Crude Oil Foundation PDF

TABLE OF CONTENT
Item Description Page
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......…….. 1
2.0 Objective………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 1
3.0 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….….. 1
4.0 Subsurface information……………………………………………………………………………..………………….….. 1
5.0 Load calculation……………………………………………………………………………………………..……….………… 2
5.1 Dead load……………………………………………………………………………………..……..…………….. 2
5.2 Live load……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
5.3 Wind load & seismic load……………………………………………………………………………………. 2
6.0 Foundation system……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 2
6.1 Exploration of deep foundation…………………………………………………………………………… 3
6.2 Finding of the exploration……………………………………………………………………………………. 3
7.0 Determination of pile settlement …………………………………………………………………………………..….. 4
8.0 Design of reinforced concrete ring beam & raft slab……………………………………………………..……. 4
9.0 Installation of pile……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 5
10.0 Construction drawing………………………………………………………………………………………………..………… 5
APPENDIX
Appendix A – subsurface investigation borelog
Appendix B – Typical configuration of tank
Appendix C – Design SPT-N value
Appendix D – Analysis and design of tank loadings, RC ring beam and raft slab
Appendix E – Design of RC pile
Appendix F – Design of Bored pile
Appendix G – Design Spun pile
Appendix G – Analysis and design of concrete ring beam and raft/slab
Appendix H – Pile settlement analysis
Appendix I – Construction drawing

