LITERATURE SURVEY

Meenakshi Vidya et.al..[1] proposed the leakage detection and real time gas monitoring system. In this
system, the gas leakage is detected and controlled by means of exhaust fan. The level of LPG in cylinder
is also continuously monitored. K.Padmapriya et.al..[2] proposed the design of wireless LPG monitoring
system. In this project, the user is alerted about the gas leakage through SMS and the power supply is
turned off. Selvapriya et.al..[3] proposed the system in which the leakage is detected by the gas sensor
and produce the results in the audio and visual forms. It provides a design approach on software as well
as hardware. L.K.Hema et.al..[4] proposed the smart sensor technology. In this flexible reliable smart gas
detection system is developed. In this, the leakage is detected and controlled by using exhaust fan. B. D.
Jolhe et.al.. [5] proposed the system in which two sensors are used for detecting the gas leakage and for
monitoring the level of gas in the cylinder respectively. Ashish Shrivastava [6] et.al... proposed the
system in which two types of gases namely LPG and CNG are detected for home safety as well for
vehicles. R.Padmapriya [7] et.al... proposed the system which ARM7 processor and simulates using keil
software to alert the user by sending SMS. V.Ramya [8] et.al... proposed the system that uses two
different sensors for detecting the leakage and requires resetting manually after every situation.
A.Mahalingam [9] et.al... proposed the system to meet UK occupational health and safety standards and
also it alerts the user by SMS. M.B.Frish [10] et.al... proposed the system that uses trace sensing
technology and also detects the leakage.

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4556/bf4925ff59212ec1e796acd9cb5cb6271929.pdf

Product Description
GDIR-1000L SF6 Gas Infrared Imaging Leak Detector is a highly technical instrument which is
independently developed by our company and has independent intellectual property rights. It is
specially used to directly observe the leakage of SF6 gas equipment in the operation of the electric
power industry. Adopts infrared imaging principle and unique image processing algorithm, to ensure
test sensitivity and reducibility of the instrument. Simple and reliable operation, high test sensitivity,
the image is intuitionistic and clear, able to find the SF6 gas leakage point of the electrical equipment
accurately and quickly.

Features
 Infrared imaging detection, visualization;
 Fast Start-up, no need to warm up, and 10 seconds can be put into detection;
 No need for active infrared light source enhancement, wide test interface;
 SF6 gas leak points can be observed on the detector imaging surface;
 Non-contact detection mode to ensure the personal safety of field workers;

Specifications
Detector Type Uncooled vanadium oxide focal plane

Spectrum band 10.3µm-10.7µm

Frame rate 25Hz

Resolution 320*240

Total pixels 76800

Thermal Sensitivity <15 mK @ +30°C (+86°F)

NETD 40mk(F/1)

Lens 50mm F/1

Measurement sensitivity 0.001mL/s

≤5W@25℃
Power consumption

Power supply DC 7.2V

Battery working time ≥5 hours

Start-up time 10s

Storage & videotape Solid state hard disk

Video output Digital video output

Communication mode USB interface

Working temperature -40℃ ~ +50℃

Storage temperature -55℃ ~ +70℃

Weight 3 kg (including battery)

Software Analysis and report

Zoom 1 – 8× continuous digital

Focus Auto & Manual

Color LCD 7”
 Adjustable Viewfinder Tiltable OLED, 1080P

Video Camera w/Lamp 3.2 MP

Laser Spot Yes

Delta T Yes

http://www.hvhipot.com/product/228.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIx5TNqcPi5AIVjHZgCh1QBw0aEAAYAiA
AEgIP9vD_BwE&fbclid=IwAR2TKYfNI6Pg7IwMMbXrabGTNm7B_8Z0YerZ7jdnsH3Gkkg_9QeP_5AwBKs

A wireless safety device for gas leakage detection is proposed. The device is intended for use in
household safety where appliances and heaters that use natural gas and liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
may be a source of risk. The system also can be used for other applications in the industry or plants
that depend on LPG and natural gas in their operations. The system design consists of two main
modules: the detection and transmission module, and the receiving module. The detection and
transmitting module detects the change of gas concentration using a special sensing circuit built for
this purpose. This module checks if a change in concentration of gas(es) has exceeded a certain
pre-determined threshold. If the sensor detects a change in gas concentration, it activates and
audiovisual alarm and sends a signal to the receiver module. The receiver module acts as a mobile
alarm device to allow the mobility within the house premises. The system was tested using LPG and
the alarm was activated as a result of change in concentration.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251997610_A_wireless_home_safety_gas_leakage_detectio
n_system

