person to see how this person might

LESSON 2: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF behave or respond in a given situation.

o This stage is significant for the
SOCIOLOGY (about self)
development of self because child widens
Sociology – one of the discipline of soc sci which aims to his perspective and realizes that he is not
discover the ways by which the social surroundings alone and that there are others around
influences people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior. him whose presence he has to consider.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD 3. The Game Stage

o 8-9 years old
➢ Born on Feb 1863 o Child begins to consider several tasks and
➢ In Massachusetts, USA various types of relationships
➢ Graduated and though grade school at Oberlin simultaneously.
College. o See not only his perspective but also the
➢ 1887, enrolled at Harvard University for perspective of people around him.
Philosophy and psychology. o The child has the ability to respond not
➢ Published many articles and book review but just to one but to several members of his
never published his own book social environment
➢ Students compiled his works and published it
Stage Existence of Characteristics
➢ Died of heart failure in 1931 Self
Mead’s Social Self Preparatory None Imitates
another
➢ Social Behaviorism- used to describe the power of Play Developing Role-taking
the environment in shaping human behavior. Game-stage Present Generalized
➢ Self as a ‘dimension of personality that is made- other
up of the individual’s self-awareness and self- STAGES OF SELF FORMATION
image.
➢ Self cannot be separated from the society.
Explained through the sets of stages a person MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SELF
undergoes his development.
o The self is not present at birth but begins as a
1. The Preparatory Stage.
central character in a child’s world.
o Children’s behavior based on ‘Imitation’.
o Children see themselves as the center of their
o Children imitate the behavior of those
‘universe’ and is having difficulty understanding
around them.
others around them.
o Children become familiar with symbols
o But upon growing, they will begin to see other
(verbal and non-verbal) as they grow up.
peple and now concerned about people’s
o Symbols = bases of communication (it is
reactions.
important to know because it will
o Family (people around them) will play a major
constitute their way of communication
role in the formation of self
with others throughout their life.
o Significant others
2. The Play Stage
Person’s capacity to see the self through others
o Children begin to role play and pretend to
implies that the self is composed of 2 parts.
be other people.
o Role-taking = is the process of mentally I self – self function as a subject
assuming the perspective of another E.g. I will go on a date.
 Me self – the self functions as an object
E.g. Students around school voted for me.
o Formation of self is not the end of the process of
socialization.
o Socialization continues for as long as the person is
alive.
o The self may change based on life circumstances
(e.g. death of loved one, disease/disability may
reshape self)
OTHER SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
UNDERSTANDING SELF
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929)
➢ American sociologist
➢ Made use of sociopsychological approach
to understand how societies work.
➢ Earned his doctorate at University of
Michigan and became a sociology professor
➢ HUMAN NATURE AND THE SOCIAL
ORDER(1902) – his written work that dicussed
the formation of self thru interaction
➢ People learn who they are through social
interaction
➢ Looking-glass self or the self that is a product
of social interaction.
➢ Process of developing a self has 3 phases
1. People imagine how they present
themselves to others.
e.g. You dress up elegantly for the prom
2. People imagine how others evaluate
them
e.g. Others will see you as courteous and
well-bred
3. People develop some sort of feeling
about themselves as a result of those
impressions.
e.g. You may see yourself as confident or
you'll
ø lollipop, meanwrongs there’s a
possibility that people develop self-
identities based on the wrong perception
of how others see them.
➢ Wrong s can still change based on positive social
experiences.
ERVING GOFFMAN (1922- 1982)
➢ Canadian-American sociologist
➢ Known for his role in the development of Modern
American Sociology
➢ PRESENTATION OF THE SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE
(WRITTEN WORK)
Discussed how he observed that people early in
their social interactions learned to slant their
presentation of themselves in order to create
preferred appearances and satisfy particular
people. (process of altering known as Impression
Management)
