Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chennai Office By
Varanasi Rama Rao B.E, M.S.(I.I.Sc.)
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. INPUT
3. ANALYSIS&DESIGN
4. REFERENCES
The machines used in Oil and Gas industry are usually supported on a
majority of the cases the machines are supported on a simple concrete block.
Fig-1
2. Reciprocating Machines
Fig-2
Fig-3
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Reciprocating Machine
Fig-4
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Classification of rotating machines based on
Frequency/speed
MACHINE
CONCRETE CONCRETE/ST
BLOCK EEL FRAME
CONCRETE BASE
RAFT
SOIL
SOIL
Fig-5
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MACHINE
CONCRETE CONCRETE/ST
BLOCK EEL FRAME
SOIL
SOIL
The following are the major inputs to be extracted from the project
design basis:
Machine foundation
Primary parameters
2. Poisson’s Ratio
3. Damping factor
Secondary Parameters
Laboratory tests:
•Resonant Column test
•Cyclical Tri axial Test
The above test are conducted usually by a Geotechnical Contractor and
appropriate values are recommended by him in the Geotechnical report
Fig-7
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Down hole test- Schematic
Fig-8
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Spectral Analysis of Shear Wave - Schematic
Fig-9
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Block vibration Test
Fig-10
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Damping factor determination- Forced/Free
Vibration test
Fig-11
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Machine Vendor Input
The following input is required from the machine vendor:
Fig-12
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3.ANALYSIS & DESIGN
The Analysis of the Machine foundation is done in two stages:
interactions are:
• Uniform Compression
•Uniform Shear
•A drive machine
•A driven machine
•A coupling device
Schematically:
coupling Driven
Drive
machine machine
Fig-13
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A typical data set required for each of the components shown in the previous
schematic is:
•Total mass of machine ( including rotating parts), Radius of gyration and its over
all centroid location.
•Mass of rotating parts of the machine, operating speed, height of the centre of the
rotor from machine base frame, etc
•Foot print of machine base frame, details of holding down bolts
•Dynamic forces generated by the machine under operating conditions
Centre of Mass
Centre of Rotation
Balanced condition
Fig-14
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Centre of Mass ‘m’
e
Centre of Rotation
Fig-15
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Unbalanced forces along the shaft with multiple supports
Fig-16
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Picture of Rotor
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Fig-17
January 2011
Picture of Rotor
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Fig-18
In every rotating machine there will be certain amount of unbalance(
eccentricity) which is inevitable.
ISO/ Machine manufacturer has set standards for the allowable eccentricity
based on:
•Rotating mass
Many rotating machines are balanced to an initial balance quality as per ISO
standards. This is called the balance quality grade.
Fig-19
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Critical speeds: Correspond to flexural frequencies of the rotor. These are
supplied by the vendor. High vibration can occur on account of resonance of
foundation with critical speeds
Fig-20
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Parameters for reciprocating machines:
Fig-21
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Dynamic forces transferred at C.G of machine at base frame level
Fig-22
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Foundation Parameters
The pressure developed in the soil loads due to static loads should not
exceed 75% of the allowable safe bearing capacity.
Foundation parameters that govern the dynamic response are its mass
and its area of contact with the soil. In specific cases projected parts of
foundation having finite stiffness also influence the dynamic response.
In the case of block foundation the rigidity is so high that under the
influence of static and dynamic forces the deformations of the block are
negligible compared to soil. The block foundation is therefore considered
as rigid body consisting of mass only.
In case the foundation of machine is not a solid block but a frame or some
other kind of structure which has stiffness comparable to that of soil, then
elements of those structures shall be considered to have both mass and
stiffness.
Since the block foundation behaves like a rigid body supported on a soft media like soil,
invariably the block foundations would turn out to be having adequate strength vis-à-vis
forces imparted by machine.
Strength design is done considering the forces and moments on the foundation due to
static loads, dynamic loads, emergency loads and applicable earthquake/wind loads.
