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General Hydraulics 01 PDF
General Hydraulics 01 PDF
1
Introduction to Hydraulics
This chapter covers many basic hydraulic principles that you will need to under-
stand before you use the General Hydraulics Manual. After a brief description of
hydraulics concepts, the following topics will be covered in this chapter along
with the calculations for each one:
• Area • Differential pressure
• Force • Pipe capacity
• Pressure • Pipe fill-up
• Effective area • Buoyancy
• Hydrostatic pressure • Open-ended pipe hydraulics
This manual provides examples and practice problems for the calculations. Use
the areas labelled “Work Space” for your personal calculations. Then compare
your answers to the “Solutions to Problems” section beginning on Page 1-61.
Solution
Area = πr 2 .......................................................... (1.2) 2 1 /2-in. Diameter
NOTE In this manual, all areas are rounded to three decimal places.
Most downhole tools are measured by diameter rather than radius. Use Equation
1.3 to calculate the area of a circle using the circle's diameter rather than its
radius. Since pi divided by 4 equals 0.7854, and radius times radius multiplied
by 4 equals diameter times diameter, a simpler equation is
Area of a circle = (π ÷ 4) x D2
or
Area of a circle = 0.7854 x D² ................................................................................... (1.3)
Example 2 is an application of Equation 1.3.
Solution
Area = 0.7854 x D² ...................... (1.3)
= 0.7854 x 4.375 in. x 4.375 in.
= 15.033 in.2
4 3/ 8-in. Diameter
Figure 1.2
NOTE If diameter is expressed in inches, area will be expressed in square inches (in.2).
If diameter is expressed in units such as feet or centimeters, area will be ex-
pressed in square feet (ft2) or square centimeters (cm2), respectively. All ex-
amples and problems in this manual show diameters in inches.
Practice calculating the areas of two rod ends in Problems 1 and 2 on Page 1-4.
Use the Work Space area to work out the problems; then compare your answers
to the “Solutions to Problems” on Page 1-61.
Answer _______________
1
1 /2 -in. Diameter (See Page 1-61 for the solution to
Figure 1.3 Problem 1.)
Problem 2
What is the area of the rod end in Figure 1.4?
Work Space
Answer _______________
2 7/8 -in. Diameter (See Page 1-61 for the solution to
Figure 1.4 Problem 2.)
NOTE You can order a copy of the Halliburton Cementing Tables from Mastercraft.
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-61 for the solution.)
An easy way to understand a tubing cross section is to look at the end of a piece
of pipe. The hatched portion in Figure 1.5 is the cross section.
NOTE The laws of mathematics do not allow you to subtract the diameters of the circles
and then find the area of that difference.
Solution
Problem 4
What is the cross-sectional area of 2 3/8-in., 4.7-lb/ft tubing? The ID of this tubing
is 1.995 in. (from Halliburton Cementing Tables).
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-61 for the solution.)
Solution
Tubing OD area = 0.7854 x 2.875 in. x 2.875 in. = 6.492 in.2
Tubing ID area = 0.7854 x 2.441 in. x 2.441 in. = 4.680 in.2
Cross-sectional area = Tubing OD area - Tubing ID area
= 6.492 in.2 - 4.680 in.2 = 1.812 in.2
Yield strength = 80,000 psi
Tensile strength (estimated) = Yield strength x Cross-sectional area (1.5)
= 80,000 psi x 1.812 in.2 = 144,960 lb
NOTE Use these calculations carefully since no safety factor is included. Be aware that
the threaded sections on nonupset tubing, casing, etc., have a thinner wall than
the pipe body. Use the thinner section for calculating tensile strength since it will
be the weakest point.
Definition of Force
Force is defined in the dictionary as active power. This definition means that an
item, such as the piston in a hydraulic cylinder, will move when a force adequate
to overcome the resistance is applied. Usually, force is expressed in pounds (lb),
and its upward or downward direction on the equipment is specified (lbá or
lbâ).
