
c. The photosphere
d. The solar core

5
A
30. How is energy transported outward in region Y?
a. By hydrogen atoms fusing into helium atoms
b. By hot gas rising, cooling off, and then sinking, a process called convection
c. By photons of electromagnetic energy bouncing from one atom or electron to
another
d. By the Sun's magnetic field, which is generated in region W.

5
C
31. The Earth and Sun wouldn't seem to be very similar, but there are at least one or
two similarities
between them. Which of the following best describes how the Earth is like the Sun?
a. Layer W is a lot like the Earth's core, since they are both mdae of iron at very
high temperatures.
b. Layers like Z are like the Earth's crust, since they are at the outer edges of both
bodies, and in both cases are made of rocky material.
c. Layer X is like the Earth's liquid iron outer core; it's where the magnetic field is
generated.
d. Both objects shine brightly with the light that they each generate.

5
C
32. (T/F) This image of the surface of Mercury shows a type of structure called a lobate
scarp.

6
T
33. The feature marked A runs across a large, oval-shaped crater. (The `A' is located in
this crater, near
the crater's northern edge.) How do we know that feature A is younger than the crater?
a. The only way we could have determined this age relationship is if we'd been
able to watch both the crater and feature A as they were forming.
b. Feature A runs across the crater and disrupts its rim.
c. The crater is superimposed on top of feature A, obliterating the feature in the
region around the letter A.
d. Samples have been returned from the surface of Mercury by astronauts, and
radiometric dating of the samples shows this age relationship.

6
B
34. What causes the structure marked A to form?
a. Outpourings of lava during the very recent-most part of Mercury's geologic
history.
b. The slow rotation of Mercury, causing its surface to become greatly heated by
the Sun
c. Stretching of the crust of the planet Mercury
d. Shrinkage of the crust of the planet Mercury

6
D
35. The Earth has features like feature A, but the history of the Earth's crust is quite
different from
Mercury's. Which of the following best summarizes this important difference?
a. The crust of Mercury is much younger than the crust of the Earth; the Earth's
crust only shows features formed during the very early history of the solar
system.
b. The Earth's crust has many more craters than Mercury's, so features like A are
almost completely obliterated on the Earth.
c. The Earth has features that show overlap of parts of the crust due to local
compression, but these are balanced out by features due to stretching.
d. The Earth has many plate boundaries, but none of them include faults like A,
where one piece of crust gets shoved over another.

6
C
36. (T/F) This is a typical spectrum produced when the atoms in a thin gas get `excited'
by a source of
energy, such as a nearby star that's putting out a lot of ultraviolet photons.

7
F
37. What produces the dark lines in this spectrum?
a. A problem in the telescope, in which different colors of light get focused at
different distances from the objective lens.
b. Absorption of particular colors of light by specific chemical elements
c. Blocking of light by small objects inside the telescope, such as the metal struts
that hold the secondary mirror in place
d. Emission of light at specific wavelengths by `excited' atoms in a nebula

7
B
38. Let's say this spectrum comes from a star. If we examined a spectrum from another
star of identical
composition, but which was twice as luminous, what would we notice about this brighter
star's
spectrum?
a. It would have dark lines in the same positions as the ones shown here.
b. It would be an emission spectrum instead of an absorption spectrum, due to the
star's greater brightness.
c. The positions of all the spectral lines would be shifted into the ultraviolet.
d. The star would be too bright to produce a spectrum with dark lines in it like
this one.

7
A
39. Imagine that this spectrum comes from a star like the Sun. Like the Sun, this star
has planets orbiting
around it. As the planets pull on the star with their gavity, what would we notice about
the star's
spectrum, as seen from our location on Earth?
a. The planets will cover up the spectral lines, allowing us to detect the planets'
presence.
b. The whole spectrum will get brighter from time to time, as one or more of the
planets passes in front of the star (as seen from Earth).
c. The spectral lines may get Doppler-shifted back and forth, as the planets cause
the star to move slightly.
d. There won't be any changes in the spectrum due to the planets, so we'll have to
use some other method to detect the planets

7
C

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