CHAPTER 1: THE SETTING Lack of Iniative- explained by filipino’s fear of

competition.
THE PEOPLE -filipinos are cooperative, not competitive.
- the segurista attitude of Filipinos.
-A Filipino is basically a Malay.

Curious- tainted with sympathy.

COMMON TRAITS
-filipinos are solicitous. They offer unsolicited
Hospitality- makes life worth living for you.
help.
Close family ties-father is the head of the
Individualistic
family.
-the mother governs.
Jealousy- A Filipino requires complete faith and
-the grandparents’ opinions and decisions are
loyalty of his wife or sweetheart. YUN OHHH!
the most sought.
XD <3
-the tyranny of the elders has remained
-blood is required to wash his stain of honor.
basically the same.

Regionalistic- lalo na kapag political situations.

Respect for elders- the filipino parent exercise
-Tagalogs are the least, if, all, regionalistic.
almost absolute powers.
-Thye Filipino region looks down upon his
-the elders believe and demand that they must
countryman of another region.
be obeyed- whether right or wrong.
-influenced by the “divide and conquer” of
-Yours is the knowledge, theirs is the wisdom.
Spain.
-the closeness of the family ties, the collective
responsibility, accounts for late development of
Pakikisama- most discussed trait.
Filipino nationalism.
-nagbago na ang meaning as time pass by.
-mabuting pakikisama= stealing at government.
Fatalistic- he believes that whatever happens
-masamang pakikisama= too honest.
to him is a work of fate.
-“bahala na”
REGIONAL TRAITS
- such fatalism has bred in Filipino a sense of
resignation.
- Poor isolated regions are frugal and
-bahala na attitude prevents him from being a
industrious.
crackpot.
- More opulent areas are known for their
careless abandon and love for finer things.
Loyalty- ostracism is the lightest punishment
that can be meted out to a person who
Ilocano- also called as Samtoy.
betrayed his friend.
-adventurous, industrious, hardy, patient,
frugal.
Sensitive- the “Anglo Saxon” frankness is
-carves fortune and most of his time
something the Filipino seldom appreciates.
succeeds.
-He would not tolerate anyone berating his
- not born humorist. Serious.
countryman.
-epic type sa writings.
-elephantine.
Indolent- Rizal explained this as a result of the
-most regionalistic.
tropical climate.
-also because of abundance of Nature.
Tagalog- feeling superior
 -ethics are strict, pride is fierce.
-strongest tendency to live with his parents
even after marriage.
-lyrical in writing.
- a dreamer.
Bicolano- calm temper and is religious.
Visayan- happy go lucky.
-spendthrift.
-afflicted with wanderlust.
-hedonist.
-more in music.
Muslim- fiercest lover of freedom.
CHAPTER 2: BEFORE THE CONQUEST
- Philippines was part of mainland China daw
nung Pleistocene or Ice Age.
- Dr Fritjof Voss: Philippines was never a
mainland of Asia but it rose from the
bottom of the sea.
- H. Otley Beyer- Malays migrated to the
Phils.
- Landa Jocano- fossil evidences are found in
Phils. Tabon cave in Palawan etc..
- Mudum founded Islam in Malaysia.
- Serif Kabungsuan spreaded Islam in
Mindanao. First sultan of Mindanao.
- Orang Dampuan, or the Men form Champa,
established trading posts in Sulu,resulting to
flourishing trade between Sulu and
Southern Annam.
- Ming emperor Yung Lo sent a large fleet
consisting of more than sixty vessels under
command of Admiral Cheng Ho.
- The Ten Bornean Datus, reached Panay,
which was inhabited by Atis, to buy land
where their families could settle peacefully.
- The Alleged Code of Kalantiyaw- by thirrd
chief of Panay, Datu Kalantiyaw.
- China influences Filipino life were mainly
economic.
- Indian influences were mainly reflected on
Philippine languages.
Chapter 3 - EARLY CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
[CULTURE CLOSE TO MALAYS]
CLOTHING
- Male – KANGGAN – upper, black or blue collarless
jacket w/ short sleeves. BAHAG – strip of cloth;
thighs and legs exposed. PUTONG – cloth wrapped
around the head.
- Woman – BARO/CAMISA – jacket with sleeves. SAYA
– by the Tagalogs. PATADYONG – by the Visayas.
TAPIS – cloth wrapped around the waist.
ORNAMENTS – Bracelets, rings, earrings, leglets, gold
ornaments, and tatoos.
Pintados – the Visayans or ‘tattooed people’ called
by the early Spanish writers
HOUSES
Barrio House = Ancient House (made of wood, bamboo
and nipa-palm leaves)
- Ilongots , Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos – houses
on tree tops
- Bajaos (Sea Gypsies of Sulu) – houses on boats
SOCIAL CLASSES
3 Classes of the Philippine Society:
1. Nobles – cheifs and their families, tremendous
influence. In the Taglog region they are are called
GAT of LAKAN.
2. Mahadlika/Freeman – dependents who earned
freedom.
3. Alipin/Dependents – acquired his status by
inheritance, captivity in war, failing to pay his
debts, by purchase, or by commiting crime.
ALIPING NAMAMAHAY – has own family and
house, helps his master.
ALIPING SAGIGILID – no property of his own, lived
with his master, cannot marry without master’s
consent.
VISAYANS: TUMATABAN (work when told so)
TUMARAMPUK (one day work) AYUEY (three-day
work)
 POSITION OF WOMEN
- Right to be equal of men, own and inherit property,
engage in trade and industry, chief of a barangay in
the absence of a male heir, right to give names to
their children.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
- No strict custom; courtship, marriage ceremony, and
wedding festival
- BIGAY-KAYA or dowry, land, gold or dependents
- PANGHIMUYAT payment for the mother’s nocturnal
efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
- BIGAY-SUSO girl’s wet nurse who fed her during her
infancy with her own milk.
- HIMARAW reimbursement for the amount spend in
feeding the girl during her infancy; for the parents
- SAMBON bribe to be given to the girl’s relatives;
from the Zamblas
- PAMUMULUNGAN/ PAMAMALAE courtship
immediately before the marriage
(Muslim customs are a bit similar pp.38-39)
- PEGKAWIG wedding festival; six days of festivity;
seventh night is when the groom spends the night
with his bride
- HADJI or judge that reads instructions to the couple
MIXED MARRIAGES
- If a couple belonged to different classes, they would
divide their children in so far as social status was
concerned
INHERITANCE and SUCCESSION
- The legitimate children automatically inherits the
property of their parents.
- Property was divided among the children (favoritism
may occur)
- The first son of a barangay chiefcaptain can succeed
his father, if he died without leaving an heir the
second son will follow.
- In absence of any male heir , the eldest daughter will
became chiefcaptain.
GOVERNMENT
- BARANGAY (Malay word balangay or boat)
- Ruled by a chieftain (executive, legislator, judge and
supreme commander in time of war)
- Consisted from 30-100 families
- BUWIS or tributes paid to the chieftain; crops
- SANGDUGUAN/blood compact, a treaty of friendship
and alliance; “blood-brothers”
- VENGEANCE motive power that drove the men of
the barangays to cut each other’s throat.
LAWS
- Customary laws handed down orally from
generation to another and consisted the bulk of the
laws of the barangay
- Written laws made by the chieftain and his elders;
Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim Laws
- Major crimes punishable by death or heavy fine
- Minor crimes punished by exposure to ants, small
fine, flogging, cutting fingers, swimming for a
number of hours
HOW A LAW WAS MADE
- ELDERS the ones who approve of the chieftains
decisions; the jury
- UMALOHOKAN or public announcer; announcer of
new rules and regulations; carries a bell to call
attention
JUDICIAL PROCESS
- Trials were held publicly and decisions were
rendered promptly
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
- Taking out a stone by dipping ones hand in a vessel
with boiling water; refuse=guilty; most scalded
hand=guilty
- Lighted candles; fire out=guilty
- Plunge into the river or lake with lances; came to the
surface first=guilty
- Chewing of uncooked rice and then spitting it out;
thick saliva=guilty
IFUGAOS
- BULTONG/wrestling ordeal; loser=guilty
- ALAW/combat;loser=guilty
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
- Immortality of the soul and life after death
- BATHALANG MAYKAPAL a ranking deity
- BATHALA equivalent of the Spanish DIOS; creator of
the earth and man
 Deities:
Idiyanale - agriculture
Sidapa – death
Balangaw – rainbow
Mandarangan – war
Agni – fire
Magwayen – other world
Lalahon – harvest
Siginarugan – hell
Diyan Masalanta – love
- Importance of the relationship between man and
the object of Nature
- Anitos or saints (Tagalog); diwata (Visayan)
- Baylana or Katalona priests or priestesses
BURIAL
- MOROTAL mourning for a woman
- MAGLAHI mourning for a man
- LARAW mourning for a dead chief
- SIPA or fasting; limited nutrition of vegetables
- BALATA or avenging the death of a relative from an
act of foul play or battle
- PASIYAM the ninth night after the death of a person
- TIBAWAN a play in honor of the dead
- TIBAW the play so staged
DIVINATION and MAGIC CHARMS
- Interpreted signs in Nature
Beings:
- PANGATAUHAN tells the fortune of anybody who
cared to know beforehand what the days ahead
had in store for him
- ASUWANG or poltergeist (European)
- MANGKUKULAM pricking an image of a man in any
part of the anatomy
- MANGGAGAWAY brings harm to anybody he
wanted to destroy
- TIYANAK sucking blood from unborn babies
- TIKBALANG misleads travelers by shifting its own
form
Charms:
Anting-anting/agimat – insured against dangers
Gayuma – makes a man lovable to all the ladies
Odom/Tagabulag(Tagalog) – makes a Bicolano
invisible
Wiga(Visayan)/Sagabe(Tagalog) – walk in a
storm or swim in a river without getting wet
Tagahupa – the unfortunate drinker will be a
vassal to the man with the magic potion
ECONOMIC LIFE
- AGRICULTURE is the main source of livelihood
- Land cultivation: Kaingin and Tillage
- Foreign trade with China, Japan, Siam,
Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and other
islands of the old Malaysia.
- Barter System was used
- Prices in terms of gold or metal gongs
Chapter 4 – PRE-COLONIAL CULTURE
LANGUAGES
- 8 major languages; Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan,
Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and Magindanao
SYSTEM OF WRITING
- TAGALOG has four qualities of the four greatest
languages of the world; Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
and Spanish.
- Ancients wrote on the bark of trees, on leaves
and bamboo tubes, using their knives, daggers,
pointed sticks or iron as pens
LITERATURE
- Floating or oral literature and written literature.
- Examples: sabi, sawikain, bugtong, suliranin and
indulanin, talindaw, diyuma,
kumintang,tagumpay,hiliraw,uyayi and hele
MUSIC and DANCE
- Filipinos are born musicians, for they easily
learn tunes by ear
- KUDYAPI small guitar; symbol of poetry
- Numerous musical instruments, songs, and
dances around the country
(pp.62-64)
ART
 - First glimpse of artistic sense are through tools
and weapons
- Zizag designs on combs, rough jewalries or
weapons before now smoothened,
embroidered garments
- Basketry, weaving, metal work, wood carving,
wood painting, multi-colored paintings by the
Lanao Muslims
-
Chapter 5 – UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN
GOSPEL – spreading of the Catholic religion
GOLD – economic ideals, riches, spices, minerals
GLORY- to be known throughout the world; strong
country, more territories
Maritime discovery of the Philippines, (1) by
Portugal (2) by Spain
EAST MEETS WEST
- Food more palatable; search for spices: pepper,
cinnamon, cloves,nutmeg and ginger
- Black pepper (very expensive) = buy land, pay
taxes, liberate a city, pay dowries
- The POPE, only known power in European
relations
LUISTANIAN-HISPANIC RIVALRY IN MARITIME
DISCOVERIES
- PORTUGAL was the first country to use
innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding with
the eastablishment by HENRY ‘THE NAVIGATOR’
of the first navigational school in the globe at
SAGRES POINT in 1419
- Paolo Toscanelli a Florentine mapmaker
- Christopher Columbus wanted to discover
westward sea route to India; his voyage
generated misapprehension and dispute
between Spain and Portugal.