Definition of Pressure
A liquid or gas exerts a force against any surface it contacts; the force per unit
area is defined as pressure. Pressure is usually expressed in pounds per square
inch (psi). Pascal’s Law states that pressure acts equally in all directions. In other
words, pressure in a hydraulic cylinder is acting (or exerting a force) equally on
each square inch of the piston, cylinder cap, and cylinder walls.
A force may be created when pressure acts across an area, such as in a hydraulic
cylinder or a hydraulic jack. The amount of force created by a hydraulic cylinder
is equal to the pressure multiplied by the area of the piston.
Force = Pressure x Area of piston .......................................................................... (1.6)
NOTE Pressure and area must be expressed in comparable units for calculations to be
accurate. In this text, pressure is expressed in pounds per square inch (psi), and
area is expressed in square inches (in.2).
Figure 1.6 on Page 1-8 shows a hydraulic cylinder mounted on a solid wall. The
piston rod acts against a set of scales that measures force.
Solution
Piston OD area = 0.7854 x 3.0 in. x
3.0 in. = 7.069 in.2
Pressure = 3,000 psi
Force = Pressure x Area (1.6)
Force = 3,000 psi x 7.069 in.2
= 21,207 lb
Figure 1.6
Problem 5
What force is exerted by the cylinder in Figure 1.7?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-61 for the solution.)
Figure 1.7
Solution
Piston OD area = 0.7854 x 2.0 in. x 2.0 in.
= 3.142 in.2
Force = 3,142 lb
Pressure = Force ÷ Area .................. (1.7)
Pressure = 3,142 lb ÷ 3.142 in.2
= 1,000 psi
Figure 1.8
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-61 for the
solution.)
Figure 1.9
Solution
Piston OD area = 0.7854 x 3.0
in. x 3.0 in. = 7.069 in.2
Rod OD area
= 0.7854 x 1.5 in. x 1.5 in.
= 1.767 in.2
Effective area = Piston OD area
- Rod OD area
= 5.302 in.2
Figure 1.11
Problem 7
Applying 1,000 psi to the cylinder will exert what pull (force) on the scales in
Figure 1.11?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-62 for the solution.)
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-62 for the solution.)
Problem 9
Assume both pressures in Figure
1.13 are 1,000 psi and that the
cylinder is the one from Problem 8.
What is the force, and in which
direction does it act?
Work Space
Figure 1.13
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-62 for the solution and
alternate solution.)
Solution
Working with top side of
piston:
Piston area = 0.7854 x 4 in. x
4 in. = 12.566 in.²
Rod area = 0.7854 x 1.5 in. x
1.5 in. = 1.767 in.²
Effective area
= Piston area - Rod area
= 12.566 in.² - 1.767 in.²
= 10.799 in.²
Pressure = 1,500 psi
Force = 1,500 psi x 10.799
in.² = 16,198.5 lbâ
Working with bottom side of
piston:
Figure 1.14
Effective area = 10.799 in.²
(calculated above)
Pressure = 2,000 psi
Force = 2,000 psi x 10.799 in.² = 21,598 lbá
Net force = 21,598 lbá - 16,198.5 lbâ = 5,399.5 lbá
Alternate Solution
Pressure on bottom side = 2,000 psi
Pressure on top side = 1,500 psi
Differential pressure = Pressure on bottom side - Pressure on top side
= 500 psi
Effective area = 10.799 in.² (from Solution)
Net force = 500 psi x 10.799 in.² = 5,399.5 lbá
Problem 10
What force is the conventional hydraulic cylinder in Figure 1.15 exerting on the
scale?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-63 for the solution.)
Figure 1.15
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-63 for the solution.)
Solution
Hydrostatic pressure = Mud weight x 0.05195 x Depth ......................... (1.8)
= 9.6 lb/gal x 0.05195 x 6,450 ft = 3,216.744 psi
Problem 12
What is the hydrostatic pressure of a column of 16.5-lb/gal mud at 10,000 ft?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-63 for the solution.)
NOTE When using oilfield handbooks to look up fluid gradients, check the unit of
measurement because many handbooks express fluid gradients in psi per hun-
dred feet.