ECG 714 Foundation Engineering
Report on Analysis and Design of Crude Oil Storage Tank Foundation
Report on Tank Foundation Design
1.0 Introduction
A crude oil storage tank is to be constructed in a designated site where the subsoil condition is
described in a given borelog shown in Appendix A. The tank has an internal diameter of 76m with the
height of 21m. The tank is made of heavy duty steel structure with steel plate thickness of 30mm.
Typical configuration of the tank is shown in Appendix B. This write up will briefly presents the design
calculation of the foundation system adopted for the proposed tank.
2.0 Objective
The purpose of this report is to briefly present the basic design procedures adopted for the tank
foundation system and produce construction drawing for tank foundation.
3.0 Methodology
In order to obtain the most effective in terms of safety and economical design options, the following
design procedures must be followed;
1) Available subsurface information must be studied thoroughly in order to determine and predict
the behaviour of ground under imposed load of the proposed tank construction.
2) Expected imposed load is calculated based on the dimension of the tank.
3) Several types of foundation system to support the tank is explored and compared the
suitability in terms on economical, construction wise and performance during service life.
4) Subsequently after the most effective foundation system is selected, predicted pile movement
(pile elastic shortening and settlement) is calculated in order to ensure the total and
differential settlement of the tank is within the acceptable limit.
5) Recommendation on method of installation is given such that the structural integrity of the
foundation is maintained and fully utilised the advantages of the ground.
4.0 Subsurface Information
The only subsurface information provided for the foundation design is only field borelogs. No
geological information was made available. Therefore, the design shall only based on this information
with necessary assumptions were made to supplement the analysis.
Based on the provided borelogs, the subsoil generally consists of silty CLAY to clayey SILTS material.
The SPT-N value of the subsoil is ranging from 6 to 17 up to 9m b.g.l. indicating that the stiffness of
the soils is ranging from very soft to medium soft.
However, after 9m b.g.l. the subsoil has encountered hard layer which shown by consecutively seven
times SPT-N 50 (i.e. termination depth at 18m b.g.l.).
The groundwater table on the other hand is considered not very high whereby the highest reading
recorded during the investigation is approximately about 5m b.g.l.
The SPT-N value has been generalised in order to simplify the determination of pile working capacity
as shown in Appendix C.
5.0 Load Calculation
Normally for real world storage tank design, the load is classified into several types which are dead
load, live load, wind load and seismic load. Typical composition of the storage tank is shown in
Appendix B. Analysis of the load calculation is enclosed in Appendix D.
5.1 Dead Load
1) Selfweight of tank roof and tank shell acting as line load (LL) on the ring beam.
2) Selfweight of tank base, sand bedding, reinforced concrete slab acting as uniform distributed
load (UDL)
5.2 Live load
Either storage fluid (namely Naphtha & Middle Distillates or fuel oil) or water is applied as uniform
distributed load (UDL) over the inner diameter of the concrete raft. The adopted specific gravity (SG)
for the storage fluids are either 0.787 or 1.0. Meanwhile the specific gravity for water is taken as 1.0.
5.3 Wind Load and Seismic Load
Since there is no information provided for the wind load and seismis load, therefore this type of loads
is ignored and only considers the dead and live load for the foundation system analysis and design.
6.0 Foundation System
Typically two types of foundation system are considered namely shallow foundation (i.e. raft
foundation) and deep foundation system (i.e. piled raft foundation). However, shallow foundation
option has been eliminated during the assessment in view of very soft subsoil condition which will
lead to excessive settlement of the storage tank. Even though in certain case study there has been
successful practice shows that floating foundation system is possible, such system in fact require
detail assessment of the ground settlement behaviour using representative consolidation parameters.
Since the information is not available, therefore the option is not considered.
6.1 Exploration of Deep Foundation
Therefore, only deep foundation system is explored during the analysis and design works. There are
several option of deep foundation system depending on subsoil condition and proposed site as listed
below. Determination of allowable pile working capacity is shown in respective appendices.
1) Reinforced Concrete (RC) pile (Appendix E)
2) Bored pile (Appendix F)
3) Spun pile (Appendix G)
6.2 Finding of the Exploration
After carried out the above exercise, the following conclusion has been made;
1) All driven pile (displacement) length is estimated to be terminated at 9m b.g.l. as it was found
that the hard layer is encountered in the subsequent depth. Therefore, all the driven pile (i.e.
reinforced concrete pile, spun pile and etc) shall be terminated at this depth.
2) RC pile allowable working capacity only utilise 26% to 40% of the pile structural capacity. The
percentage of utilisation decrease with the increment of pile size.
3) Therefore, RC pile option is becoming more ineffective with bigger pile size. On the other
hand, smaller pile size provides smaller pile working capacity and hence requires more piles
to be installed. With the limited space under the tank, sufficient pile nos unable to be
provided.
4) In addition, RC pile is known to have more problems during installation in soft soil such as pile