LITERATURE SURVEY

1.5 Literature Survey To work against the dangerous effects of gas leakage, significant efforts was
carried out in manipulative and miniaturizing the gas leak sighting technique. The occurrences of gas
leak-related incidents are studied by several researchers and have published statistical data incidents. In
2012, Somov et al [11] reported “Energy-Aware Gas Sensing Using Wireless Sensor Networks” focusing
on a sensor node, a relay node, a wireless actuator and a network coordinator. The network coordinator
is the main unit of the WSN. It supports the network operation by wireless communication based on the
IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the ZigBee specifications. The network coordinator is also responsible for
alerting a network operator or an emergency service using the Ethernet network or sending a SMS using
a GSM/GPRS modem. In fact, upon receiving the alert message from the sensor node, the network
coordinator can perform the first counter action by deactivating the source of gas emission via the
wireless actuator [11]. In 2011, Bhattacharjee et al [12] designed a system entitled “Design and
Development of a Flexible Reliable Smart Gas Detection System”. The system composed of three
modules; the base station, wireless sensor array and an intelligent wireless alarm unit, which offers high
reliability, flexibility and uninterrupted sensing. These are achieved by incorporating various intelligent
protocols like auto sensor calibration, sensor handover, wireless threshold fixation and intelligent alarm
mechanism. The sensor node consists of three gas sensors, one temperature sensor and one pyro-
electric infrared sensor (PIR) which enhances the sensing intelligence. The sensed data are digitized and
processed by the peripheral interface controller (PIC) 16f877A based centralized embedded 8 platform
and wireless communication is achieved with a pair of 433 and 315 MHz amplitude shift keying (ASK)
wireless module. The encoding and decoding of sensed data offer a high secured gas detection system
[12]. Ya et al [13] pointed out an “Intelligent Residential Security Alarm and Remote Control System
Based on Single Chip Computer”. Their work focused on the intelligent residential burglar alarm,
emergency alarm, fire alarm, toxic gas leakage remote automatic sound alarm and remote control
system, which is based on 89c51 single chip computer. The system can perform an automatic alarm,
which calls the police hotline number automatically. It can also be a voice alarm and shows alarm
occurred address. This intelligent security system can be used to control the electrical power remotely
through telephone [13]. Peijiang and Xuehhua [14] developed a system namely “Design and
Implementation of Remote Monitoring System Based on GSM”, which has focused on the wireless
monitoring system; a remote monitoring system based on SMS through GSM. The hardware and
software architectures of the system are designed. In this system, the remote signal is transmitted
through GSM network. The system includes mainly two parts; the monitoring centre and the remote
monitoring station. The monitoring centre consists of a computer and a TC35 communication module
for GSM. The computer and the TC35 are interfaced by RS232. The remote monitoring station consists
of a TC35 communication module for GSM, a MSP430F149 MCU, a display unit, sensors and a data
gathering and processing unit. The software for the monitoring center and the remote monitoring
station were designed using Visual Basic [14]. A low cost automotive localization system using GPS and
GSM-SMS services was proposed by Lita et al [15]. It is concerning “A New Approach of Automatic
Localization System Using GPS and GSM/GPRS Transmission”, which provides the position of the vehicle
on the driver’s or owner’s mobile phone as a short message (SMS).The system can be interconnected
with the car alarm 9 system that alerts the owner, on his mobile phone, about the events that occurs
with his car when it is parked. The system is composed by a GPS receiver, a microcontroller and a GSM
phone. In addition, the system can be settled for acquiring and transmitting the information, whenever
requested about automobiles status and alerts the user about the vehicle’s started engine. The system
can be used as a low cost solution for automobiles position localizing as well as in car tracking system
applications [15].Investigation on vehicle cabin air quality monitoring system with metal oxide
semiconductor gas sensor was the breakthrough in this field by Galatsis et al[16]. Herein, commercially
available gas sensors are compared with the fabricated M0O3 based sensors. The sensor has a response
of 74% or higher relative to the host commercial sensor tested [16]. The same authors have also
contributed to the added vehicle safety through a vehicle cabin air quality monitor using carbon
monoxide (CO) and oxygen (02) gas sensors system designed, developed and on-road tested [17]. The
continuous monitoring of oxygen and carbon monoxide provides added vehicle safety as alarm could be
set off when dangerous gas concentrations are reached, preventing driver fatigue, drowsiness and
exhaust gas suicides. CO concentrations of 30 ppm and oxygen levels lower than 19.5% were
experienced whilst driving. A “GSM Based Gas leakage Detection System” by Srivastava and
Prabhukar[18] provides a cost effective and highly accurate system, which not only detects the gas
leakage but also alert and turn off the mains power and gas supplies and sends a SMS. Rammaya and
Palaniappen [19] reported an “Embedded System for Hazardous Gas Detection and Alerting”. The
alerting of gas leakage is through buzzer and SMS. A“WSN based Smart System for Detection of LPG and
Combustible Gases” has been proposed by Hema et al [20],which identifies potentially hazardous gas
leak within an area by means of various sensors based electronic systems. These systems also employ an
audible alarm to alert the people whenever a dangerous gas is detected. These gas 10 detection systems
are of immense use because they can be used to detect a wide range of combustible, flammable and
toxic gases which have hazardous effects on human health [20]. ”Design Implementation of an Economic
Gas Leakage Detector” by Mahalingam et al provided a cost effective audio-visual solution for LPG
leakage detection in homes and commercial premises and audibly alert the users in case of a hazardous
situation and provide warning signals (beeps)