To use Table 4.1, find the mud weight in the left column of the table, then read
the fluid gradient in the right column. For example, the fluid gradient for
12.4-lb/gal mud is 0.6442 psi/ft of depth. To change the fluid gradient to
hydrostatic pressure, multiply by the depth as in Equation 1.9.
Hydrostatic pressure = Fluid gradient x Depth .................................................. (1.9)
Solution
Fluid gradient for 10.6-lb/gal mud = 0.5506 psi/ft (from Table 4.1, Page 4-2)
Hydrostatic pressure = 0.5506 psi/ft x 12,650 ft = 6,965.09 psi
Problem 13
What is the hydrostatic pressure at 6,000 ft in a well containing 12.5-lb/gal mud?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-63 for the solution.)
Problem 14
A drillstem test has just been run on the well in Problem 13. As equipment is
removed from the hole, the hole is not kept full. The fluid level in the well drops
1,500 ft. What is the hydrostatic pressure at the 6,000-ft depth now?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-63 for the solution.)
Problem 15
The 10,000-ft tubing string in
Figure 1.16 contains 9,000 ft of
15.6-lb/gal cement; the
remainder of the tubing
contains 9.0-lb/gal water.
What is the total hydrostatic
pressure at the bottom of the
tubing?
Work Space
Figure 1.16
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-63 for the solution.)
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-64 for the solution.)
If mud weight is expressed in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3), calculate the fluid
gradient by dividing the mud weight by 144. Then, to obtain hydrostatic
pressure, multiply this fluid gradient by the depth in feet.
When mud weight is given in lb/ft3, use Equation 1.10 to find hydrostatic
pressure.
Hydrostatic pressure = Mud weight in lb/ft³ x Depth in ft ........................ (1.10)
144
Equation 1.11 is another way of calculating hydrostatic pressure:
Hydrostatic pressure = Mud weight in lb/ft³ x 0.006944 x Depth in ft ......... (1.11)
Solution
Hydrostatic Pressure
= Mud weight in lb/ft³ x 0.006944 x Depth in ft .................................. (1.11)
= 72 lb/ft³ x 0.006944 x 6,000 ft = 2,999.808 psi
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-64 for the solution.)
Use Table 4.2, Page 4-3 to eliminate part of Equation 1.11. The numbers in Table
4.2 reflect the mud weight (in lb/ft³) already multiplied by 0.006944 (or divided
by 144) to give the fluid gradient in psi/ft of depth.
To use Table 4.2, find the mud weight in the left-hand column, and read the
fluid gradient in the right column. For example, the fluid gradient for 100-lb/ft³
mud is 0.6944 psi/ft. To translate this psi/ft to hydrostatic pressure, multiply
the fluid gradient by the depth.
Solution
Fluid gradient for 120-lb/ft3 mud = 0.8333 psi/ft (from Table 4.2, Page 4-3)
Hydrostatic pressure = 0.8333 psi/ft x 10,000 ft = 8,333 psi
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-64 for the solution.)
Long Method
Short Method
First, find the difference in the fluid gradients of the two fluids; then multiply
this difference by the length of fluid column changed. Equation 1.13 expresses
this calculation.
Change in hydrostatic pressure = (Fluid 1 gradient - Fluid 2 gradient)
x Length of fluid column changed ...................................................................... (1.13)
Compare the long and the short methods of calculating changes in hydrostatic
pressure by studying the solutions for Example 13 on Page 1-22. Example 14,
Page 1-23, explains how to calculate change in hydrostatic pressure when only
part of the fluid column changes.
Solution
Fluid gradient for 15.6-lb/gal cement
= 0.8104 psi/ft (from Table 4.1, Page 4-2)
Fluid gradient for 10.0-lb/gal brine = 0.5195 psi/ft (from Table 4.1,
Page 4-2)
Length of column changed = 5,000 ft
Change in hydrostatic pressure = (Fluid gradient - Fluid gradient)
x Length of fluid column changed ........................................................ (1.13)
= (0.8104 psi/ft - 0.5195 psi/ft) x 5,000 ft
= 0.2909 psi/ft x 5,000 ft = 1,454.5 psi
Problem 19
What is the change in hydrostatic pressure if a 10,000-ft column of 8.33-lb/gal
fluid is replaced with a 16.0-lb/gal fluid?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-64 for the solution.)