deviation, rotation and tilt due to small confining effect of the soft soil.
5) As for boredpile, design approach normally heading to the direction of trying to fully utilise the
structural capacity. Minimum bored pile size in practice is approximately about 500mm as
smaller size than this is not more economical.
6) Bored pile only considers the contribution of shaft resistance and ignores resistance of the
pile base due to uncertainty of pile base cleaning during construction.
7) The assessment has shown that in order to fully utilise the structural capacity, the pile length
need to be extended from 27m to 73m deep in the ground. As this is not practical for
construction, therefore the option is not preferable.
8) Analysis on spun pile shown that full structural capacity can be achieve in practical range of
pile length. Even though driven spun pile shall also terminated at 9m b.g.l., but with the usage
of pre bore method the issue can be resolve. Furthermore, the method is quite common being
adopted in construction practice in this country.
9) Therefore, it has been decided that spun pile foundation system to be adopted. This pile shall
be pre bored after 9m b.g.l. and driven to set.
10) Adopted pile design is as follows;
a) Type of pile: Spun pile
b) Pile size: 500mm dia
c) Pile length: 17.5m (8.5m pre boring)
d) Pile working load = 1000kN (considering 20% downgrades from 1200kN)
e) Pile test load = 2 x working load = 2000kN
11) Expected pile settlement and elastic shortening shall be discussed in subsequent section.
7.0 Determination of Pile Settlement
In order to estimate pile settlement during the service life of the tank, elastic settlement method based
on Vesic, 1977 recommendation was adopted. Total settlement of the pile has been divided into three
components which are pile elastic settlement of pile, settlement of pile at pile base and settlement of
pile at shaft.
Analysis of the estimation of the total pile settlement is compiled in Appendix H. The estimation
involves several assumptions that have been made to assist the calculation. Based on the calculation,
it has indicated that the total pile settlement is 15.3mm which contributed by pile elastic settlement
(4.15mm), base pile settlement (10.19mm) and pile shaft settlement (0.95mm).
However the estimation is only a guideline and shall not be taken for crucial design purposes. The
actual pile settlement behaviour shall only be determined using pile testing (i.e. static / maintain load
test). The test not only gives pile settlement curve (load vs settlement) but also assist the designer to
determine the total settlement at working load and test load which later on used to verify the earlier
design assumptions during design stage.
It is also recommended to carry out the static load test coupled with sonic logging to determine stress-
strain of the pile at different pile depths respectively.
8.0 Design of Reinforced Concrete Ring Beam and Raft Slab
Reinforced concrete ring beam and raft/slab is constructed below the tank structure to provide rigid
foundation for the tank prior the load is transferred to the piles. Ring beam is designated specifically to
take line load from the tank which also carrying the load from the tank roof.
Sand bedding was introduced to cater for possible differential settlement that might occur during the
service life. This is crucial as excessive deformation might lead to crack of tank body and causing
leakage which is very hazardous. With the sand bed below the tank, it helps the tank to ‘readjust’ the
tank base with the ground deformation.
Ring beam is designed as continuous beam with the pile act like a column supporting the line load
from the ring beam. On the other hand, raft is designed as slab which bending capacity and punching
shear checking is carried out to ensure safety of the tank base. Summary of the analysis and design
of the concrete structure is shown in Appendix D.
9.0 Installation of Pile
Normally spun pile is installed using driven or displacement method. However, since the given
borelogs has indicated hard layer is located 9m b.g.l., then the deepest pile length that can be
achieved is 9m. Based on Appendix G, 9m spun pile length only able to provide and utilise 28% to
38% structural capacity which is economically ineffective.
In order to optimise structural capacity of the spun pile, the pile length need to be increased as
tabulated in the same appendix. This is when pre bore method come into the picture, this method
enable designer to have longer pile length. For example, 250mm dia spun pile only gives 190kN
allowable geotechnical capacity which is only 37% of structural pile capacity. However, by pre boring
to subsequent 8m depth, make up total depth of 17m would enable the pile to fully utilise the
structural capacity.
An issue may need to be considered is the stability of the bored hole prior to pile installation due to
soft 9m thick overburden silty and clayey material. However, this issue can be addressed by realising
that undrained shear strength, s u of the soil is greater than drained or effective strength and therefore
stabilised the bored hole in short term condition. Therefore, it must be noted and put into compulsory
to the engaged contractor to immediately install the spun after pre boring the pile point. No pre boring
is allowed at any time should the contractor is not ready to install the spun pile.
10.0 Construction Drawing
Construction drawing is the language to communicate between engineer and contractor. All
necessary information must be included in the drawing to ensure all the requirements are fulfilled
(Appendix I). The following are some example but not limited to;
1) Pile Layout
2) Spun pile general detail
3) Pile size and total depth
4) Installation method
5) Ring beam and raft/slab dimension, reinforcement and concrete grade
6) Sump pit details
7) Leakage detection details

APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
Typical configuration of Tank

APPENDIX C
Figure 1: Depth Vs SPT-N value
Cohesive soil (N)
0–2 very soft 8 – 15 Stiff
2 – 4 Soft 15 – 30 Very stiff
4 – 8 Medium Stiff > 30 Hard

APPENDIX D
Tank Dimension
Diameter, D inner = 76 m D outer = 76.06 m

Height, H = 21 m
(assume steel thickness at tank shell,
Steel Plate Thickness, t = 30 mm roof and base
is similar)
Unit Weight
Crude oil, o = 9.81 kN/m3 (assume as water density)

Steel, s = 7850 kg/m3 = 76.9819 kN/m3
Sand, sd = 18 kN/m3
Concrete, c = 24 kN/m3
Weight of Crude Oil and Tank
Volume of Oil in the Tank, Vo = ( /4) x ( D2 x H )
Vo = ( /4 ) x 76 x 76 x 21
= 95265.7 m3
Total weight of crude oil (assume as water), Wo = Vt x o

Wo = 95265.7 x 9.81
= 934556 kN
Volume of Tank Shell, Vs = ( /4 ) x ( D outer2 - D inner2 ) x H

( /4 ) x
Vs = ( 76.06 2 - 76 2 ) x 21
= 150.479 m 3
Total weight of tank shell, Ws = Vs x s

Ws = 150.479 x 76.9819
= 11584.1 kN
Volume of Tank Roof, Vr = ( /4 ) x ( D outer2 ) x t

Vr = ( /4 ) x 76.06 2 x 0.03
= 136.309 m 3
Total weight of tank roof, Wr = Vr x s

Wr = 136.309 x 76.9819
= 10493.3 kN
Weight of Tank Base, Wb = ( /4 ) x ( D outer2 ) x t

= 10493.3 kN (Assume similar weight with the roof as it has same dimension)
Additional Loads
Sand Bed thickness, tsd = 750 mm

Raft / Slab thickness, tr = 600 mm
Ring Beam thickness, tb = 750 mm
Width of Ring Beam, Bbm = 600 mm
Volume of Sand Bed, Vsd = ( /4 ) x D inner2 x tsd

Vsd = ( /4 ) x 76 2 x 0.75
= 3402.34 m 3
Weight of Sand Bed, Wsd = sd x Vsd

Wsd = 18 x 3402.34
= 61242.2 kN
Volume of Ring Beam, Vbm =  x ( D inner + ts ) x tb x Bb

Vbm =  x ( 76 + 0.03 ) x 0.75 x 0.6
= 107.485 m 3
Weight of Ring Beam, Wbm = c x Vb

Wbm = 24 x 107.485
= 2579.64 kN
Volume of Raft/Slab, Vrs = ( 4 )x ( D outer2 ) x tr

( /4) x
Vrs = ( 76.06 2 ) x 0.6
= 2726.18 m 3
Weight of Raft/Slab, Wr = c x Vr
Wrs = 24 x 2726.18
= 65428.2 kN
Loadings imposed on the Foundation
Loading imposed on the Tank footing (not including along ring beam), La
La = Wo + Wb + Wsd + Wrs
= 934556 + 10493.3 + 61242.2 + 65428.2
= 1071720 kN
Loading imposed on the Ring Beam, Lbm

Lbm = Ws + Wr + Wbm
= 11584.1 + 10493.3 + 2579.64
= 24657.1 kN
Estimation of Nos of Piles required
Pile Working Capacity, Pw = 1000 kN
Nos of pile beneath the tank = 1072 nos

Nos of pile beneath the ring beam = 25 nos spacing along the ring = perimeter / nos of pile
238.761 m / 25 = 9.6m
Design of Ring Beam Reinforcement
Total load on the ring beam = 24657.1 kN
Perimeter of the ring beam = 238.761 m
Line Load on the ring beam (LL) = 103.271 kN/m
from table 3.5 BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1997
Ultimate Bending Moment in continuous beam
L = effective span length

F = WL
W = Line Load (LL)
Design of reinforcement in middle span (take as 0.09FL conservatively)
Span Length = pile spacing in ring beam

Pile spacing in ring beam = 5 m
Mmax = W x L x L = 103.271 x 5 x 5 x 1.5
Mmax = 3872.66 kNm
k = M/bd2fcu
fcu = 35 N/mm2
bar dia
= 20 mm
cover = 40 mm
steel tensile strength, fy = 460 N/mm2
effective depth, d = 1300 mm
k= 3872.66 x 106 / ( 600 x 1300 2 x 35 )

= 0.10912 no compression reinforcement required
As req = M / 0.95fyz
0.95d = 1235 mm
z = d [ 0.5 + √ (0.25 - k/0.9)]
= 1116.47 mm
therefore adopt z = 1116.47 mm

/ 0.95
= 3872.66 x 460 x 1116.47
= 7937.43 mm2
As min = 0.13%bh
= 0.13% x 600 x 1350
= 1053 mm2
Design As based on = 7937.43 mm2
Bar dia
= 20 mm
Nos of bars = 16
As prov
= 5026.55 mm2 Insufficient reinforcement
Design of Slab/Raft Reinforcement
Pile spacing under the tank,s = 2 m
Pressure imposed on the tank, Pt = Total load on tank / tank area
Pt = 1071720 / 4536.46
= 236.246 kN/m2
Total Load on pile= 236.246 X 2 x2