➢ Everyday interactions, sees similarities of real
social interaction to a theatrical presentation.
➢ dramaturgical approach
➢ face-work (top describe other aspect of self)
face-saving measures are resorted to in the
maintenance of proper image of self from
frustrating or embarrassing situations.
LESSON 3: THE SELF FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology is a field of the soc sci that focuses on
the study of man. Refers to totality of what it means
to be human. The field that looks into man’s
physical/biological characteristics, his social
relatinships and influences of his culture.
4 subfields of anthropology (LABC)
Archaeology
Biological Anthropology
Linguistics
Cultural Anthropology
Humans are similar and different at the same time
(e.g. both need food and shelter but have different
ways to acquire them)
THE FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Archaelogy
 ● Archeologist – a scientist who study artifacts
(tools and objects past people have made)
- focus is the past and how it may contributed to
the present way of living.
● Man’s big brain allowed them to prolong their
existence. Enabled them to think and be
resourceful. (e.g tools and weapons)
● Archaeological data – suggest that in many places
around the world, the homo sapiens did not
become instinct instead they adapted and gained
dominance over all of earth’s creatures.
● Most important aspect of human nature:
SURVIVAL
● Human beings are similar but they choose to
survive varies. Others uses power and strength
while others use knowledge, services, resources
and lives to ensure deserving human beings
would survive.
Biological Anthropology
➢ Biological anthropologists focus on how the
human body adapts to the different earth
environments.
- They look at the probable causes of disease,
physical mutation and death. Also want to
know how humans might have evolved from
their early forms.
- Do comparative studies on humans both dead
and living and other primates.
➢ Explaining how the biological characteristics of
humans affect how they lived their lives.
➢ Humans have more similarities than differences
➢ Human beings at present still share the same
biological strengths and vulnerabilities.
E.g. Positive: Epidemic, probable a cure to one is a
cure for everyone. However, it’s not applicable for
every time.
Negative: (e.g. Lethal for one, lethal for everyone)
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
➢ Human survival is linked to their ability to
communicate
➢ Essential part of human communication is
language.
➢ Language identifies a group of people (cause it’s
the reflection of a group’s culture)
➢ Linguistic Anthropologist – scientist that wants to
discover how language is used to create and share
meanings, to form ideas and concepts and to
promote social change.
- Also study how language and modes of
communication change over time.
➢ Tower of Babel (alternate view of how language
originated)
➢ English – Universal Language
➢ Other forms of languages evolved that represent
the sub-culture of a particular group. (e.g. LGBT
language and social media terms)
➢ Language adapts to the exisiting conditions in the
society.
➢ Language is dynamic
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
● Culture – a group of people’s way of life.
It includes behaviors, beliefs, values, and
symbols that they accept (unconsciously) but
pass through generation
● Cultural Anthropologist are interested in
knowing what makes one group’s manner of
living to that group and forms an essential
part of the members’ personal and social
identity.
● Individual is a product of his culture.
● “Theory of Cultural Determinism”
- Human nature is determined by the kind of
culture he is born into and grew up in.
- No wrong or right way of being human ( no
universal standard)
- Positive implication, this theory suggest that
humans can be shaped/formed to have the
kind of life they prefer.
- Negative, people have no control over what
they learn. They blindly accept the learning
their culture exposed them to.
● Cultural diversities – manifested in
different ways and levels of depth.
● Symbols (Most superficial level of culture)
● Values (core of culture)
● The ff. are the ways in which culture may
manifest itself in people.
1. Symbols – words,gestures,pictures or objects
that have a accepted meaning in a particular
culture. It can be shared or copied by other
culture.
2. Heroes – are persons from the past or present
who have characteristics that are important in
a culture. May be real or fictitious
E. g. Jose Rizal, Spiderman
3. Rituals- are activities(may be religious or
social).
E.g. weddings and baptisms, birthdays and
graduations
4. Values – involve human
tendencies/preferences towards gpod or bad,
right or wrong.
E.g. respect for elders, hospitality and
nationalism.