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-64 for the solution.)
Solution
Fluid gradient of fresh
water = 0.433 psi/ft
(from Table 4.1, Page
4-2)
Hydrostatic pressure
= 0.433 psi/ft x 20 ft
= 8.66 psi
Figure 1.17
Figure 1.18
Solution
Fluid gradient for 15.0-lb/gal mud = 0.7792 psi/ft (from Table 4.1, Page 4-2)
Vertical depth = 8,000 ft
Hydrostatic pressure at TD = 0.7792 psi/ft x 8,000 ft = 6,233.6 psi
If the calculation for the solution for Example 16 had been based on total depth
(TD) instead of vertical depth, the hydrostatic pressure would be calculated as
0.7792 psi/ft x 13,500 ft = 10,519.2 psi
The calculation based on TD results in an incorrect and significantly higher
pressure than the calculation based on actual vertical depth.
Figure 1.19
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-64 for the solution.)
Figure 1.20
2. Calculate the length of the cement in the slanted pipe using Equation 1.15.
Length of cement column in slant
= Total cement length - Length of straight hole with cement .............. (1.15)
Solution
When the geometry of the hole is not available, estimate the hydrostatic
pressure by making a schematic as shown in Figure 1.21. Then proceed
with Steps 1 through 6 above.
Figure 1.21
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-65 for the solution.)
Figure 1.22
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-65 for the solution.)
Figure 1.23
• VSS (vertical subsea)—VSS refers to the vertical depth of the well measured
from sea level. Geologists generally use this concept to identify and correlate
formations.
• MSF (measured depth from surface flange)—MSF is the total drilled depth
measured from the surface flange.
• MKB (measured depth from kelly bushing)—Some companies use the kelly
bushing as a reference point. These companies use MKB to abbreviate total
depth measured from the bushing.
Solution
Capacity factor for 3 1/2-in., 9.3-lb/ft tubing = 0.00870 bbl/ft (from the
Halliburton Cementing Tables)
Capacity = Capacity factor x Pipe length............................................. (1.17)
= 0.00870 bbl/ft x 6,000 ft = 52.20 bbl
Problem 24
What is the capacity (bbl) of 10,000 ft of 3 1/2-in., 15.50-lb/ft drillpipe? The
capacity factor for this drillpipe is 0.00658 bbl/ft (from the Halliburton Cementing
Tables).
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-65 for the solution.)
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-65 for the solution.)
NOTE To find capacity factors for drill collars in the field, find the capacity factor for an
open hole or tubing with the same ID in the Halliburton Cementing Tables.
Solution
Fill-up factor for 2 7/8-in., 10.4-lb/ft drillpipe = 222.49 ft/bbl (from the
Halliburton Cementing Tables)
Length of pipe fill-up = Fill-up factor x Volume .................................... (1.21)
Fill-up = 222.49 ft/bbl x 60 bbl = 13,349.4 ft
Problem 26
How many feet of 2 3/ 8-in., 4.7-lb/ft tubing will 50 bbl of oil fill? The fill-up factor
for this tubing is 258.65 ft/bbl (from the Halliburton Cementing Tables).
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-66 for the solution.)
Answer _______________
Answer _______________
Answer _______________
Answer _______________
Answer _______________
F. What is the maximum pump pressure when all the water behind the cement
is in the tubing?
Work Space
Answer _______________
G. What is the maximum pump pressure when the water behind the cement
reaches the tool?
Work Space
Answer _______________
H. What is the maximum pump pressure when the mud behind the cement
reaches the tool (with a full column of mud)?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Pages 1-66 and 1-67 for the solutions to Problem 27, Parts A through H.)
NOTE Equation 1.22 applies only to steel pipe. The mud weight must be expressed in
pounds per gallon.