= 944.983 kN
Bending Moment at pile = 0.063 x 944.983 2 x 0.75 x 1.5 1

= 133.951 kNm
Bending Moment between pile = 0.063 x 944.983 x2 2 x 0.55 x 1.5

= 98.231 kNm
Bottom reinforcement
k = M/bd2fcu
fcu = 35 N/mm2
bar dia
= 20 mm
cover = 40 mm
k= 98.231 x 106 / ( 1000 x 550 2 x 35

0.95d = 522.5 mm
z = d [ 0.5 + √ (0.25 - k/0.9)]
= 544.27 mm
/ 0.95
= 98.231 x 460 x 522.5
= 430.21 mm2
As min = 0.13%bh
= 0.13% x 1000 x 600
= 780 mm2
Design As based on = 780 mm2
Bar dia
= 20 mm
Bar Spacing = 300 mm
As prov 1047.2 mm2 Reinforcement is sufficient
Top reinforcement
k = M/bd2fcu
fcu = 35 N/mm2
bar dia
= 20 mm
cover = 40 mm
k= 133.951 x 106 / ( 1000 x 550 2 x 35

0.95d = 522.5 mm
z = d [ 0.5 + √ (0.25 - k/0.9)]
= 542.156 mm
/ 0.95
= 133.951 x 460 x 522.5
= 586.651 mm2
As min = 0.13%bh
= 0.13% x 1000 x 600
= 780 mm2
Design As based on = 780 mm2
Bar dia
= 20 mm
Bar Spacing = 300 mm
As prov 1047.2 mm2 Reinforcement is sufficient

APPENDIX E
APPENDIX E
Using R.C Square Pile
RC square pile size: (150x150) mm

Length of pile = 9m
Fcu (concrete grade) = 45 N/mm2
Base Area (Ab) = (0.15mx0.15m) =0.0225 m 2
Perimeter of shaft, (Ps) = (4 x 0.15m) = 0.6 m
Structural Capacity/Safe Working Load on Pile
Qsu = 0.25 fcu x Ac

= [0.25 x 45 x 150 x150] / 1000
= 253.125kN
Geotechnical capacity
1) Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity
Qs = (2N x Perimeter of pile x Length of pile)
= [2(7) x0.6x3] + [2(13) x0.6x6]

= 25.2 kPa + 93.6kPa
= 118.8kPa
Qp = (200N x Area of shaft)

= 200(50) x Area of shaft
= 10000 x 0.15 x0.15
= 225kPa
Qult = Qs + Qp
= 118.8kPa + 225kPa
= 343.8kPa
2) Allowable Capacity
Qall = Qsu / S.F + Qbu /S.F or Qall = Qult/2
= 118.8 + 225 = 343.8
2 3 2
= 134.4kN = 171.9kN
So, adopt 134.4kN

Note: (i) F.O.S friction =2, F.O.S end bearing = 3 (partial)
(ii) F.O.S friction =2 (global)

Table Below Shows The Geotechnical Capacity And Structural Capacity Of R.C Square Pile With
Different Size Of Pile.
Diameter (mm) Allowable Allowable Adopted pile Utilisation of

Structural Geotechnical working structural
Capacity (KN) Capacity (kN) capacity capacity
(kN)
150x150 253.13 134.4 100 40%
250x250 703.13 267.73 210 30%
300x300 1012.5 359.4 280 28%
350x350 1378.13 467.73 370 27%
400x400 1800 592.73 470 26%
Note: Adopted 80% downgrade of pile working load.