- King John (OF Portugal) protested that
Columbus’ voyage was an incursion by Spain oh
his sphere of influence
- Pope Alexander VI mediated between Spain and
Portugal
- INTER CAETERA and EXIMIAE DEVOTIONIS
giving Spain the right over any lands newly-
discovered by Columbus equivalent to the
Portuguese territories; the Portuguese did not
agree and worked on its revision.
THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION(1518-1521)
- RUY FALEIRO a brilliant cosmographer that
egged to serve Spain as he was then not in the
good graces of Lisbon court
- FERDINAND MAGELLAN received royal
instruction to sail directly to the Maluku and to
bring back a cargo of the priceless spices; five
antiquated shipes and with a crew of 235 men
- MARCH 17, 1521 Magellan reached the
Philippines
- APRIL 1521 Magellan was defeated and killed in
battle in a dispute between Lapulapu and Zula,
the chieftans of Mactan
- VICTORIA the only ship that completed the
voyage back to Spain in 1522, led by JUAN
SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; 18 Europeans and 4
Malays survived
MALUKU and the PHILIPPINES
- Three Spanish expeditions that followed
Magellan’s; Saavedra (1527), Villalobos(1541-
46), Legazpi(1564)
- Seven ships, with a crew of 450 under the joint
command of GARCIA JOFRE DE LOAISA and
JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; the two
commanders died and was replaced by
HERNANDO DE LA TORRE
- ALONSO DE SAAVEDRA CERON, squadron of 3
ships and 150 men; search for any survivors of
the Magellan, Loaisa, and Cabot(1526)
TREATY OF ZARAGOZA(1529)
- Lack of proper geographical knowleadge
- King Charles V ceded his alleged rights to
Maluku to John III of Portugal for 350,000
ducats.
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION(1542-1546)
- RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS, 6 ships and 370
men
- Naming of Tandaya of Kandaya (LEYTE) in 1543
as LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of then crownprince
Philip II, by BERNANRDO DE LA TORRE,
commander of the ship San Juan de Letran
LEGAZPI-URDANETA EXPEDITION(1564)
- Feb 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reached
Cebu and contracted blood compacts with Si
Katunaw ans Si Gala at Bohol.
- VILLA DE SAN MIGUEL, later changed to CIUDAD
DEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS, after the
discovered SANTO NINO OF CEBU became the
first Spanish town established in the
Archipelago.
THE SPANISH INDIO
- it was very easy for Legazpi to accomplish an
almost bloodless conquest of the Philippines
considering its physical and human geography
- with the permanent colonization by Legazpi, the
indios lost the freedom they earlier enjoyed
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
- 1565-1821, the Philippines was a captaincy-
general administered by the Spanish king
through the viceroyalty of Nueva
Espana(Mexico)
- Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y
Supremo Consejo de las Indias) governed all
Spanish possesions
- The King is the paramount lawmaker and
administrator over-seeing the colonies of the
Spanish empire.
- The King is guided by laws compiled in 1681
- Diff. levels of administration: Central or
National, Provincial, City, Municipal, and Barrio
levels
- Intramuros, seat of power in Manila
- GOBERNADOR-GENERAL commander-in-chief of
the army and the navy; president of the Real
Audiencia (Supreme Court - highest judicial
body); power over ecclesiastical appointments
in the church; supervise mission work; salary
P40,000 per annum
- ALCALDE MAYOR for the pacified provinces;
corregimientos were headed by corregidores;
executive, military and judicial powers; engaging
in trade; only a SPANIARD
- Villas were governed by the AYUNTAMIENTO
RESIDENCIA AND VISITA
- RESIDENCIA the judicial review of a
residenciado conducted at the end of his term
of office, supervised publicly by a juez de
residencia; if guilty of misconduct= fines,
dismissed from office, expelled from colony, or a
combination of all
- VISITA specific visita, an investigation of a single
official or a province; general visita, an
investigation of the whole viceroyalty (Mexico
or Philippines)
FILIPINO BUREAUCRATS
- Gobrnadorcillo headed the pueblo or municipio
- GOBERNADORCILLO the highest government
position a Filipino could attain during the
Spanish regime.
- CABEZA DE BARANGAY tax and contributions
collector for the gobernadorcillo.
THE AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
- ANTI-FRIAR DEMONSTRATION by DOROTEO
CORTES
- FRAILOCRACIA/FRIAROCRACY friars or monastic
orders ruled supreme
- Filipinos against the church, its ECONOMIC ROLE
AS LANDOWNERS, the Dominicans,
Augustinians, and the Recollects
CHAPTER 6: Institutional Impact of Spanish
Rule
Fr. Juan de Plasencia
-presented the reduccion(resettlement) plan, a device to
make the Filipinos law-abiding citizens and into little
brown Spaniards
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:
mediquillos
-Filipinos who had medical experience but no title
bandala
-from the word mandala (a round stack of rice stalks to
be threshed)
-annual enforced sale or requisitioning of goods.
buwis (tribute)
-may be paid in cash or in kind, partly or wholly, as
palay or tobacco, chickens, textiles, or even wax and
special regional produce, depending on the area of the
country
Polo y servicio
-forced labor among Filipino or Chinese mestizos
ranging from 16 to 60 years old, for forty days until
1884, when labor was reduced to fifteen days.
Negative effects:
1. Upsetting of the village economy because labor drafts
usually coincided with the planting and harvesting
seasons.
2. Forced separation from the family and relocation to
the Philippines.
3. Decimation of the male population
Encomienda
-from the word encomendar, to entrust
-a grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious
Spaniard to exercise control over a specific place
including its inhabitants.
Encomendero
-granted the right of imposing tribute according to the
limit and kind set by higher authorities
TWO KINDS OF ENCOMIENDA
1. Royal or crown
-lands reserved for the crown and included the principal
towns and ports
2. Private
-were granted to individuals who were either the King's
proteges or men who served with merit during the
conquest and pacification campaigns
The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
-trade between Manila and Acapulco, reaching as far as
Callao in Peru.
-a trip lasted 200 days, the return voyage taking 70 days
Damaging effects:
1. the neglect of native extractive industries like
agriculture
2. arrest of population growth
Royal Philippine Company
-created by Charles III
-has a 25-year charter for the main purpose of uniting
American and Asian commerce
Compana de los Tranvias de Filipinas
-established in Manila in 1885 by Jacobo Zobel de
Zangroniz and Adolfo Bayo
provided street car service lines
Puente Colgante
-the first suspension bridge in the Far East designed by
Gustave Eiffel
EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION:
College of the Immaculate Concepcion
- now ADMU, founded by Jesuits
Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo Rosario
-now UST, converted into a Dominican University
College of San Juan de Letran
-originally founded as the Seminario de Ninos
Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo for orphaned
Spanish children
-considered as the oldest secondary school in the
Philippines
first boarding schools for Spanish girls:
1. Colegio Santa Potenciana
2. Colegio Santa Isabel - oldest school for girls in the
archipelago
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION:
Governor Narciso Claveria
-decreed the adoption of Hispanic names
-obligated Filipinos to adopt surnames based on
compiled names of saints etc.
La Funeraria -said woman or child could easily change the enemies
- first funeral parlor established by Carlos March in into clay
Manila
Francisco Dagohoy
CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION: -led the longest revolt in Phil. history
Doctrina Christiana -cabeza de barangay of Bohol
-first published book, 1593
Fr. Gaspar Morales
Francisco Tello -refused to give Sagarino, Dagohoy's brother, a Christian
instructed by the Crown that in order to make reduccion burial
successful, the Filipinos should be taught Castillian and
the friars should learn the language of the Indians Sagarino
-brother of Dahohoy, his rotten corpse was exposed for
Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay three days in front of Inabangan church
-first Filipino engraver
**RELIGIOUS MOTIVES**
Juan de los Santos
-sculpted the baroque altar of San Agustin Church Miguel Lanab, Francisco Rivera, Ermano Apolinario de
la Cruz, Muslims and Igorots
Franciscan friars
-most zealous in utilizing music in Christianization Miguel Lanab and Alabanan
-Christianized Isnegs
-revolted by beheading Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia
CHAPTER 7 : FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO and Bro. Onofre Palao
(Fr. Garcia was cut into pieces and was thrown into pigs)
**Personal Motives**
Lakandula and Soliman Tapar
-last of the Manila chieftains -a newly Christianized babaylan
-revolted against Lavezares, who sequestered their -proclaimed himself God Almighty and went about in
landed properties and even tolerated the encomendero's the garb of a woman
abuse and oppression of their people
Francisco Rivera
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas - a visionary who appropriated for himself the title of
-led by the kin related datus of Manila and towns of Papa Rey
Bulacan and Pampanga, under Agustin de Legazpi, son
of Lakandula and his first cousin, Martin Pangan Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz
-founded the Confradia de San Jose
Antonio Susabao and Amarlahagi
-divulged the plot led by Agustin de Legazpi to the Ermano Pule
Spanish authorities -founded the confradia centering around the cults of San
Francisco and the famous brown image Our Lady of
Tamblot (of Bohol) Peace and Good Voyage of Antipolo
-employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving
people to abandon Christianity and return to their former **RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED
beliefs INSTITUTIONS**
-cut a bamboo with a small knife and wine allegedly
gushed forth, even rice emerged Magalat
-chief in Tugegarao, revolted against illicit tribute
Bankaw collection
-datu of Limasawa
-apostasized in his old age Gen Luis Magtangaga
-chief of Malaueg, led the Itawis and Gaddangs to rise
Pagali up in arms
-a babaylan who helped Bankaw build an appropriate
temple to the diwata and pressed six towns to rise up in Juan Caragay
arms -led a revolt in Pangasinan
Juan de la Cruz Palaris
-spearheaded a rebellion against Joaquin de
Gamboa( alcalde mayor, Pangasinan)
Diego Silang
-opposed the exaction of comun(annual tribute of one
real fuente)
**PEASANT UNREST**
Maginoos of Silang
- disputed land surveys which usurped a large portion of
the communal lands in Latag and Lantic
Joseph de la Vega, Francisco Santos de Medina, Ignacio
Marvelo, Julio Lopez de Montoya, Andres Pulido,
Francisco Gonzales
-principales of Silang, assaulted the controversial
hacienda and razed granaries
Casimiro Camerino
-unjustly labeled El Tulisan by the Spaniards
**THE MORO RESISTANCE**
Moro raids
-in retaliation for Spanish acts of reducing Moro captives
to slavery and razing their homes
**FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS**
Reasons for the failure
-insular make-up of the Philippines
-no lingua franca
**FILIPINO NATIONALISM:DECELERATORS**
-Philippines was called Las Islas Filipinas
-The term Filipinos only applied to insulares, Spaniards
born in the Phil.
Divide and Rule Policy
-
**ACCELERATORS**
•The Philippines in World Commerce
*Manila proper and the suburban areas developed by
leaps and bounds with the official and permanent
opening of the port to international trade.
Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II
-first Phil. bank to issue the first paper money
•Rise of the Clase Media
*The Clase Media rose from the economic boom derived
from expanded agriculture and commerce embarked on
by the rising native entrepreneurs
principalia
-an elite social group composed of gobernadorcillos and
minor native bureaucrats
•European Liberalism
John Locke
-wrote Two Treatises on Govt
-posited that social contract between the King, who did
not exercise absolute powers, and his subjects, means
that if the king failed to do his duty and did not respond
to natural rights, his subjects had the rights to overthrow
him.
Jacques Rousseau
-re echoed the same in The Social Contract
-if a govt didnt satisfy subjects, they have all the reason
to alter the govtto whatever they thought best
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre
-abolished press espionage and proclaimed freedom of
speech
-led a group of elites in a toast of liberty
•Racial Discrimination
Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante
-opined that Filipino could never learn the Spanish
language or be civilized
-indio will always be an indio...
Francisco Canamaque
-hated Filipino laziness and incapacity
Pablo Feced
-described rural folks as carabao herd
Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin
-quoted that God created the indios with the rattan
•Regular-Secular Conflicts
Fr. Jose Burgos
Francisco Baluyot
-first known indio priest
•La Algarada Cavitena
*there was an unreasonable deduction in the Cavite
arsenal workers' measly wages caused by the imposition
of new tribute ordered by Izquierdo
*they revolted as other workers lost their lost exemption
privileges from tributes and polo y servicios personales
*believed to have stemmed from the worker's strike of
the Cavite arsenal

GOMBURZA
-accused as agitators of the Spanish movement
Archbishop Meliton Martinez
-refused to defrock Gomburza
Rafael de Izquierdo
- said "I shall govern with a cross on one hand and a
sword in the other
CHAPTER 8
The Campaign for Reforms
Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain.
Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines. They
were also called Filipinos.
Indios – the name given to the Filipinos by the
Spaniards.
Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin – the indios were
called Filipinos during his regime.
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre – the
governor whom the Filipino middle class found as
an ally.
July 12, 1869 – the Filipino middle class went to
Gov. Gen. De la Torre’s residence.
Assimilation – thez transformation of the
Philippines to a province of Spain and making the
Filipinos fellow-Spaniards.
Graciano Lopez Jaena – the Great Orator. He
was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec. 17, 1856. His
parents are: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena.
He died because of tuberculosis on Jan. 20, 1896 in
Barcelona.
Fray Botod – one of the works of Lopez Jaena that
deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of
a friar.
Botod (fat) – Hiligaynon word for big-bellied man.
The tagalog equivalent of Botyok.
La Solidaridad – the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in
Spain. It was the newspaper founded by the Filipino
reformists in 1889 to promote interests of the
Philippines and the Filipinos. Financer: Pablo
Rianzares; Editor: Graciano Lopez Jaena.
Discursos y Articulos Varios - a book where
Lopez Jaena compiled his speeches and articles.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar – the Great Reformist and
Political Analyst. He is the political analyst of the
Filipino colony in Spain. He was born in Kupang,
Bulakan, Bulakan on Aug. 30, 1850. His parents
are: Julian H. Del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaitan. He
died on July 4, 1896.
Marciana del Pilar – Marcelo’s first cousin whom
he married.
Diariong Tagalog – the nationalistic newspaper
founded by Del Pilar in 1882.
Caingat Cayo – one of the pamphlets issued by the
Spanish friar, Jose Rodriguez stating that Rizal is an
enemy of the holy Catholic religion.
Parodied works of Del Pilar: Dasalan at Toksohan,
a parody of the Prayer Book; Amain Namin, a
prody of “Our Father” and; Ten Commandments
of the Friars.
The additional aims of the Sol during Del Pilar’s
editorship: The removal of the friars and the
secularization of the parishes; Active participation
in the affairs of the government; Freedom of
speech, of the press, and of assembly; A wider
social and political freedom; Equality before the
law; Assimilation, and; Representation in the
Spanish Cortes.
Jose Rizal – was born in Calamba, Laguna on June
19, 1861. His parents are: Francisco Mercado and
Teodora Alonzo. He died on Dec. 30, 1896.
Sa Aking Kabata – a tagalog poem allegedly said
to be written by Rizal at the age of eight.
A la Juventud Filipina – written by Rizal at
eighteen, won the first prize in a literary contest.
Noli Me Tangere – is a socio-historical novel of
Rizal based on facts that he gathered while he was
in the Philippines which he finished at the age of
26.
El Filibusterismo – Rizal’s second novel, a
political novel in which he predicted the coming of
a revolution.
Feb. 15, 1889 – the first number of La Solidaridad
came out in Barcelona. First editor: Graciano
Lopez Jaena succeeded by Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
Pen Names: Jose Rizal – Dimas Alang and Laong
Laan; Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang, Naning,
Kalipulako; Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog; Marcelo
H. Del Pilar – Plaridel; Jose Ma. Panganiban –
Jomapa.
Hispano – Filipino Association – a society
composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who banded
together thier resources and efforts in the campaign
to have thier voices heard in the Peninsular
Government.
Miguel Morayta – was the elected President of the
Hispano – Filipino Assocation.
3 Sections of the Hispano – Filipino Association:
Political Section – under Marcelo H. Del Pilar;
Literary Section – under Mariano Ponce; Sports
Section – under Tomas Arejola
La Propaganda – a civil society established
simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in
the Philippines.
La Liga Filipina – a civic society founded by Rizal
on July 3, 1892. Officers: President – Ambrosio
Salvador; Fiscal – Agustin de la Rosa; Treasurer –
Bonifacio Arevalo and; Secretary – Deodato
Arellano
CHAPTER 9
Bonifacio and the Katipunan
Katipunan – Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. It was formed
on July 7, 1892 at a house on Azcarraga, near
Elcano Street, Tondo.
Triangle Method – a recruitment technique used
by the Katipunan in order for the society to increase
in number.
3 Governing Bodies: Kataastaasang Sanggunian
– the highest governing body of the society and was
composed of the president, fiscal, treasurer and
comptroller or interventor; Sangguniang Bayan –
represents the province; Sangguniang Balangay –
represents the municipality or town.
Sangguniang Hukuman – a sort of a court where
judicial matters affecting the member of the society
were referred.
3 Grades of the Society: Katipon – wore black
hood. Password: Anak ng Bayan; Kawal – wore
green hood. Password: Gom-Bur-Za; Bayani –
wore red mask and sash with green borders.
Password: Rizal.
Katipunan Codes – a system of writing made by
Bonifacio to maintain the secrets of their society’s
communications.
Andres Bonifacio – the founder and organizer of
the Katipunan. He was born in Tondo, Manila on
Nov. 30, 1863. His parents are: Santiago Bonifacio
and Catalina de Castro.
Siblings of Bonifacio: Ciriaco, Procopio,
Espiridiona, Troadio and Maxima
Monica – Andres Bonifacio’s first wife who died of
leprosy.
Gregoria De Jesus – second wife of Bonifacio
whom he met in Kalookan. She was initiated in the
Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan and was called
the Lakambini of the Katipunan.
Emilio Jacinto – the Brains of the Katipunan. He  Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos – Katipuneros
was born in Tondo on Dec. 15, 1875. His parents employed in the Maestranza (arsenal); ordered
by Bonifacio to steal rifles and pistols from the
are: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. He joined
arsenal so as to increase the weapons of the
the Katipunan at the age of 18, making the youngest Katipunan. However, the quantity of such
member of all. He studied at San Juan de Letran weapons was still insufficient to start a
College then in University of Santo Tomas. He is revolution.
the editor of the Kalayaan newspaper.  The increase in the number of the Katipunan
affiliates, while advantageous to Bonifacio, was
Kalayaan – the Katipunan society’s newspaper. in a way a disadvantage: The new members
were impatience, and in their impatience they
Kartilla – written by Emilio Jacinto, a primer to met nightly, arousing the suspicion of the
indoctrinate the members of the society. It consists authorities.
 Rumors about the secret meetings circulated
of 13 teachings.
which the friars used to force then governor-
general Blanco to act in order to prevent the
uprising. However, Blanco was not sympathetic
Chapter 10 THE REVOLUTION: THE FIRST PHASE
and refused to take any action.
 Father Mariano Gil, disgusted over the
 Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to
governor’s attitude, next ran to the military
go to Dapitan in June 1896 to know Rizal’s
governor of Manila, Gen. Echaluce, and
opinion on the necessity of rising in arms
revealed what he knew about the Katipunan.
against the Spaniards.
 Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño – had
 The revolution might break out prematurely
a misunderstanding. Patiño took revenge on
because of the impatience of the masses.
dela Cruz by telling thea secrets of the society
 Rizal was not against the revolution in itself,
to his sister Honoria.
but pointed out that a revolution without
 August 19, 1896 Patiño exposed the society to
sufficient arms should not be started against
Fr. Mariano Gil
an armed nation.
 Proofs were found in the premises of the
 The first Cuban revolution against Spain failed
printing shop of Diario de Manila (lithographic
because of lack of arms.
stone used to print the receipts, dagger and
 Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy
the rules of the society along with other
Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the
pertinent documents were found in the locker
society (Katipunan) to ensure the success of the
of Policarpio Turla)
revolution. (To have unity among all classes of
 Following the discovery of the Katipunan were
Filipinos)
mass arrests of Filipino suspects—prominent
 Further suggested Antonio Luna be appointed
men, even those who were innocent, were
to direct all military operations against the
thrown into jail and convicted of illegal
Spaniards
association.
 Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of winning
 The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the
over the wealthy Filipinos to the Katipunan
Katipunan. In order to force them into joining
side; Rizal failed to give a solution to this
the society, Bonifacio had some Katipuneros
problem.
forge the wealthy Filipinos’ signatures on some
 Kongo – Japanese warship on which Admiral
documents, making it seem like they were in
Kanimura was on board
sympathy with the principles of the society.
 Jose Moritaro Tagawa – Japanese employee of
Instead being forced to join, the wealthy
a Japanese bazaar through whom contacts were
Filipinos denied any knowledge of the society
made to Kanimura
but were still implicated since the authorities
 Bonifacio led the Katipunan committee to seek
simply refused to believe them.
the aid of Admiral Kanimura in the struggle for
 “Cry of Balintawak” – August 23, 1986,
national liberation. However, the admiral
Pugadlawin Katipuneros tore their cedulas
refused to commit his country to the
 Melchora Aquino “Tandang Sora” – Mother of
revolutionary plans of the society.
the Katipunan
 Reign of Terror – Gov-gen. Ramon Blanco
issued a decree on August 30 declaring the
provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija in
a state of war and placing them under martial
law. Those who were accused of treachery and
were against the government would be handed
over to the military court or trial unless they
surrendered within 48hrs. Taking advantage of
this particular provision, some Katipuneros
surrendered but were immediately forced to
confess what they knew about the society and
its members. Torture was employed to make
them squeal. Hundreds were arrested and
jailed. Some were even massacred. More often,
the suspects were simply shot without any trial.
 Katipunan’s 2 factions: Magdalo (headed by
Baldomero Aguinaldo at Kawit) and Magdiwang
(headed by Mariano Alvarez at Noveleta)
 Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Gen. Aguirre’s
troops in Imus and was afterwards recognized
hero of the hour. From then on the Caviteños
called him General Miong, not Capitan Miong.
 The successive defeats of the Spaniards led the
friars to agitate against Gov-Gen. Blanco.
 Blanco was finally relieved as governor by the
brutal Gen. Camilo de Polavieja on Dec. 13,
1896
 Polavieja began his campaigns in Cavite and
 Acta de Tejeros – document stating the
partially succeeded in driving away the rebels
from several places. His order to massacre the
civilians led Bonifacio to issue a proclamation
denouncing the Spanish brutality. The
 Naik Military Agreement – another document
Spaniards captured the territory they had lost
until about 1/3 of Cavite fell into their hands.
 Magdalo vs. Magdiwang: On Dec31, an
assembly was held to determine whether the
Katipunan should be superseded by another
form of government.
o Magdalo: with the outbreak of the
revolution the Katipunan has ceased to
be a secret society and should,
 Aguinaldo, realizing the significance of
therefore, be superseded by one or
more in keeping with the demands of
the period.
o Magdiwang: the Katipunan should
remain the gov’t of the revolutionists
 Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were found
because it already had a constitution
and by-laws recognized by all.
The conflict was not resolved.
 Tejeros Convention – Magdalo and Magdiwang
factions met to solve their internal problem.
Bonifacio, as chairman, reminded the
convention before the election that whoever
should get elected to any position should be
respected. This proposal was approved and the
election got underway. Elected were:
1) Emilio Aguinaldo (President)
2) Mariano Trias (Vice-President)
3) Artemio Ricarte (Captain General)
4) Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director of
War)
5) Andres Bonifacio (Directory of the
Interior)
Daniel Tirona (Magdalo), when Bonifacio was
being proclamated, declared that the position
of Director of Interior should not be given to
him as it was not proper that a person without
a lawyer’s diploma should occupy it, and
insisted that it should be given to Jose del
Rosario instead, a lawyer. Bonifacio, feeling
insulted, demanded Tirona to retract what he
said, but Tirona merely disappeared from the
scene. Tirona was almost shot by Bonifacio if
not for Ricarte who held Bonifacio’s arm.
Bonifacio, as President of the Supreme Council
of the Katipunan, declared the assembly
dissolved and annulled the results of the
meeting.
reasons why Bonifacio and his men, convinced
that the election held was invalid, could not
accept the results of the Tejeros Convention.
drawn by Bonifacio and his men in which they
resolved to establish a government
independent of, and separate from, that
established at Tejeros; posed a potential
danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it
meant a definite split in the ranks of the
revolutionists and almost certain defeat in the
face of a united and well-armed enemy.