Solution
WL = (WA) x [1 - (0.01528 x MW)] ...................................................... (1.22)
= 4.70 x [1 - (0.01528 x 12.3)]
= 4.70 x (1 - 0.1879)
= 4.70 x 0.8121 = 3.8167 lb/ft
Solution
In Example 20, the weight of 4.7-lb/ft pipe suspended in 12.3-lb/gal mud
was calculated to be 3.8167 lb/ft. For the 1,000 ft of this tubing, the weight
indicator would show
3.8167 lb/ft x 1,000 ft = 3,816.7 lbâ
NOTE To simplify the above calculations, find the buoyancy factor in a chart such as
Table 4.3, Page 4-4. This method will be explained on Page 1-42.
Problem 28
A. What does 1,700 ft of 3 1/2-in., 15.50-lb/ft drillpipe weigh in 14.7-lb/gal mud?
Work Space
Answer _______________
Answer _______________
(Solutions for Problem 28 are on Page 1-67).
When mud weight is expressed in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3), the weight of
open-ended steel pipe suspended in fluid can be calculated with Equation 1.23.
WL = WA [1 - (0.002045) x (MC)] .......................................................................... (1.23)
where:
WL = weight of pipe suspended in liquid (lb/ft)
WA = weight of pipe in air (lb/ft)
MC = mud weight (lb/ft³)
NOTE Equation 1.23 applies only to steel pipe. Mud weight must be expressed in pounds
per cubic foot.
NOTE Equation 1.24 applies only to aluminum pipe. Mud weight must be expressed in
pounds per gallon.
Buoyancy Factors
Table 4.3, Page 4-4 lists the buoyancy factors for various weights of fluids.
These buoyancy factors are based on calculations for [1 - (0.01528) x (MW)] from
Equation 1.22, Page 1-38. To use Table 4.3, find the mud weight in the left
column, and read the buoyancy factor in the right column.
Table 4.4, Page 4-5 lists buoyancy factors when mud weight is expressed in
lb/ft.³ Buoyancy factors for aluminum drillpipe are not provided because they
are not used often.
You can simplify calculations for steel pipe weight in fluid with Equation 1.25.
Pipe weight in liquid = Buoyancy factor x Pipe weight in air ...................... (1.25)
Solution
Buoyancy factor for 10.2-lb/gal mud = 0.8441 (from Table 4.3, Page 4-4)
Pipe weight in 10.2-lb/gal mud = 0.8441 x 15.50 lb/ft = 13.08355 lb/ft
Pipe weight in liquid = Buoyancy factor x Pipe weight in air................ (1.25)
= 13.08355 lb/ft x 1,500 ft = 19,625.325 lbâ
Alternate Solution
If you use a calculator, you may prefer to make the calculation in one step
as follows.
Indicator reading = Buoyancy factor x Pipe lb/ft x Pipe ft
= 0.8441 x 15.50 lb/ft x 1,500 ft = 19,625.325 lbâ
Problem 29
What does 7,000 ft of 4 1/2-in., 16.60-lb/ft drillpipe weigh in 19.0-lb/gal mud?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-67 for the solution.)
Example 23: How to calculate pipe weight in fluid with the buoyancy-
factor method
Figure 1.24 shows a well filled to 4,000 ft with 8.33-lb/gal water. Then
10,000 ft of 2 3/8-in., 4.7-lb/ft tubing is run in the well. What is the weight-
indicator reading?
Solution
Calculate pipe weight in water:
Buoyancy factor (8.33 lb/gal)
= 0.8727 (from Table 4.3,
Page 4-4)
Pipe weight in liquid
= 0.8727 x 4.7 lb/ft = 4.10169 lb/ft
Pipe length in fluid
= 10,000 ft - 4,000 ft = 6,000 ft
Indicator reading for pipe in liquid
= 6,000 ft x 4.10169 lb/ft
= 24,610.14 lbâ
Calculate pipe weight in air: Figure 1.24
Area/Hydrostatic-Pressure Method
Another way to calculate the weight-indicator reading for pipe in fluid is the
area/hydrostatic-pressure method. The basis for this method is that the upward
(buoyant) force acting on the pipe is equal to the hydrostatic pressure at the
lower end of the tubing that is acting on the area of the pipe-wall thickness.