APPENDIX F
APPENDIX F
Diameter = 500mm, f cu = 35 N/mm2, Length of pile considered = 9m
Structural capacity
Q sc = 0.25 x f cu x Ac
= [0.25 x 35 x (πx5002/4)]/1000
= 1718.06 Kn
Geotechnical Capacity
Qu=Qb+Qs
=Abq+Asf
= A b x 200N + As x 2N
Consider skin resistance up to 9m length below ground level.
Qu = [π 0.5) (3) (2x7)] + [π (0.5) (6) (2x13)]
= 65.97 + 245.04
= 311.02 kN
The base contribution was ignored due to uncertainty of base cleaning. Take factor of safety, F.O.S,
friction = 3, by considering disturbance during installation of the bored pile as a displacement pile.
Q all = [π 0.5) (3) (2x7)]/3 + [π (0.5) (6) (2x13)]/3
= 21.99 + 81.68
= 103.67 kN
Table 1 below shows the geotechnical and structural capacity of bored pile with different size of
diameter up to 9m length.
Table 1
Structural Ultimate Geotechnical Allowable Geotechnical
Diameter(mm) capacity (kN) capacity(kN) capacity(kN)
300 618.50 186.61 62.20
400 1099.56 248.81 82.94
500 1718.06 311.02 103.67
600 2474.00 373.22 124.41
700 3367.39 435.42 145.14
800 4398.23 497.63 165.88
900 5566.51 559.83 186.61
1000 6872.23 622.04 207.35
Shaft length of Bored pile required in hard layer
By equating allowable geotechnical capacity with the structural capacity
0.25 x f cu x Ac = As x 2N
[0.25 x 35 x (πx5002/4)]/1000 = [π 0.5) (3) (2x7)]/3 + [π (0.5) (6) (2x13)]/3 + [π x 0.5 x (2x50)]/3
x = [1718.06 – 21.99 – 81.68] / [33.33π (0.5)]
x = 30.8 m
Hence total length of bored pile required, L = 30.8 + 9 = 39.8m ≈ 40m
Figure 2
Table 2 below shows the shaft length of Bored pile required in hard layer and total length of the pile
with different size of diameter.
Table 2
pile shaft
Structural length in hard Total length of
Diameter(mm) Area (m2) capacity (kN) layer, x(m) bored pile
300 0.0707 618.50 17.7 27
400 0.1257 1099.56 24.3 34
500 0.1963 1718.06 30.8 40
600 0.2827 2474.00 37.4 47
700 0.3848 3367.39 44.0 53
800 0.5027 4398.23 50.5 60
900 0.6362 5566.51 57.1 67
1000 0.7854 6872.23 63.7 73
APPENDIX G
APPENDIX G
Outer diameter = 250 mm, inner diameter = 140 mm, wall thickness = 55, f cu = 60N/mm2
Pile length = 9m
Structural capacity
Q sc = 0.25 x f cu x Ac
= [0.25 x 60 x (π/4x (2502-1402)]/1000
= 505.4 kN
Geotechnical Capacity
Qu=Qb+Qs
=Abq+Asf
= A b x 200N + As x 2N
By assuming that the skin resistance is contributed by outer diameter, hence the ultimate load:
Qu = ([π/4x (0.252-0.142][200x50]) + [π 0.25) (3) (2x7)] + [π (0.25) (6) (2x13)]
= 336.93 + 32.98 + 122.52
= 492.44 kN
Consider partial factor of safety, F.O.S, end bearing = 3, friction = 2
Q all = ([π/4x (0.252-0.142][200x50])/3 + [π 0.25) (3) (2x7)]/2 + [π (0.25) (6) (2x13)]/2
= 112.31 + 16.49 + 61.26
= 190.07 kN
Consider global F.O.S = 2,
Q all = [112.31 x 3 + 16.49 x 2 + 61.6 x 2]/2
= 246.22 kN
Table 3 below shows the capacity of spun pile with different size of diameter.
Table 3
Allowable Allowable Adopted