Anchor bolts: All anchor bolts should be checked for pullout force caused due to
Dynamic and Emergency loads
Stability Checks:
The foundation shall be checked for sliding and overturning . But these checks are not
compulsory.
Minimum Reinforcement :
•25 to 50 kg/m3
•Two way reinforcement on all the faces and shrinkage reinforcement ( when thickness
of block exceeds 1m)
VERTICAL VIBRATION
ROCKING
PITCHING
YAWING OR TWISTING
Z
Y
θ
φ
X
ψ
Fig-23
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Single Degree Freedom Mathematical Model
Soil Damping
Fig-24
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Lumped Parameter System
Z mz z cz z k z z P0 sin( t )
k
n
Cz Kz m
Kx
Iψ m X
ψ
Cx
Kψ D c ccr ccr 2 k m
Cψ/2
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Cψ/2
January 2011
Fig-25
Lumped Parameter Values
Fig-26
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FE Models of Block foundation
Fig-27
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Model with Soil and Block foundation
Fig-28
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Foundation Sizing ( Framed foundation):
Fig-29
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Eccentricity:
For Framed foundation there are two connotations to the term eccentricity:
2. Top deck eccentricity: It is defined as the distance between the centre of the
Mass Cm ( combined C.G of machine mass, top deck mass and 23% percent
of column mass) and centre of stiffness of frames Ck in the transverse and
longitudinal directions. It is desirable to restrict this eccentricity to 1% of the
respective dimension of the top deck.
Top deck comprises of transverse and longitudinal beams, slab connecting these
beams, projections on all sides of the beams, depressions, cutouts, notches etc.
Total weight of the columns should be close to the weight of the machinery. This is
desirable but not essential condition
But the following should be kept in mind while assessing the sizes of columns
•Centre of stiffness of all the frames should coincide with centre of mass of
machine and top deck.
Base raft:
• Raft plan dimensions are selected such that the bearing pressure generated is
less than 70% of allowable bearing pressure.
• Base raft thickness should be such that it acts like a rigid block and undergoes
uniform deformation.
•General guide line is weight of the base raft should be about twice the weight of
the machine
Unlike block members of frame foundation have finite stiffness and are
subjected to considerable elastic deformations.
Framed foundation is considered as elastic body with both mass and stiffness.
Strength design:
Minimum Reinforcement:
• Reinforcement for top deck and columns to be in the range of 100 to 120
kg/m3
•Reinforcement for base raft shall be in the range of 70 to 80 kg/m3
Before the advent of computers the framed foundations are analyzed manually.
The manual procedure aims at analyzing the frames of the foundation
independently for free and forced vibrations and algebraically summing up the
response for all frames. ( Refer Handbook of Machine foundations by Srinivasulu
and Vaidyanathan for Manual Analysis of framed foundation).
Method 1:the loads are applied to the model of the super structure to
determine the foundation response. The computed reactions at the
base of the columns are then used as input forces on the model of the
mat
For both the above methods the beams and columns are modeled
using 3 dimensional beam elements, shear walls ( if any) and mat are
modeled using plate-bending elements.
The dynamic model should not be created independently of the static model but
should be created from static model by incorporating the following:
•Enough nodes should be specified along the length of beams and columns so
as to capture frequencies of modes which match with machine frequency.
•It is recommended that 2% of critical damping used for concrete elements and
1% for steel elements.
•The dynamic model of foundation should also include the machine. The simplest
method to model this is modeling the machine as series of mass points lumped
with the foundation.
Fig-31
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Typical Response of foundation subjected to Dynamic loading
Fig-32
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Miscellaneous Topics
Indian:
IS2974: 5 parts of which parts 1,3 & 4 are for Reciprocating and Rotating machines
British:
CP 2012
German:
American:
ACI 351
Saudi:
SAES-Q-007
ISO:
1S0 10816 ( 7 parts)
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