Pipe-wall thickness equals pipe OD area minus pipe ID area. Subtracting the
buoyant force from the pipe weight in air yields the weight-indicator reading or
string weight.
Solution
Fluid gradient for
12.3-lb/gal mud
= 0.6390 psi/ft (from
Table 4.1, Page 4-2)
Hydrostatic pressure
= 0.6390 psi/ft x 1,000 ft
= 639 psi
Tubing OD area
= 4.430 in.² (from
Table 4.5, Page 4-6)
Tubing ID area Figure 1.25
= 3.126 in.² (from
Table 4.5, Page 4-6)
Effective area = 4.430 in.² - 3.126 in.² = 1.304 in.²
Buoyant force = 1.304 in.² x 639 psi = 833.256 lbá
Pipe weight in air = 4.7 lb/ft x 1,000 ft = 4,700 lbâ
Indicator reading = 4,700 lbâ - 833.256 lbá = 3,866.744 lbâ
Figure 1.26
equal, the downward force from the 3 1/2-in. pipe OD to the 4 1/2-in. pipe ID is
canceled by an equal upward force. The only remaining force is the upward
force from hydrostatic pressure at 1,500 ft across the wall thickness of the 4 1/2-in.
drillpipe.
To calculate the actual string weight in fluid for a mixed string of pipe, follow
these steps:
1. Multiply the fluid’s buoyancy factor by the pipe weight in air (lb/ft) to
obtain the pipe’s weight in liquid.
2. For each size of pipe, multiply the pipe’s weight in liquid by the length of
that size of pipe (ft).
3. Add the weight of each string to obtain the total weight-indicator reading.
Example 25 on Page 1-46 is an application of these calculations.
Solution
Buoyancy factor for 10.0-lb/gal fluid = 0.8472 (from Table 4.3, Page 4-4)
Weight of 3 1/2-in. pipe in fluid = 15.50 lb/ft x 0.8472 = 13.1316 lb/ft
Actual weight of 1,000 ft of 3 1/ 2-in. pipe = 1,000 ft x 13.1316 lb/ft
= 13,131.6 lbâ
Weight of 4 1/2-in. pipe in fluid = 16.60 lb/ft x 0.8472 = 14.06352 lb/ft
Actual weight of 1,500 ft of 4 1/ 2-in. pipe = 1,500 ft x 14.06352 lb/ft
= 21,095.28 lbâ
Indicator reading = 13,131.6 lbâ + 21,095.28 lbâ = 34,226.88 lbâ
Problem 30
If the fluid in the hole is 10 lb/gal, what is the indicator reading for a mixed
string consisting of
• 1,000 ft of 4 1/2-in., 16.60-lb/ft drillpipe on top
• 1,000 ft of 3 1/2-in., 15.50-lb/ft drillpipe in the middle
• 1,000 ft of 2 7/8-in., 10.40-lb/ft drillpipe on bottom?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-68 for the solution.)
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-68 for the solution.)
Solution
Figure 1.29 (Page
1-48) shows the
hydraulic forces
acting on the shoe.
Notice the downward
force from
hydrostatic pressure
acting across the
area from the shoe
OD to the tubing OD.
Note the equal
upward force on the
shoe bottom. These
forces cancel each
other, leaving only
the upward force to
act across the area
from the tubing OD Figure 1.28
to the tubing ID. In
Example 24 on
Page 1-43, this upward force (hydrostatic pressure acting from tubing OD
to tubing ID) was defined as buoyancy; therefore, the shoe will have no
effect on the weight-indicator reading.
Problem 32
Does the 2 1/8-in. OD, 1.0-in ID stinger in Figure 1.30 affect the weight-indicator
reading?
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-68 for the solution.)
