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2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire...
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SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect. 2. Eddy current can change the readings. 1. Th...
1) NCERT textbook class 12 2) NCERT physics lab Manuel 3) INTERNET 4) www.yahoo.com 5) www.scribd.com 6) www.google.com BI...
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24/06/2019 Physics Investigatory Project Class 12
7. 7. As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep )
in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by Ip = E – Ep / Rp E – Ep = Ip Rp When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E Thus back
e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.
8. 8. IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant And Is = value of secondary
current at this instant, then Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and Output power at the same instant = Es Is If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then Input power = output power Or Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
9. 9. IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps
up the current.
10. 10. EFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power. i.e. η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer
is less than one. ENERGY LOSSES Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer: 1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires. 2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
11. 11. 3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2. 4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the
iron core when A.C. is fed to it. 5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer. APPARATUS REQUIRED IRON ROD COPPER WIRE
VOLTMETER AMMETER
12. 12. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PROCEDURE 1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
13. 13. 2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer. 3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively. 4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2. 5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer. 6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in primary
and secondary coil. USES OF TRANSFORMER A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations- In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current. A step up
transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc
14. 14. SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect. 2. Eddy current can change the readings. 1. The output voltage of the
transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage 2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage 3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ PRECAUTIONS 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage. 2. While
taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant. CONCLUSION
15. 15. 1) NCERT textbook class 12 2) NCERT physics lab Manuel 3) INTERNET 4) www.yahoo.com 5) www.scribd.com 6) www.google.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY HELP FROM INTERNET INFORMATION FROM LIBRARY HELP FROM TEACHERS
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