Utilisation
Outer wall Structural Ultimate Geotechnical Geotechnical pile
of
diameter thickness capacity Geotechnical capacity (kN) capacity(kN) working
Structural
(mm) (mm) (kN) capacity (kN) (partial (global capacity
Capacity (%)
factor) factor) (kN)
250 55 505.4 492.44 190.07 246.22 190.07 38
300 60 678.58 639 244.1 319.5 244.1 36
350 70 923.63 833.46 314.11 416.73 314.11 34
400 80 1206.37 1053.06 392.49 526.53 392.49 33
450 80 1394.87 1209.83 449.93 604.91 449.93 32
500 90 1738.87 1470.27 541.92 735.13 541.92 31
600 100 2356.19 1944.02 710.21 972.01 710.21 30
700 110 3058.34 2474.32 897.34 1237.16 897.34 29
800 120 3845.31 3061.17 1103.33 1530.58 1103.33 29
900 130 4717.1 3704.57 1328.16 1852.28 1328.16 28
1000 140 5673.72 4404.51 1571.84 2202.26 1571.84 28
Note: pile length = 9m, F.O.S (end bearing = 3, friction = 2)
In order to fully utilize the structural capacity, pre-boring method can be carried out to have longer
pile length. For example:
By equating allowable geotechnical capacity with the structural capacity
0.25 x f cu x Ac = As x 2N
[0.25 x 35 x (πx5002/4)]/1000 = ([π/4 x (0.252-0.142][200x50])/3 + [π 0.25) (3) (2x7)]/2

+ [π (0.25) (6) (2x13)]/2 + [π (0.25) (x) (2x50)]/2
x = [505.4 - 112.31 - 16.49 - 61.26] / [50π (0.25)]
x = 8.03 m
Hence total length of spun pile required, L = 8 + 9 = 17m

Table 4 below shows the shaft length of spun pile required in hard layer and total length of the pile with
different size of diameter.
Table 4
total length
Outer inner wall structural pile shaft length of spun
diameter(mm) diameter(mm) thickness(mm) capacity(kN) in hard layer, x(m) pile(m)
250 140 55 505.40 8 17
300 180 60 678.58 9 18
350 210 70 923.63 11 20
400 240 80 1206.37 13 22
450 290 80 1394.87 13 22
500 320 90 1738.87 15 24
600 400 100 2356.19 17 26
700 480 110 3058.34 20 29
800 560 120 3845.31 22 31
900 640 130 4717.10 24 33
1000 720 140 5673.72 26 35
Note: F.O.S (end bearing = 3, friction = 2)
Figure 3
Adopted Pile design
Spun pile diameter = 500 mm (outer), wall thickness = 90 mm

Structural capacity = 1738.87 kN
Allowable Geotechnical capacity at 9m length = 542 kN

In order to utilise full structural capacity additional length to be pre bore = 15 m
Say that allowable geotechnical capacity = 70% structural capacity

Hence, 0.7 x 1738 = 1216 kN ≈ 1200 kN
Additional length to be pre bore = 8.5 m

Total pile length = 9 + 8.5 = 17.5 m
Say 20% downgrade is adopted due to soil disturbance during pre boring
Qall = 1200 (20%)
= 1000 kN (adopted for design)
APPENDIX H
Estimation of Pile Total Settlement, se
In summary, the adopted pile design is spun pile with 500mm outer diameter and 90mm wall thickness (320mm inner diameter) and is
installed until 17.5m into the soil to achieve 1200kN allowable geotechnical capacity. 823kN of the loading is taken by the pile shaft
and the balance of 386kN is taken by the pile base. Soil modulus is taken by empirical correlation of 2000N which the SPTN value is 50.
Pile outer Diameter, D outer = 500 mm

Pile inner Diameter, D inner = 320 mm
D avg = 384 mm
2
Pile concrete grade, fcu = 60 N/mm
SPT-N at base of pile = 50
Average SPT-N at base of pile = 30
Poisson ratio, µs = 0.25
Influence factor, I wp = 0.85
Influence factor, Iws = 4.07 ( 2 + 0.35√(L/D) ) Eq 11.77 (Braja M. Das, 5th Edition)
Load transfer at pile base, Qwp = 386 kN
Load transfer at pile shaft, Qws = 823 kN
skin friction distribution, ξ = 0.6
Total pile length, L= 17.5 m
2
Area of pile Base, Ap = 0.1159 m
Pile perimeter, p = 1.5708 m
Elastic Modulus of pile, Ep = 32000000 kN/m2 (20 + 0.2fcu), kN/mm2 eq 17 BS8110-2:1985
qwp = Qwp / Ap = 3329.7
Modulus Elasticity of soil at pile base, Es = 100000 N/mm2 2000N
Avg Modulus Elasticity of soil at pile base, Es = 60000 N/mm2
se (1) = (Qwp + ξQws) L