Bonifacio’s intentions through the Naik Military
Agreement, ordered the arrest of the Bonifacio
brothers. Col. Agapito Bonzon was dispatched
to effect the arrest.
guilty of treason despite the evidence being
insufficient to prove their alleged guilt. The
Council of War decided to have the brothers
executed, but Aguinaldo commuted the death
sentence to banishment. Under pressure from
Bonifacio’s haters, however, Aguinaldo
 withdrew his order and the original decision of
the Council of War stood.
 May 10 – The brothers were executed at Mt.
Tala
 Polavieja, tired of the endless battles, asked
for his relief as gov-gen. and was replaced by
Fernando Primo de Rivera.
 Primo de Rivera issued a decree granting
pardon to those who, up to May 17, would give
up their arms and surrender to the government.
Most Filipinos ignored this decree. He then
issued another decree in the hopes of winning
over the Filipinos to his policy of attraction. A
few took advantage of his decree, while the
rest continued their resistance against the
enemy.
 Biyak-na-Bato Republic – republican
government established by Aguinaldo at Biyak-
na-bato
 The provisional constitution of the Biyak-na-
bato Republic was prepared by Felix Ferrer and
Isabelo Artacho, who copied almost word-for-
word the Cuban constitution of Jimaguayu
 Truce of Biyak-na-Bato –Pedro Paterno served
as mediator between Spaniards and Filipinos to
stop the conflict. He negotiated with Aguinaldo
and Primo de Rivera. The truce provided:
1) that Aguinaldo and his companions
would go into voluntary exile abroad
2) that Primo de Rivera would pay the
sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3
installments: (a) P400,000 to Aguinaldo
upon his departure from Biyak-na-bato,
(b) P200,000 when the arms
surrendered by the revolutionists
exceeded 700, and (c) the remaining
P200,000 when the Te Deum was sung
and general amnesty proclaimed by the
governor;
3) that Primo de Rivera would pay the
additional sum of P900,000 to the
families of the non-combatant Filipinos
who suffered during the armed conflict
To make sure the Spanish authorities were
sincere, the revolutionists demanded that 2
Spanish generals were to remain at Biyak-
na-Bato as hostages and another, Col.
Miguel Primo de Rivera, the governor’s
nephew, to accompany the exiles to Hong
Kong. Primo de Rivera agreed. Aguinaldo
went to Hong Kong with his men and Pedro
and Maximo Paterno, and thus received
P400,000.
 The truce failed because of suspicions among
the two parties. Some Filipino leaders refused
to surrender their arms. The Spanish
authorities, on the other hand, did not trust
the Filipinos. The consequence of this mutual
suspicion was the resurgence of the revolution.
CHAPTER 11 THE REVOLUTION: SECOND PHASE
 Gen. Basilio Augustin succeeded Primo de
Rivera, which was unfortunate, for he was
ignorant of the actual conditions in the
Philippines. Immediately upon his assumption
of office, he announced that he would continue
Primo de Rivera’s work of pacification.
 The Spanish-American relations were turning
for the worse. Spain wanted to avoid getting
into conflict with US, which was a rising
powerful nation.
 Reasons for Spanish-American War:
1) Cuban Revolution – US sided with the
Cuban rebels due to economic interests
in the island.
2) Dupuy de Lome’s letter to his friend in
Havana calling then President William
McKinley a weakling and a low
politician was stolen and published in a
New York periodical, rousing the anger
of the American public.
3) Blowing up of American warship
Maine at Havana Harbor (Feb. 15,
1898)
 Theodore Roosevelt Sr. wanted war between
Spain and US to break out in order to expand
the navy; conceived the idea of attacking
Manila in the event that war should break out
between Spain and US
 Commodore George Dewey – instructed by
Roosevelt to take offensive action against the
Spanish flotilla based in Manila in case of a war
with Spain
 Admiral Patricio Montojo – leader of the
Spanish fleet defeated by Dewey in the Battle
of Manila Bay (May 1,1898)
 The naval battle was one-sided, for while the
Spanish ships outnumbered those of the
Americans, the Spaniards were poorly armed.
 The Battle of Manila Bay enmeshed the US in
the coils of world politics and signalized her
entrance into the “Days of Empire”
 Aguinaldo deposited the P400,000 he received
from Primo de Rivera in two Hong Kong banks.
Only the interest was withdrawn and used for
the expenses of the exiles. Isabelo Artacho,
however, wanted the money to be divided
among them. Aguinaldo refused and Artacho
sued him. To avoid appearing in court, he
secretly left for Saigon where he took another
ship to Singapore.
 E. Spencer Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cast
his lot with the Americans, saying that the US
had Cuba at their door but were disclaiming
any desire to possess it, whereas the
Philippines was 10,000miles away.
 Pratt cabled Dewey and arranged for
Aguinaldo’s departure. Unfortunately, Dewey
had already sailed for Manila Bay when
Aguinaldo arrived.
 Rounseville Wildman – American consul at
Hong Kong tasked by Dewey with making
arrangements for Aguinaldo’s return to the
Philippines; suggested that Aguinaldo should
establish a dictatorial government but, after
the war and peace has been restored,
Aguinaldo should establish a government
similar to that of the US.
 Aguinaldo asked Wildman to purchase arms and
ammunition for the Filipinos. He gave Wildman
P50,000 for 2,000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of
ammunition and, before his departure, P67,000
for another shipment of arms. The first
shipment was accomplished, but the second
one was never realized, nor did Wildman return
or account for the money given to him by
Aguinaldo.
 Hong Kong Junta – unanimously decided that
Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to
lead the Filipinos against the Spaniards.
 McCulloch – revenue cutter on which Aguinaldo
was supposed to board, but the master of the
ship told Aguinaldo that Dewey did not instruct
him to take Aguinaldo on board. It wasn’t until
its 2nd return to Hong Kong that Aguinaldo
finally got on the ship.
 Upon arrival of the McCulloch at Cavite,
Dewey’s launch took him to the Olympia where
he was given honors due a general. Aguinaldo
alleged that in his conference with Dewey, he
was told that the US would recognize Philippine
Independence. Dewey, however, denied he
made such a statement to Aguinaldo and
asserted that he treated the Filipino general in
a personal manner without committing the US
government.
 The news of Aguinaldo’s return spread
throughout Central Luzon. A number of Filipino
volunteers in the Spanish army defected to the
Filipino forces. So sweeping were Filipino
victories that practically the whole Luzon,
except the port of Cavite and Manila, were in
rebel hands by June 1898.
 “Viva La Autonomia!” was a handbill
circulated by some Spaniards in which they
stated that the “salvation of the unity of the
Islands, the unity of its liberties, and the unity
of its local and central government” lay with
Spain. Pedro Paterno was behind this circular.
 Conservative Assembly – called by Gen.
Augustin, appointing prominent mestizos to sit
in it, in order to win over to his side the
wealthy and influential segment of the Filipinos
(the mestizos) and to make it appear that he
had the welfare of the Filipinos at heart.
Actually, the assembly was nothing but a
decoration for its function was purely advisory
and did not have the right to initiate reforms.
 Augustin’s attempts to win over the Filipinos to
the side of Spain failed.
 City of Manila – Intramuros (Walled City)
 arrabales – districts outside the City; suburbs
 Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent Spanish
ships from entering or leaving the bay. He
thought it was useless to conquer the city by
arms for he did not have enough men to occupy
it, so he waited for reinforcements.
 The Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besieged
the city to starve out the enemy within its
walls; Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and
water supply. So effective was the strategy
that the people inside the city—Spaniards, as
well as Filipinos and aliens—suffered from
hunger and thirst.
 Aguinaldo offered Augustin honourable
surrender, but Augustin, thinking more of
Spanish honor than his life, stubbornly refused.
 1st reinforcements – under the command of
Gen. Thomas Anderson
 2nd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Francis V.
Greene
 3rd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Arthur
Mac-Arthur
 When the Peninsular Gov’t heard of Augustin’s
plan to surrender it relieved him as governor
and appointed General Fermin Jaudenes
instead.
 Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the
Spanish position was hopeless. To save face, he
insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of
 honor there should be a mock battle, after
which the Spanish forces would surrender. He
further insisted that the Filipino rebels should
be excluded from participating in the surrender
of Manila
 Mock Battle – secret agreement between
Jaudenes, Dewey and Meritt of a fake battle
between the Spanish and American forces;
August 13
 Beginnings of Filipino-American Rift:
o Meritt asked Aguinaldo’s troops to
vacate the bay side area so that the
Americans could occupy it. Aguinaldo
demanded that the request be made in
writing, but Greene only made a verbal
promise which he did not even keep.
o continuous stream of American
reinforcements
o General Anderson’s insolence towards
Aguinaldo, evidenced by his telegraph
prohibiting Aguinaldo’s troops from
entering Manila without permission
from their American commander
 Terms of Capitulation – The Spanish authorities
agreed to surrender the Spanish troops and the
Filipino volunteers found inside the Walled
City. The Americans, on the other hand, agreed
to safeguard the city, its inhabitants, its
churches and religious worship.
 Protocol of Peace – Before the mock assault on
Manila, Spain and US were negotiating for the
cessation of hostilities. Spain agreed to the
terms of the peace treaty and consequently, on
August 12, Pres. McKinley issued a was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
proclamation directing that “all military
operations against the enemy be suspended.”
However, Meritt did not receive the
proclamation until August 16, when the mock
battle of Manila had already been “fought” and
the terms of capitulation had been signed,
because Dewey had cut the cable earlier.
CHAPTER 12 THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC
 When Aguinaldo arrived from HK he had with
him a draft of a plan prepared by Mariano
Ponce for the establishment of a revolutionary
government
 Consul Wildman had advised Aguinaldo earlier
to establish a dictatorial government which
later on could be the nucleus of a republican
government like that of the US
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo’s
adviser, told him to form a dictatorial
government.
 May 24, 1898 Aguinaldo inaugurated a
dictatorial government under a decree
nullifying the orders issued under the authority
of the Biyak-na-bato Republic and asserted that
the Dictatorial Government was temporary in
nature.
 In general, the Filipinos treated the Spanish
prisoners with justice. But there were times
when, due to hatred of the former masters, the
Filipinos maltreated some Spaniards. Aguinaldo
appealed to them to treat the Spanish prisoners
humanely by issuing a circular (May 29, 1898)
urging the people to stop the disgraceful
treatment of the Spanish prisoners.
 With a government in operation, Aguinaldo
thought it necessary to declare Philippine
Independence. Mabini objected, saying that it
was more important to reorganize the
government in such a manner as to convince
the foreign powers of the competence and
stability of the new government. Aguinaldo,
however, stood his ground and won.
 Julian Felipe – composer of the National
Anthem
 Marcha Filipina Magdalo Marcha
Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March)
 Marcela Agoncillo (assisted by Lorenza
Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza) – made the
Philippine National Flag
 The Act of the Declaration of Independence
who also read it.
 Apolinario Mabini – Aguinaldo’s adviser, “Dark
Chambers of the President” , “Brains of the
Revolution”
 Reorganization of Local Government:
Town Chief + Headman for each barrio + 3
Delegates (delegate for police & internal
order, delegate for justice and civil registry,
delegate for taxes and property) = POPULAR
ASSEMBLY
 Town chief – President of the Assembly
 Headman – Vice President
 Delegate for Justice&Civil Registry – Secretary
 Chiefs of the towns, in consultation with their
respective popular assemblies, elect the
provincial chief and 3 councilors.
 Provincial Chief + Chief of the Capital and
Province + 3 Councilors = PROVINCIAL
COUNCIL
 Provincial Council – chief duty was to propose
measures for the general welfare of the provice
 Revolutionary Congress- made up of delegates
from each province elected by the town chiefs
(For the City of Manila and the province of
Cavite: 3 delegates each, for the province of
the 1st class: 2 delegates each, for the rest of
the provinces: 1 delegate each); main function:
“to propose…measures concerning the
preservation of internal order and external
security of these islands…”
 In order to secure maximum efficiency in the
implementation of the rules regarding the
holding of elections, the decree provided for
the appointment of a commissioner of the
Central Government for each province. The
military commanders who liberated any town
from the Spaniards became automatically
commissioners “by virtue of their office.”
 Administration of Justice: The decree provided
that the Spanish Penal Code, when not
contrary to the decree of the government,
was to remain in force for the time being.
 Town chief was automatically the judge of the
town.