Figure 1.30
Solution
Pipe weight in air
= 4.7 lb/ft x 1,000 ft
= 4,700 lbâ
Area tubing OD
= 4.430 in.²
Fluid gradient for
8.33 lb/gal fluid
= 0.433 psi/ft (from
Table 4.1, Page 4-2)
Hydrostatic pressure at
1,000 ft = 0.433 psi/ft x
1,000 ft = 433 psi
Upward force on tubing OD
= 4.430 in.² x 433 psi = Figure 1.31
1,918.19 lbá
â
Indicator reading = 4,700 lbâ - 1,918.19 lbá = 2,781.81 lbâ
Figure 1.32
Solution
Buoyancy factor for fresh
water = 0.8727 (from
Table 4.3, Page 4-4)
Pipe weight in liquid
= 0.8727 x 4.7 lb/ft
= 4.10169 lb/ft
Indicator reading before
pumping = 1,000 ft x
4.10169 lb/ft
= 4,101.69 lbâ
Tubing OD area = 4.430 in.2
(from Table 4.5, Page 4-6)
Figure 1.33
Force = 500 psi x 4.430 in.2
= 2,215 lbá
Indicator reading while pumping = 4,101.69 lbâ - 2,215 lbá
= 1,886.69 lbâ
Answer ______________
Figure 1.34
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-68 for solutions to Parts A and B.)
Solution
Buoyancy factor for 8.33-lb/gal
fluid = 0.8727 (from Table 4.3,
Page 4-4)
Pipe weight in liquid = 4.7 lb/ft
x 0.8727 = 4.10169 lb/ft
Available weight = 4.10169 lb/ft
x 1,000 ft = 4101.69 lbâ
Tubing OD area = 4.430 in.2 (from
Table 4.5, Page 4-6)
Maximum pump pressure
= 4,101.69 lb ÷ 4.430 in.2
= 925.890 psi
Figure 1.35
Problem 34
Figure 1.36 shows 1,000 ft of 4 1/2-in., 16.60-lb/ft of open-ended drillpipe hanging
in fresh water. What is the maximum pump pressure that can be applied without
pumping the drillpipe out of the hole?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-69 for the solution.)
Figure 1.36
Answer _______________
B. How much pressure should be trapped on the casing to hold the cement in
place?
Work Space
Answer _______________
C. How much surface pressure can you apply to tubing containing a full col-
umn of cement without pumping the tubing out of the hole?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(See Page 1-69 for the solutions to Problem 35.)
NOTE The buoyancy-factor method is better when the pipe contains full columns of
heavier fluid. The area/hydrostatic-pressure method is better for pipe containing
partial columns of heavier fluid.
Solution
A. Buoyancy factor for
16.0-lb/gal mud
= 0.7555 (Table 4.3,
Page 4-4 )
Pipe weight in liquid Figure 1.40
= 0.7555 x 4.7 lb/ft =
3.55085 lb/ft
Original weight-indicator reading = 3.55085 lb/ft x 1,000 ft
= 3,550.85 lbâ
Solution for Example 31 continued on Page 1-58
Problem 36
Figure 1.42 illustrates the condi-
tions for a well with 3,000 ft of
3 1/ 2-in., 13.30-lb/ft drillpipe
hanging open-ended in
18.0-lb/gal mud.
Figure 1.42
Answer _______________
Problem 36 continued on Page 1-60
Answer _______________
C. What does the indicator read when the pumps are shut down and the
drillpipe valve is closed?
Work Space
Answer _______________
D. What maximum pressure (total gauge) can be applied to displace acid with-
out pumping the drillpipe out of the hole?
Work Space
Answer _______________
(Solutions to Problem 36 are on Page 1-69.)
NOTE If you use and understand a particular method, always use it, even if it is not
used in this text.
The cement will more than fill the tubing. The amount of cement in the
tubing is
3. Cement column length = 10,000 ft - 2,586.5 ft = 7,413.5 ft
4. Cement hydrostatic pressure = 7,413.5 ft x 0.8312 psi/ft = 6,162.101 psi
5. Total hydrostatic pressure = 1,119.955 psi + 6,162.101 psi = 7,282.0556 psi
6. Maximum pump pressure = 9,000 psi - 7,282.056 psi
= 1,717.944 psi ........................................................................................ Answer