Ap x Ep
=( 386 + ( 823 x 0.6 )) x 17.5

0.1159 x 32000000
= 0.0042 m
= 4.15 mm
2
se (2) = qwp . D . (1 - µs ) I wp
Es
2
= 3329.7 x 0.3842 x (1 - 0.25 ) x 0.85
100000
= 0.0102 m
= 10.19 mm
2
se (3) = Qws . D . (1 - µs ) . I ws
p . L . Es
2
= 823 x 0.5 (1 - 0.25 ) . 4.07
1.57 x 17.5 x 60000
= 0.001 m
= 0.95 mm
Total settlement se (t) = se (1) + se (2) + se (3)
= 4.15 + 10.19 + 0.95
= 15.30 mm
APPENDIX I

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Item Description Page

4.0 Subsurface information……………………………………………………………………………..………………….….. 1

5.0 Load calculation……………………………………………………………………………………………..……….………… 2

5.1 Dead load……………………………………………………………………………………..……..…………….. 2

5.2 Live load……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

5.3 Wind load & seismic load……………………………………………………………………………………. 2

6.0 Foundation system……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 2

6.1 Exploration of deep foundation…………………………………………………………………………… 3

6.2 Finding of the exploration……………………………………………………………………………………. 3

7.0 Determination of pile settlement …………………………………………………………………………………..….. 4

8.0 Design of reinforced concrete ring beam & raft slab……………………………………………………..……. 4

9.0 Installation of pile……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 5

10.0 Construction drawing………………………………………………………………………………………………..………… 5

Appendix A – subsurface investigation borelog

Appendix B – Typical configuration of tank

Appendix C – Design SPT-N value

Appendix E – Design of RC pile

Appendix F – Design of Bored pile

Appendix G – Design Spun pile

Appendix G – Analysis and design of concrete ring beam and raft/slab

Appendix H – Pile settlement analysis

Appendix I – Construction drawing

Report on Tank Foundation Design

2) Expected imposed load is calculated based on the dimension of the tank.

4.0 Subsurface Information

5.0 Load Calculation

5.1 Dead Load

5.2 Live load

5.3 Wind Load and Seismic Load

6.0 Foundation System

6.1 Exploration of Deep Foundation

1) Reinforced Concrete (RC) pile (Appendix E)

2) Bored pile (Appendix F)

3) Spun pile (Appendix G)

6.2 Finding of the Exploration

10) Adopted pile design is as follows;

a) Type of pile: Spun pile

b) Pile size: 500mm dia

c) Pile length: 17.5m (8.5m pre boring)

d) Pile working load = 1000kN (considering 20% downgrades from 1200kN)

e) Pile test load = 2 x working load = 2000kN

7.0 Determination of Pile Settlement

8.0 Design of Reinforced Concrete Ring Beam and Raft Slab

9.0 Installation of Pile

10.0 Construction Drawing

2) Spun pile general detail

3) Pile size and total depth

5) Ring beam and raft/slab dimension, reinforcement and concrete grade

6) Sump pit details

7) Leakage detection details

Typical configuration of Tank

Figure 1: Depth Vs SPT-N value

Cohesive soil (N)

0–2 very soft 8 – 15 Stiff

2 – 4 Soft 15 – 30 Very stiff

4 – 8 Medium Stiff > 30 Hard

Diameter, D inner = 76 m D outer = 76.06 m

Crude oil, o = 9.81 kN/m3 (assume as water density)

Weight of Crude Oil and Tank

Volume of Oil in the Tank, Vo = ( /4) x ( D2 x H )

Total weight of crude oil (assume as water), Wo = Vt x o

Volume of Tank Shell, Vs = ( /4 ) x ( D outer2 - D inner2 ) x H