 Revolutionary Government – decree changed
the title of the chief of state from Dictator to
President and defined the object of the
government as the “struggle for the
independence of the Philippines until all
nations, including the Spanish, shall expressly
recognize it, and to prepare the country so that
the true republic may be established.”
 Malolos Congress – convocation of
Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos.
First significant act: ratification, on September
29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit
on June 12.
o President: Pedro Paterno
o Vice-Pres: Benito Legarda
o 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta
o 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo
 Malolos Constitution – 1st democratic
st
constitution in Asia; 1 important Filipino
document ever produced by the people’s
representatives. It is anchored in democratic
traditions that ultimately had their roots on
American soil. It created a Filipino state whose
government was “popular, representative, and
responsible” with 3 branches: executive,
legislative and judicial. The constitution
specifically provided for safeguards against
abuses and enumerated the national and
individual rights not only of the Filipinos, but
also of the aliens; is unique for 3 reasons:
(1)because of the provisions making the
Assembly or the legislative branch superior to
either the executive or the judicial branch,
(2)because it provided for a Permanent
Commission to sit as a legislative body when
the Assembly was not in session. and
(3)because it established a unicameral
legislature.
 Calderon purposely provided for a strong
legislative arm so that the executive would not
be able to create an oligarchy composed of
ignoramuses. As to the unicameral legislature,
he pointed out that there was no conflict of
interests among the people to justify the
creation of a bicameral legislature.
 Mabini envisioned the Congress as an advisory
body of the President, but his idea was
contradicted by Congress when it proposed to
draft a constitution. Mabini, in the minority,
was defeated by the majority under the
leadership of Paterno. He submitted his
Constitutional Plan of the Philippine Republic,
but Congress, for the second time, overruled
him.
 Paterno’s constitutional plan was also set aside
by the committee tasked to draft the
constitution.
 Felipe Calderon’s draft of constitution was
eventually approved by Aguinaldo and used
 Assembly of Representatives – legislative
branch
 Permanent Commission – law-making body
when Congress was not in session
 The Cabinet or Council of Government –
composed of the secretaries of the different
departments of the government; responsible
not to the President, but to the Assembly.
 Supreme Court – judicial branch
 During the inauguration of the Philippine
Republic in Malolos, Aguinaldo issued a decree
granting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of war
who were not members of the Spanish regular
army and, at the same time, granting to
Spaniards and other aliens the right to engage
in business within the limits of the Republic.
 Revolutionary Periodicals:
o El Heraldo Filipino (changed to
Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice
Oficial and finally to Graceta de
Filipinas) – official organ of the
Revolutionary Government; published
the official texts of the decrees of the
government and some news items and
 tagalog poems, all nationalistic in
content
o La Independencia (edited and partly
owned by Antonio Luna), La Republica
Filipina (Pedro Paterno), La Libertad
(Clemente Jose Zulueta), Ang Kaibigan
ng Bayan, Columnas Volantes, La
Federacion, La Revolucion, La
Oportunidad, etc.
 Education:
o Burgos Institute
o Literary University of the Philippines
 Diplomatic Activities:
o promulgation of decrees creating
committees abroad for the purpose of
carrying on propaganda activities for
the Revolutionary gov’t
o establishment of Hongkong Junta whose
members were to represent the
Philippines in diff. countries
 Treaty of Paris
o Dec. 10, 1898]
o officially ended the Spanish-American
War
o conditions:
1. Annexation or cessation of the
Philippines, Guam and Puerto
Rico to US Sovereignity
2. US would pay $20M for the
improvements made in the
country
3. Ten-year duty-free entry of
Spanish and American goods
to the Philippines
Chapter 13
The Filipino-American Hostilities
American Apostasy:
 There was an informal alliance between Dewey
and Aguinaldo – an alliance to fight a common
enemy, the Spaniards.
 Aguinaldo and his men looked upon the
Americans with suspicion.
Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation
Proclamation
 Benevolent Assimilation – proclaimed on
December 21, 1898.
- The first official indication of American policy
regarding the Philippines.
- It has 2 versions, the original and edited.
 General Elwell Otis – published Mckinley’s
proclamation with some amendments on
January 4, 1899.
Filipino Reaction
 Gen. Miller – published the original text of the
proclamation in Iloilo.
 A copy fell into the hands of the Revolutionary
Gov’t.
 Antonio Luna – led the attack on the
proclamation.
- Editor of La Independencia.
- He issues a counter-proclamation on Jan. 5,
1899.
Attempts to Relax the Tension
 Florentino Torres – A well-known American
sympathizer whom Otis pleaded.
The San Juan Bridge Incident
 Feb. 1 – a group of American engineers was
arrested by the Filipino troops.
 Feb. 2 – Gen. Arthur MacArthur protested the
presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel’s
soldiers in his territory.
 Feb. 2 and 3 – Filipino employees in American
ships were dismissed from the service for no
reason at all.
 Feb. 4 – the encounter of Private William W.
Grayson with 4 armed men.
Investigation of the Incident
 Captain Fernando Grey – wired Malolos
saying that the Americans had started the
hostilities.
 Felipe Buencamino, Sr. – ordered by
Aguinaldo to start an investigation.
 Baldomero Aguinaldo – Secretary of War
asked by Buencamino on Feb. 7 for info
regarding the incident.
American Victories
 Battle of La Loma – Major Jose Torres
Bugallon fell mortally wounded.
 Luna retreated to Polo where he established his
headquarters.
The Drive to North
 Gen. Henry W. Lawton – ordered by Gen. Otis
to take the offensive in the south.
 Gen. Wheaton – successively captured Las
Piñas,, Parañaque and other towns of Laguna.
 March 25, 1899 – Filipinos repulsed Gen.
Wheaton and killed Colonel Egbert.
 April 23, Quingua (Plaridel) – Americans
under Major Bell suffered a defeat in the hands
of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar.
- Colonel Stotsenberg was killed in the battle.
 Gen. Lawton – killed in the battle of San
Mateo.
The Fall of Mabini
 Apolinario Mabini – president of the cabinet.
- Most powerful man behind Aguinaldo.
 Secretary John Hay – offered autonomy to the
Filipinos.
 May 7, 1899 – Mabini was notified by Aguinaldo
of the new Cabinet under Paterno.
Assassination of Luna
 Antonio Luna – has an unruly temper.
- Best prepared to fight the American enemy.
- He received no less than 40 wounds.
 Kawit Company – group of man who ganged
up on him.
- Insisted that they took orders only from Gen.
Aguinaldo.
 Colonel Francisco Roman – left Bayambang
Pangasinan with Aguinaldo.
American Conquest of the Visayas
 Gen. Miller – instructed Gen. Otis to attach
Iloilo.
 Gen. Martin Delgado – ordered the burning of
the city to prevent the enemy from using it.
 Lt. Col. Thomas H. Hamer – designated as
military governor of Cebu.
 Arcadio Maxilom & Leandro Fullon – guerilla
leaders.
The Negros Constitution
 Negrenses sympathized with the Americans.
 Visayan Military District – Panay, Cebu, and
Negros.
- Issues on March 1.
The Bates Treaty
 Gen. John C. Bates – was appointed to
negotiate a treaty with the Sultan of Jolo.
Aguinaldo Flees to the Mountains
 Reasons:
1. Assassination of Luna that caused some
Filipinos to be demoralized.
2. Army officers surrendered to the enemy.
 Dec. 25, 1899 – women with him were
surrendered to the enemy.
The Battle of Pasong Tirad
 Gen. Gregorio del Pilar – noted the
advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.
- suggested that he would stay behind and
make a last stand.
- killed by a Krag rifle.
 Pasong Tirad – 4,500 ft. high.
- Only one man could climb up the hill.
 Major March – fought Gen. del Pilar.
 Januario Galut – helped the American fins a
secret trail to the top.
The Capture of Aguinaldo
 Pardo de Tavera – founded La Democracia.
 Colonel Frederick Funston – planning for the
capture of Aguinaldo.
- employed some Macabebes & 2 army officers
(Lazaro Segovia & Hilario Tal Placido) to put his
plan into execution.
 Gen. Urbano Lacuna – whose signature is
ordered to be forged by Funston.
- Aguinaldo wrote an order to send
reinforcements to Palanan.
 Tal Placido – grabbed Aguinaldo from behind.
- The firing shot him in the stomach.
 Colonel Simeon Villa – shielded Aguinaldo
from the bullets.
 Dr. Santiago Barelona – helod Aguinaldo
when he wanted to fight back.
Barbarous Acts
 Brutality is an instrument to weaken an enemy’s
resistance.
 Gen. Jake Smith – assigned to Pacify Samar.
 Gen. Miguel Malvar – took over the leadership
of the Filipino gov’t.
 Gen. Vicente Lukban – ambushed American
soldiers.
 Gen. Jacob Smith – ordered the massacre of
all men and children below 10 yrs. old. :|
 Macario Sakay – established a Tagalog
Republic but was not serious enough to
endanger American rule.
Chapter 14
The Religious Schism
 Aglipayan or Philippine Independent Church
– the Filipino church.
- Only living and tangible result of the
revolution.
Gregorio Aglipay on the Scene
 Gregorio Aglipay – appointed as Military Vicar
General on Oct. 20, 1898.
- Went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldo’s
movement upon his return from the Northern
provinces.
 Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda – together
with Gen. Basilio Agustin, commissioned
Aglipay to confer with revolutionary leaders to
bring them back to the Spanish side.
 Colonel Luciano San Miguel – sent by
Aguinaldo to persuade Aglipay for the Filipino
cause.
 Validity of civil marriage was recognized by the
revolutionary gov’t.
Nozaleda against Aglipay.
 Aglipay was assigned by … as …:
Revolutionary Gov’t – Military Vicar General
Catholic Hierarchy – Ecclesiastical Governor
 Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation of
power.
 Juan de Vargas – punished with less than
excommunication.
- forced to stand at the entrance of the Manila
church for 4 months.
Mabini and the National Council
 Mabini directed a manifesto urging the Filipino
clergy to organize a Filipino National Church.
Chapelle and Filipinization
 Mons. Placido Chapelle – pro-friar.
- said that those who opposed friars will be
treated as enemies of religion and order.
The Schism
 One of the factors was Chapelle’s undiplomatic
language.
 Isabelo de los Reyes – radical propagandist.
- founded the first labor union in the Philippines:
Union Obrera Democratica (Democratic Labor
Union)
 Establishment of Iglesia Filipina Independiente
on Aug. 2, 1902. (Phil. Independent Church)
First Converts
 De los Reyes had luck from some residents of
Navotas, Rizal and the defection of Father
Pedro Brillantes of Ilocol Norte.
Aglipay & the Jesuits
 Aglipay was invited to an interview at the Jesuit
house in Sta. Ana Manila.
 Father Francisco Foradada – persuaded
Aglipay to the Catholic fold.
- insulted the Filipino clergy which caused
Aglipay’s anger.
 Father Joaquin Villalonga – Aglipay asked the
moon from him.
Significance
 Two bases pf Spanish prejudice:
1. Feeling of racial superiority.
2. Alleged incompetence of Filipino Clergy.
 Two results:
1. Liquidation of the Spanish empire in the
orient.
2. alienation of a segment of the population
from the Catholic church.
God bless everyone! :)) – :))
 CHAPTER 16
Compromise W/ Colonialism
Schurman Commission (1899)- 1st
significant body by McKinley which introduced
non military approach of Am. Colonialism
Military government (1898-1901)- Replaced
by civil govt
Taft Commission- Phil Commission with
William Howard Taft as the 1st military gen
Gregorio Araneta & Benito Legarda-
Cayetano Arellano- 1st Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
2 reasons “why the Elite?”