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Gas Alarm Systems An automatic gas alarm system is designed to detect the
unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. [2] In
general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both.
[5]. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event
of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon
emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire.
2.2 Parts of a Fire Alarm System Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 Volt
Alternating Current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a
branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch circuits"
should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.
Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage
batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a
primary power failure. GAS SENSOR TIMER AUDIO ALERT UNIT (BUZZER) VISUAL ALERT UNIT (LEDs)
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 135 – No.7, February 2016 31
Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually
or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices pull stations, heat detectors, or gas detectors.
Heat and gas detectors have different categories of both kinds. Some categories are beam,
photoelectrical, aspiration, and duct. Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from
the fire alarm system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to
take action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light, electromechanical
horn, "beeper horn", chime, bell, speaker, or a combination of these devices. Building Safety Interfaces:
This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment and to prepare
the building for fire, and to control the spread of gas fumes and fire by influencing air movement,
lighting, process control, human transport and exit. [13] Microcontrollers are designed for small or
dedicated applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such
as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines,
appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a
separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to
digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common,
integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. [14]

2.3 Embedded Design A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor,
memory and peripherals and can be used with an embedded system. (Only the software needs be
added). The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as
automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called embedded
systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for
memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and
output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, LEDs, small or custom LCD displays, radio frequency
devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. [6] .Embedded systems
usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a personal
computer, and may lack human interaction device. [1] .The amount and type of detectors and the type
of fire alarm system that one chooses for property protection will depend on the owner‟s property
protection goals, the value of the property and the requirements of the owner‟s insurance company.
Generally, heat detection will be used in all areas that are not considered high value. Here again, one of
the most common mistakes in fire alarm system application is to provide partial protection of a building
and expect high performance from the installed systems of any kind . [5] Figure 2: A typical Fire Alarm
System (Source: [1]).

2.4 Review of Related Works [15] developed a system to counter the problems of gas accidents in coal
mines and family safety from gas usage through the use of a new infrared detection optics principle. The
infrared optics gas detection was high in detection accuracy, long range service life. It the system
allowed the passage of infrared signal to the gas intended for measurement while its molecules will
absorb the light energy. The absorption relationship followed Lamber-Beer law. In the year 2014, [12]
stated that an efficient and smooth working controller is needed to continuously sense both leakage and
level of the gas. And also fast response is required when leakage is found and the monitoring system
must provide additional leakage information which can be used in further processing. The detection
system includes Arduino duemilanove, microcontroller board compatible with ATmega328p. coupled
with the system is the weight sensor, LCD display, GSM and DC motor. [4] designed and implemented a
GSM-Based Remote Monitoring System. The paper focused on wireless monitoring because the wireless
remote monitoring system has a wider application. The hardware and software architecture of the
system was designed where the remote signal is transmitted through GSM network. The system has two
parts: the monitoring center and the remote monitoring station. The monitoring center consists of a
computer and a TC35 communication module for GSM. The computer and the TC35 are connected by
RS232. The remote monitoring station consist of a TC35 communication module for GSM, an
MSP430F149 MCU, a display unit, sensors and a data gathering and processing unit. The software for
the monitoring center and the remote monitoring station were designed using VB. A review of gas leak
detection techniques was done by [9] with a classification of leak detection methods in a gas pipeline to
monitor the integrity of a pipeline. In terms of mode of operation, [12] settled for the use an Arduino
board, which is quite expensive and bulky. [10] used microcontroller (PIC16F877), which in turn is a soft
real time system. It is said that “A hard real time system should always respond to an event within the
deadline or else the system fails and endangers human lives but in soft real time system, International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 135 – No.7, February 2016 32 failing to meet
the deadline produces false output and does endanger the human lives.”