1. fear of losing security of their interest
2. distrust in character of the masses
Najeeb Saleeby- itong “mama” na ito ang isa
mga successful na nag educate sa mga
Muslim (sori Teacher Emie <3)
Carpenter-Kiram Agreement (1915)-
Changed the term in Bates Treaty; Divested
the Sultan of all his political power and only
allowed to execise rights and duties of spiritual
leader
Woodraw Wilson- elected democratic Pres in
1912
Democratic Party- Labor and Farm bloc
Republican Party- Capitalist and landlords
Francis B. Harrison- 1st democratic gov gen in
Phil 1913
Cooper Act- Phil bill of 1902 (sori di ko
mahanap )
Council of State- advisory body of Chief
Executive
Board of Control- regulated govt participation
in buss corp and firms
Phil Commission- upper house
Phil Assembly- lower house
Osmena- 1907 pres of phil assembly
Jones Law- Phil autonomy Act of 1916;
created bicameral legislature composed of 24
member (upper house) and House of
Representatives (house Chamber)
Filipinization- actual grant of substantial
participation in govt to Filipinos (elite class
only)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)- “Free Trade”
only American goods didn’t have limitation;
Filipino goods were limited by quota system
Underwood-Simmons Act- abolished quotas
on Phil exports
Tydings McDuffie Law (1934)- quotas were
reimposed
Exported oriented- XD
CHAPTER 17
Colonial Politics: Towards Complete
Autonomy
Warren G. Harding (1921)- US Republican
President
Wood Forbes Mission- led by Cameron
Forbes and Leonard Wood; indicted the
Harrison Era for many problems during
investigation
Leonard Wood- became gov gen during
Harding era
Cabinet Crisis- open break between Wood
and Filipino leaders led by Manuel Quezon
Manuel Quezon- president of the Senate
Manuel Roxas- Speaker of the House
Ray Conley (American)- Chief of the vice-
squad of the Secret Service Branch of Manila
Police Dept; charged of keeping mistress,
bribery from Manila gamblers known as
“Conley Case”
Veto- power to reject/ not pass bills
Harrison- has the least vetoed
Wood- has the most vetoed bills; abolished the
board of control
Henry Stimson- 1928 gov gen in Phil; restored
the Harrison era and sympathy w/ Filipino
leaders
Stimson’s Successor- Dwight Davis,
Theodore Roosevelt Jr Frank Murphy
CHAPTER 18
Campaign for Independence
Commission of Independence (1918)-
created by Phil Legislature to study the
negotiation of Phil Independence
1918- Commission is composed originally by
11 senators and 40 congressmen. After
subsequent recruitment, leadership remained
Nacionalista. Missions were sent with
Nacionalista (Qurzon, osmena, Roxas, Santos,
Quirino etc) and Democrata (Recto, gil, Tirona
etc)
1st Parliamentary Mission (1919)- led by
Quezon and Palma with both parties; during
Wilson era; received by war sec, Newton
Baker; at bad timing of War
2nd Parliamentary Mission (1922)- led by
Quezon & Osmena to present Fil viewpoints on
the questions raised by Wood Forbes Mission;
missions successively sent to Washington in
1923-1925. Happened during the Cabinet
Crisis
Manuel Roxas- led a special mission in Nov
1923to protest alleged illegal and arbitrary acts
of Wood
Calvin Coolidge- delivered the the Pres.’
Reply that the American govt would take
measures to grant the Phil independence since
Filipinos are unprepared because they can’t
cooperate with Wood administration
Fairfield Bill- Administration alternative to
independence measure after the Ind. Missions;
introduced in apr 1924; proposed a 30 yr
period of autonomy in which the Phil would
have controlof insular affairs with elected gov
gen for “commonwealth of the Phil”.
Roxas- showed the Fairfield Bill to special
mission in dec 1923
Quezon and Osmena advised the admin that
they get the bill accepted if the admin would
offer assurance that it would pass the
Congress. But Fairfield himself announced that
he was unwilling to see the bill passed.
3rd Parliamentary mission- bitter struggle
ensued between two parties leadership over
the Fairfield where Recto charged P20, P50
and P100 i mean Quezon, Osmena Roxas,
with double dealing and insincerity to Fairfield
Bill
Bacon Bill- separates Mindanao, Sulu, &
Palawan from govt jurisdiction.
Supreme National Council- launched by
Quezon, uniting all pol. parties to attract not so
prominent Filipinos in the ind campaign, to
decentralize the campaign and to achieve
peaceful use of pol authority. The org structure
is similar to insular govt. It is “Ind Commission”
under diff name expect that it invited non
politician to participate. In 1928 it faded away.
Senate Bill 198- passed by Phil Legislature
which provided for plebiscite on immediate
independence in Nov 1925; aimed to
counteract the anti- independence campaign of
State.
American Interest Groups “Friends” of Phil.
Independence
 Labor and farm bloc
 Isolationist
 Anti imperialist
 Extreme patriotic societies
OsRox Mission- First to succeed in securing
the passage of independence bill, Hare Hawes
Cutting Law on jan 17, 1933; provided for
establishment of 10 year commonwealth
before the proclamation of ind. On jul. 4, 1946.
It was rejected by Filipinos because of
provisions affecting trade relations, power of
high commissioner is too indefinite & military
and naval provisions.
Tydings McDuffie (1934)- “hare hawes cutting
law” under diff nameby Quezon; eliminates the
provisions for military reservations.
US- in 1934 1st nation to voluntary relinquish
sovereignty over a colony powers.
CHAPTER 19 TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE: THE
COMMONWEALTH
The Framing of Constitution
Claro M. Recto – president of the Philippine
Constitutional Convention.
The Philippine Constitution followed the American
model in structure.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated
with Manuel L. Quezon as president and Sergio Osmena
as vice-president.
The Sakdal Uprising
Benigno Ramos – Sakdalistas’ leader
The National Security and National Defense
Commonwealth Act No. 1 – National Defense Act
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Field Marshal of the
Philippine Army
The Social Justice Program
Constitution of 1935 – promotion of social justice to
insure the well-being and economic security of all the
people should be the concern of the state
Commonwealth Act No. 211 – established a minimum
wage for laborers employed in public works project.
Commonwealth Act No. 213 – sought to recognize,
define and regulate legitimate labor disputes and the
Court of Industrial Relations was established.
The social justice program did not prove an outstanding
success as it depended almost entirely on the
personality of Quezon.
Education during the Commonwealth
National Council of Education – headed by Rafael Palma
Department of Education – headed by Sergio Osmena
Primary and adult education – main emphasis during
the Commonwealth period
The objective of universal education was not attained.
The National Language
Article 2 of the Constitution – directed the National
Assembly to “take steps toward the development and
adoption of a common language based on one of the
existing native languages”
Commonwealth Act No. 184 – established the Institute
of National Language
Tagalog – basis of national language
Commonwealth Act No. 570 – National Assembly
declared that the Tagalog-based national language
would become one of the official languages of the
country effective upon independence on July 4, 1946
Economic Development
The other major concern of the Commonwealth
government was economic development.
Agriculture – most important sector of the Philippine
economy
Industrialization was at an extremely low level
Trade Relations with the US
Trade relations – most pressing economic problem
involving US
Colonial-type national economy – dependent on
agricultural raw material exports and on manufactured
and processed goods as well as food imports
Philippine Economic Adjustment Act (also called as
Tydings-Kocialkowski Act) – removed the increase in
export tax
Alien Control of the Economy
Anti-Dummy Law – punished Filipinos who allowed
themselves to be used as ‘dummies’ or fronts by alien
businessmen and investors.
National Economic Council – created to direct the
economic activities of the Commonwealth
“Partyless Democracy”
Philippine Commonwealth – “Quezon Government”
Commonwealth era has been stagnant
CHAPTER 20 RESULTS OF THE AMERICAN
OCCUPATION
Progress in Education
Public Education – greatest contribution of the US to
Philippine civilization
Religion is optional
The first public school teachers were the American
soldiers, replaced by “Thomasites”, named after S.S.
Thomas
English came to be the language of instruction in all
schools
University of the Philippines – established the higher
education
Public Health and Welfare
Introduction of a scientific program of public health and
welfare – next to importance to public education
Elementary principles of hygiene and sanitation were
introduced
Asylums for the orphans, the insane, and the juvenile
offenders were founded
Salt-and-rice nutrition were replaced by balanced diet
Trade, Commerce and Industy
Free Trade relations – main reason of economic
development of the Philippines
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act – all Philippine exports, except
rice, were allowed to enter American markets free of
duty within certain quota limits whereas American
exports to the Philippines were unlimited and duty-free
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act – abolished the quota
limitations on Phil. export products
Mining – backbone of Philippine economy
Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act of 1934 – brought
back the quota limitations on Phil. Products
Transportation and Communications
Telephone lines were introduced in Manila and radio-
telephone service
Philippines – one of America’s greatest markets in the
Orient
Individual Freedoms
Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation and Taft
Commission – basis of American policies in the
Philippines
Sedition Law of 1901 – considered it seditious of any
Filipino to advocate independence
Flag Law of 1907 – prohibited the display of Filipino flag
Political Consciousness
Partisan politics – one of the institutions which the
Americans brought to the Philippines
Municipal elections – Filipinos’ first taste of politics
Language and Literature
The development of Filipino literature in English and the
adoption of American words and phrases in the
Philippine languages are some of the most lasting
American influences
Negative Results
Philippines – most Westernized country in the Orient
Colonial mentality has worsened
Filipino suffered a partial loss on their racial heritage
A Filipino who places his country’s interest first and
foremost is branded an anti-American
Success is measured in terms of material possessions
Gangsterism, juvenile delinquency, promiscuous love
affairs, betrayal, racketeering, graft and corruption – all
influences of Americans
CHAPTER 21 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
Background of Pearl Harbor
United States Army forces in the Far East (USAFFE) –
combined forces of Phil. Reserve and United States
Army
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Commander of USAFFE
Dec. 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor Bombing
Roosevelt and the War
The US declared war with only one dissenting vote
(Jeannette Rankin)
Winston Churchill – Prime Minister of England who
announced that Great Britain would declare war on
Japan
The Japanese Offensive
The general offensive plan of the Japanese was to strike
immediately at the rich Dutch and British possessions in
Southeast Asia
The subjugation of the Philippines was planned carefully
To spare Manila, Gen. MacArthur declared it as an open
city (all defensive forces have been abandoned), but the
Japanese still bombed the city
Pres. Franklin Roosevelt – pledged to give the Filipinos
their independence and freedom
Quezon in Corregidor
Manuel L. Quezon, Jose Abad Santos, Sergio Osmena,
Basilio Valdes and Manuel Nieto all left for Corregidor
Jose P. Laurel – former Chief Justice then promoted to
Secretary of Justice; acted as the mediator between the
Japanese and Filipinos
Quezon took his oath on the Corregidor marking his
second term as President
The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
General Masaharu Homma – Japanese commander-in-
chief
Europe-First Policy – the US and Great Britain prioritized
saving the European countries
General Jonathan Wainwright – successor of MacArthur
as the commander of USAFFE
Edward P. King – commander of the forces in Bataan
Death March – forced march from Bataan to San
Fernando, Pampanga
General Wainwright surrendered to the Japanese,
through the Voice of Freedom
Re-organization of the Government
Co-Prosperity Sphere in the Greater East Asia – “the
Philippines are for the Filipinos”
Jorge Vargas – Chairman of the Executive Commission
Central Administration Organization – the new name of
the government under the Japanese era; composed of 6
departments, namely: (1) Interior, (2) Finance, (3)
Justice, (4) Agriculture and Commerce, (5) Education,
Health and Public Welfare and (6) Public Works and
Communication
Commissioner – head of each department
Council of State – advisory body of the government
Educational Re-orientation
Military Order No. 2 – Japanese Education Policy;
aiming to erase the Western Cultural influences
Re-opening of Elementary Schools – priority of Japanese
in their educational policy
Propagation of Tagalog as the national language
The Republic
Japan’s intention was to see the Philippines become a
Republic
Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)
– instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for
Philippine Independence
Jose P. Laurel – president of KALIBAPI
The National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel President
of the future Republic
Economic Conditions
The people of Manila, not having an inch of agricultural
land to their credit, suffered most
Most of the people engaged in the buy-and-sell
business
Mickey Mouse money – cause of inflation
Kangkong – saved thousands of lives, for there was
scarcity of food
Social Conditions
Filipinos’ Five Enemies During the Japanese Era
 Japanese Military (Kempetai)
 Diseases
 Guerrillas
 Hunger
 Japanese-paid Filipino Spies
Kura – most feared Japanese word; means ‘come here’
or ‘dismiss’
Cultural Aspects
Dramatic Philippines – the white hope of the stage
The Changes Brought about by the Japanese
Occupation
1) Reorganization of the Government
2) Educational Re-orientation
3) Formation of the Japanese-sponsored republic
4) The economic conditions
a) Collapse of agriculture in general
b) Rise of the new social class
5) The social/cultural changes
a) The importance of Tagalog language was
emphasized
b) The love of Filipino culture
CHAPTER 22
The “Liberation”
Guerillas
 Those who refused to place themselves under
t6he authority of the Japanese Military
Administration fled to the mountains to join the
guerillas.
 Officers and soldiers of USAFFE who retreated
to Bataan organized guerilla units.
 In Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija,
the dominant guerilla outfit was the
HUKBALAHAP led by Luis Taruc.
Functions of the Guerillas
 Ambush or otherwise kill enemy soldiers and
civilians.
 Relay important intelligence reports to
MacArthur in Australia.
 Liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers.
Japanese Military Brutality – neutralized their
propaganda line of making the Philippines an important
part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,
which explained why a great majority of Filipinos turned
guerillas and potential guerillas.
Guerilla Newspapers – given that the press and radio
are controlled by the Japanese, there are two ways to
get real news; Radio San Francisco and the guerilla
“newspapers”.
The Government in Exile
 Quezon, thinking of death, issued an Executive
Order naming Col. Manuel A. Roxas as President
of the Commonwealth upon his and Osmena’s
death.
 Osmena gave way to Quezon’s desire to
continue as President.
 August 1, 1944 – Quezon died at Saranac Lake,
New York. Osmena then succeeded to
Precidency.
The Battle of the Philippine Sea – primarily an air
combat, prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the
Marianas and led to the subsequent capture of the
islands on the other.
Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey – concluded that the
invasion of the Philippines must begin in Leyte, not in
Mindanao as originally contemplated by MacArthur for
the Visayan air resistance of the Japanese was weak.
The Battle for Leyte Gulf – the greatest naval battle in
history.
Potsdam Proclamation – calling upon Japan to
surrender unconditionally or face “prompt and utter
destruction”.
The End of the War
 August 6 – nuclear bomb unleashed in
Hiroshima.
 August 9 – nuclear bomb unleashed in
Nagasaki. The same day that Russia declared
war against Japan.
 August 15 – surrender of Japan.
 September 2 – Japan signed the terms of
surrender on board the battleship Missouri at
Tokyo Bay.
PART 6: THE THIRD REPUBLIC
CHAPTER 23
Postwar Problems and the Republic
Postwar Economic Conditions
 Poverty – resulting from widespread
destruction of property, including work animals,
was rampant throughout the country.
 Limited Production – lack of capital to finance
rehabilitation of destroyed or partially
destroyed machinery and other equipments.
The Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) – provided
speedy relief for all the people of Manila and the
provinces which had been recently liberated from the
Japanese rule.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – a man of action and of a
military temper, actually made important decisions fro
President Osmena.
The Back Pay Law – promised to give t6hree years’ back
pay to all prewar government employees after the ten-
year period, that is in 1958.
“Collaboration” – officials in the Laurel Government
who “collaborated” to the Japanese intended to soften
the impact of the Japanese military administration.
The Bell Trade – 8 year free trade relations between the
US and Philippines with the controversial feature of
“parity” rights to the Americans.
Parity Rights – Americans would have the right to
dispose, exploit, develop, and utilize all agricultural,
timber and mineral lands.
Tydings Rehabilitation Act – a complement to the Bell
Trade providing for an outlay of $620,000,000 in
condition by the amendment to give “parity” rights to
the Americans.
The Birth of the Liberal Party – the Nacionalista Party
was split into two:
  Osmena Faction - supporters of Osmena who
wanted him to continue serve the country
despite of his conclusion to retire.
 Roxas Faction – supporters of Manuel Roxas.
 The election resulted in the dominance of the
Roxas faction, which assumed a new color and
became the Liberal Party.
The Roxas Administration
 Guerilla Amnesty – proclaimed general
amnesty of those guerillas who killed and
murdered in pursuance of the resistance
movement.
 The Treaty of General Relations – United States
withdrew and surrendered “all rights of
possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control, or
sovereignty except bases for the mutual
protection of United States and the Philippines.
CHAPTER 24
The HUKBALAHAP movement
Banal Taruc – chairman of the committee.
The HUKBALAHAP sovereignty – unity and
discipline of the men and women under the HUK
influence made Central Luzon and other provinces a
HUK territory who saw to it that peace and order
reigned in their respective areas.
Roxas and the HUKs – when Roxas finally won the
presidency, he instituted a campaign against the
HUKs. The HUKs however, succeeded in electing
Taruc and other members of the Democratic
Alliance to Congress.
The Quirino Administration
Judge Antonio Quirino – sent by his brother Pres.
Quirino, to the field to contact Taruc in order to
know what the HUKs wanted.
The Murder of Mrs. Quezon – on April 28, 1949,
Mrs. Aurora Aragon Quezon, her daughter, baby,
and ten others, in Nueva Ecija, were shot merciless
to death.
Gen. Rafael Jalandoni – accused the HUKs of the
bastardly crime.
Gen. Alberto Ramos – contende that bandits, not
the HUKs, were responsible to the crime.
Chapter 25: THE RECOGNITION OF TAO
Ramon Magsaysay- Secretary of Nat’l Defense, Quirino
Administration; projected himself as friend of the tao;
ran for the highest office and was elected by the
majority; died in an accident during his popularity;
Nacionalista
Tao- common man; object of pity; victim of injustices;
but suffered with abundant patience and amiable
tolerance like a carabao; backbone of the nation;
unheard voices; those in power have looked upon them
as pure lunacy
Result of the degradation of the tao:
*thoughts of negligence
*bahala na attitude
*indolence
*fatalism augmented by ignorance
*religious fanaticism
Magsaysay Administration:
*geared his administration to the urgent demands of
the public
*improvement of land tenure system
*easy-term credit to peasants
*intensive community development with self-help as
basic factor
*Agricultural Tenancy Act- freedom to choose the
system of tenancy under which they would want to
work
*Nat’l Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA)- settlement projects for landless settlers
*linked rural districts to urban centers
*Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA) - agricultural aid for farmers
*Farmers Cooperative and Marketing Association
(FACOMAS)
*Presidential Complaints and Action Committee- truly
a gov’t of the people
*opened the Malacanang to the mass
The peasants misled Magsaysay’s intentions into
believing that everything would be done for them by
the gov’t
Magsaysay died on a plane crash on March 16, 1957
when he left for Cebu
President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay’s
presidency
Vice Pres. Diosdado Macapagal- First time in the
Philippine History that a president was elected with a
vice president belonging to the rival party (Liberal party)
Garcia Administration:
*Austerity- temperate spending
*economic independence
*establish Filipino dignity
*balanced economy by providing equal impetus to
agriculture and industry
*eradicate graft and corruption
Chapter 26: THE CONTINUING CRISIS
Diosdado Macapagal (1961):
*objectives: (1) immediate restoration of economic
stability (2) alleviation of the common man’s plight (3)
dynamic basis for future growth
*gave off extravagant parties
*people realized that simple living was meant only for
those who could not afford three simple meals a day
Midnight Appointments:
Garcia appointed more than 200 of his followers,
protégés to important positions in the gov’t
The Stonehill Scandal
-of illegal and immoral transactions involving millions of
pesos
-Sec. of Justice Jose W. Jocno ordered the NBI agents to
raid the offices of the industrial and business and
management corporation on
-Arrested where Harry S. Stonehill, his associates John L.
and Robert P. Brooks.
-Seized during the raids where enormous amounts of
cash and a large quantity of assorted documents which
could have filled three six by six trucks
-Blue Book, containing the names of persons, in and
outside the gov’t, who allegedly received various sums
from Stonehill
-Pres. Macapagal ordered the immediate deportation of
Stonehill and Brooks
-Senator Arturo M. Tolentino, a Nacionalista, called the
presedential order “a dangerous precedent, any
influential alien could commit any crime in the
Philippines and then escape punishment by agreeing to
be deported
Independence Day- Macapagal surprised the nationalist
camp with his executive order shifting the Philippine
Independence day from the traditional July 4 to June 12
the day when in 1898 the declaration of independence
was read in Kawit Cavite.
The Land Reform Code
-to establish owner-cultivatorship
-a dignified existence for the small farmers
-viable social and economic structure in agriculture
-apply all labor laws equally
-a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement
-make small farmers more independent
Initial Results
-in Plaridel Bulacan, survey showed that land reform in
their view had materially improved local living
conditions
The Election of 1965
-Senate Pres Ferdinand E. Marcos wanted Macapagal to
give way to him for the presidency
-with the land reform program in his mind, Macapagal
refused to give way to Marcos
-the presidential campaign of 1965 was the dirtiest and
the most vicious of all political campaigns in the country
-the Iglesia Ni Kristo was accused of openly supporting
Marcos and other national and local candidates
-Catholics were sharply divided into two camps: for
Macapagal and Marcos
-November 9, 1965 Marcos won by a big majority
Marcos Program:
Objectives:
-self sufficiency
-implementation of the land reform program
-strengthen further our social, economic and political
base
Proposed Enactment:
-adjust buying price for rice and corn
-provide legislative authority to borrow funds
-recognize gov’t agricultural agencies
The Vietnam Aid Law
-Marcos’ most acrimonious controversy was his decision
to send a military engineering battalion with armed
support to the war in Vietnam in which the US has been
deeply involved.
Teodoro M. Locsin’s arguments against pro-Vietnam
Aid:
-sending of a military contingent to South Vietnam was
tantamount to an act of war
-the country was and is still too poor to waste
35,000,000 a year to support the battalion to be sent
-the money could be better spent in constructing
irrigation systems to increase the rice yield
-Philippines has no business meddling in the internal
affairs of another country
-the US wanted the Phil to join the war in order to show
the world that the war in Vietnam was not a racial war.
Deterioration of peace and order
-daily newspapers publish cases of murder, homicide,
rape, robbery, holdup, mayhem, and smuggling
-involvement of officers of the law in many crimes
including brutalities against peaceful citizens
-first massacre: Culatingan, Conception Tarlac. In the
morning of June 13, 1966, three Phil constabulary
operations posing as Huks persuaded seven farmers
-second massacre: May 21, 1967, when 32 bolo
wielding fanatical members of the Lapiang Malaya and a
constabulary ranger were killed in a clash near the
border of Manila and Pasay City
-Luis Taruc and Dr. Jesus Lava came to suggest that the
Marcos Admin extend amnesty to all the Huks
Emphasis:
-the social reforms promised by Marcos must be carried
out faithfully and sincerely
-they must be protected by the gov’t in such a way that
nobody would take advantage of their helplessness
The Huk Resurgence
-captureof Dr. Jesus Lava, the last brains of the Huks left
the Huk movement destitute of ideological basis
-social conditions all of which the gov’t had not solved
satisfactorily lead many desperate peasants to join the
Huk
-Pres Marcos discovered through his agents. He urged
the town mayors of Pampangga to bind themselves into
an anti-Huk league in order to arrest the Huk
resurgence
-as if to challenge Maros, the Huk ambushed and killed
the president of the league
The Manila Summit
-Sept 1966, President and Mrs Marcos went to US for a
state visit
-Marcos announced a meeting of a summit in Manila to
help solve the Vietnam problem. I which the US had
been warring against the helpless Vietnamese people
who had not known peace
-President Johnson of US was the brains behind the
summit meeting; he wanted the world to believe that
not only America was in Vietnam to preserve
democracy in that helpless land
Agenda:
-peace talks on the war in South Vietnam
-evaluation in case of the rejection of this proposals by
North Vietnam
-an assessment at the resistance and subversion in
South Vietnam
-a review and discussion of the economic stabilization
and rehabilitation of South Vietnam
-discussion of the political problems of South Vietnam
-a peaceful settlement of the war
The Summit Document
-a joint communiqué
-a declaration on peace and progress in Asia and Pacific
-the goals of freedom
The demand that the North Vietnamese surrender first
before the summiteers would talk peace in Vietnam
The US proposed up Ngo Dinh Diem to antagonize the
Vietnamese people especially the Viet Cong
The Oct 24 Anti-Summit Demonstration
-preparation against it were also being plotted by the
students of manila and the suburbs of those in road at
the UP and LPU
-Oct 24, 1966 no less than 3000 students and members
of the nationalistic Kabataang Makabayan staged a
protest before the US embassy
-the significance lies in the fact that the students
formerly maligned, have finally become aware that it is
part of their duty as future leaders of the Phil to involve
themselves in National Questions
The Witch-Hunt
-the militant student demonstration of Oct 24, led the
intelligence agencies and congress to conduct so called
investigations
-three committees of congress summoned some
student leaders allegedly to investigate police brutality
but the investigations turned out to be nothing
-witch-hunt was an attempt of the anti-nationalist
against the nationalist
-when the intelligence agencies make unfounded and
unproved accusation which cannot stand in court,
Filipino society has indeed returned to the dark ages
-Supreme Court Justice Jesus G. Barrera said that the
founding of KM result in an uncontrollable overflowing
would sweep us all in each angry rush
-the intelligence agencies however tried to salvage their
tattered image by extending an invitation to some 60
students and a few professors of the UP to visit China,
all expenses paid.
Chapter 27: PROFILE OF THE ECONOMY
- There are problems because of war
- The leaders could only rely to the US for financial and
materials aid
- These funds were used to rehabilitate agriculture,
commerce, trade and industry (Some – pockets of
dishonest officials)
- Effects – increase gross national output and income,
cost of living increased, labor grew
- National economy has improved, but the
improvements are not enough to bring down the cost of
living
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
- War affected the productive capacity of people
- With the help of US, the govt partially solved the
economic problems (first 10 years)
- Increase in crop production, expanded area for food
crops, fertilizer, irrigation, better seeds, chemicals
against plant pests and diseases, production of export
crops increases (copra, sugar)
- Abaca, tobacco not yet recovered
- Partial recovery – fish production resulted in reducing
fish importation, livestock poultry increased (meat
supply)
- Lumber and timber industry soared because of
rehabilitation
DOMESTIC TRADE
- The economy suffered from alien control of domestic
trade (so build nationalization laws to loosen the
stranglehold of the aliens)
- Market Stalls Act (1946) – Filipino shall have
preferences in the lease of public market stalls
- Retail Trade Nationalization Law (1954) – No non-
Filipino owned companies shall engage in retail trade
- Filipino Retailers’ Fund Act (1955) – provides credit
facilities to be extended to Filipino retailers
- NAMARCO Act (1955) – provides the establishment of
the National Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) to
assist Filipino retailers by supplying them with goods at
prices that would enable them to compete in the open
market
- Effect – domestic trade in the hands of the Fil.
- Only contradict are the DUMMIES (Anti-Dummy Board
– to eliminate these but only to a small effect)
FOREIGN TRADE AND COMMERCE
- Unfavorable balance of trade (so build reforms to
eliminate this)
- Reforms made – systems of import and exchange
controls
MINERAL PRODUCTION
- The minerals were not fully exploited
- Increase production (gold, silver, base metals and non-
metals
THE BELL MISSION REPORT
- Pres. Quirino asked Pres. Harry S Truman to conduct
survey to know the problems of the Phils, and
suggestions
- Truman appointed Daniel W. Bell (took months)
NOTES: RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN BOOK
(PAGES 505-507 OF RED ONES)
Summary: (Problems) – inefficient production, very low
incomes, finances of govt were worse, tax not enough,
inequality of level of income of people, increasing price
of commodity, corruption, lose faith to the govt,
(Solutions): - add taxes, invest more, establish rural
banks (for agricultural purposes), transportation, levies
imports, pass laws for education, public health, honest
govt, and assistance of American of $250 million.
- From Quirino to Pres. Garcia, they implemented the
recommendations, (Rural banks, Magna Carta of Labor,
and other labor laws, new industries, reorganization of
govt employees and officials, exchange policies)
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
- Established Central Bank to ensure economic progress
and financial stability (1948, signed by Quirino) (Jan. 3,
1949 for economic sovereignty)
- Monopoly of issuing currency, financial adviser of govt,
regulates and supervises all financial institutions,
Rehabilitation Finance Corporation – later Development
Bank of the Philippines
- (Jan 2, 1947) to provide credit facilities for
rehabilitation of agriculture, commerce, industry, and to
repair damages from World War II,
- built new houses, commercial buildings, and for
financial assistance, (good effects)
UNFAVORABLE FEATURES OF THE ECONOMY
- Most companies were managed by foreigners
- Foreign – mining, electricity, commerce,
manufacturing
- Phil – fisheries, forestry and transportation
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM
- Magsaysay – pro American (don’t care about the
effects of aliens), so after him Garcia (with Claro Recto)
want to diminish the share of foreign countries in the
economy (Filipino nationalism resurgence)
“Filipino First” Policy – Aug 21, 1958
- Filipinos would be given preference in all matters
pertaining to the economic development of the country
- Finally, the Filipinos got the chance to dominate the
market, but the alien protested and spread rumor that
Garcia administration is anti-alien (specially anti-
American and anti-Chinese), because the alien
companies will be eliminated if it will continue
- Answer: Filipinos have the right for their own country,
not anti-aliens
- Americans: You just want to steal from others, not to
enrich your nationalism (there are conflicts)
THE COURTS ON THE RETAIL TRADE AND “PARITY”
- Opposition of alien and local businessmen
- Retail Trade Nationalization – 10 years for the
adjustment of foreign firms, only firms that are wholly
owned by Filipinos can engage with retail,
Americans: Accdg to Laurel-Langley Agreement, the
Americans have the rights for the natural resources,
transportation, and all economic activities in the Phils.
(their parity rights)
Filipinos: Ok, firms that are partially owned by a Filipino
and American can engage in business.
- The matter was taken into courts
- Judge Hilarion Jarencio prohibited American to
conduct business
- They quarrelled,
Americans: How about our parity rights, we helped you
in the rehabilitation
Filipinos: American cannot have more rights than
Filipinos
END OF PARITY
Laurel-Langley Agreement – the basis of trade relations
between US and Phils (it expired so there are no
treaties about the trade relations of US)
Marcos: All American landholdings of the Americans
were terminated
THE GROWTH OF LABOR UNIONS
- Effect of the American occupation
Union Obrera Democratica de Filipinas – (Isabelo delos
Reyes, Aurelio Tolentino, Lope K. Santos, etc.) voiced
out the social demands of the works through literary
works (writers) – example is Lope K. Santos’ Banaag at
Sikat
- Effect – influenced workers so they built many union
groups because of the abuses of some capitalists,
especially on cigar and cigarette
May 1, 1913 – first Labor Day
- Note: Two kinds of labor unions arose – the
communist and the conservative. A conflict also arose
so the Japanese declared labor unions as illegal
- After war, labor unions organized strikes for wage hike
and other concerns
Amado V. Hernandez – lead some labor strikes, life
imprisonment, acquitted
Committee (later Congress) Labor Organization (CLO) –
most popular and powerful labor union
LABOR GAINS
- Establishment of Bureau of Labor then Department of
Labor
- 9 Hour Labor Law
- Magna Carta of Labor – encourages workers to build
labor union and declare strike (but has limitations)
- Social Security Act of 1954 – allowance for the sick,
unemployed person, retirement and disability benefits
of laborers.
- Termination Pay Law – payment for the worker
- Blue Sunday Law – Sundays leisure of workers, and
holidays
- Minimum Wage Law – P 120 per month
- Anti-Scab Law – right to protest,
- One of the major problems is unemployment
BAD FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LABOR
- Philippine labor is divided because differences in
principles and personal ambitions
- Rivalry between unions
- Dishonest leaders of unions (many improper practices)
- Lack of civic sense (thinking only of their own families
not the whole society)
Chapter 28: EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
- The Phils has anchored her policy on 3 Paramount
Planks:
1. Close Association with the US (with defense and
security) – some criticize it because they believe that
Phils and US’s interests are not always coinciding
2. Sympathy for the aspirations of all dependent
countries, particularly of Asia (to raise the standards of
living in the neighbouring countries)
3. Close cooperation with the United Nations
FOREIGN POLICY PLANKS
- July 4, 1946 - regained independence
- US helped the Phils thus, building the first plank
- Because of the results of the war, many countries also
experienced difficulty, so plank no. 2
- Joined UN for universal peace and unity (plank 3)
FIRST PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION
- War made the Phils and US to have a common
interest, to defend their respective territories, and to
promote this, they agreed to have an alliance
- The US army will protect and help the Phils force
- Building US bases, furnishing the arms, ammunitions,
equipment, supplies
- Mutual Defense Treaty –treaty for peace, defend
themselves against external armed attack
Recto: If the Phils is under an external aggression, the
US might not come to assistance if the US Congress
does make such declaration
- This was proved to be true because that promise to
protect the Phils was written on water
- On the economic front, the Phils and US had
concluded agreements designed to help the former
economically
- It was slow because of the Bell Trade act of 1946
(patent inequality). But it was amended through the
request of Pres. Magsaysay
- On the cultural front, the Phils and US entered into an
agreement under which both governments would
exchange official publications
- Exchange of professors and students between them,
PROBLEMS OF FIL-AMERICAN RELATIONS
- The Americans wanted to bend the Filipinos to be like
them
- Conflict – Many killings have been reported from both
parties (The behavior of the American soldiers towards
the Filipino civilians inside the military bases)
- They attempted to relax the tension, they won but it
already affected many Filipinos’ perception about the
Americans
- They doubt the so-called special relations of the US
-They test the relation between the two countries and
they have proved that the special relation is just a myth
- In the end, they tried to have a mutual trust but it will
take time
SECOND PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION
- participating in conferences concerning cultural,
economic, social questions that are important to the
Orient
- Diplomatic exchanges have been made
- Treaties with different countries like Pakistan,
Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.
MANILA PACT
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – also
called the Manila Pact, in 1954 (Indonesia, Thailand,
Malaysia, Burma, others)
- Relentless marching of communism in Asia (from Mao
Tse-Tung and others like Korea (North is invading South)
is happening so they talked about it
- This was a threat to the Westernized countries like
Phils so they met in Manila to make arrangements
- They signed it, (purpose is to defend the Southeast
Asia against armed external aggression)
- They will help each other if a communist aggression
will happen to a country
THIRD PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION
- Promotion of idea of One World
- Even if the Phils is not one of the most significant, she
tried her best to help other countries
- Human rights, and other ideas
- Aside from UN, Phils is involved in non-political
activities (WHO, and other organization)
- Phils withdrew embassy from Kuala Lumpur, same
with Malaysia in Manila
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (ASA)
- Replaced Maphilindo that would include non-Malay
people
- to elevate the standard of living and improve the
material welfare of their people
- This was difficult because of the conflict between Phils
and Malaysia
- But thanks to Marcos, it was solved and revived the
ASA

ANTI-COMMUNISM AS A POLICY THE ASEAN

- Many Fil. Presidents do not want communism in the
country
- They conditioned Filipino officials’ minds to absolute
anti-communism
- But some says, that this will only cause trouble, but
they still go with it
MAPHILINDO (Mushawarah Maphilindo)
- Magsaysay proposed a summit (Malaya, Phils,
Indonesia) and approved
- To strengthen cooperation, combine efforts against
colonialism, shall cooperate in building a better world,
THE BREAK-UP
- The creation of the Federation of Malaysia (Malaya,
Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah)
- Indo and Phil was deciding if they will accept the
Federation to the Maphilindo when the British govt
made a decision that Sarawak and Sabah is for the
Federation of Malaysia (based on the answers of the
citizens in Sarawak and Sabah)
- Phils and Indo didn’t believed this so Indo made an
Anti-Malaysian campaign and the Phils didn’t recognize
it
- Marcos re-established the diplomatic relations with
Malaysia
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations – Bangkok,
Thailand (Aug 8, 1967)
- To hasten economic, social, and cultural progress,
promote regional peace, assistance and collaboration,
- Learned from the dead SEATO, it is non-political unlike
the SEATO
- It focuses on economic, social, and cultural, not
political but they make advices
RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
- Phil-Spain relation has been established again
- Spain provided scholarship to study in Spain higher
learning education
- Treaties with Oriental, European, Latin American
countries
- treaty with Japan was concluded
- Japan paid reparations to the countries it destroyed

THE DISPUTE OVER SABAH

- But after the reestablishment of the relation, there
was a new controversy
- Accdg to Phils (British govt has no right to give Sabah
to Malaysia)
- Accdg to Malaysia (British govt turned Sabah to them)
- The Malaysia wanted Sabah not only because of the
established federation of Malaysia but also its natural
resources
- Phils suggested turning it to the World Court for
decision, but Malaysia said no, so there was conflict