1. Cholesterol Molecule Bond Monomer - react with fatty acid = esters (less soluble, can be stored) Polysaccharides 1,4 and 1,6 Monosaccharides - #lipoprotein in blood glycosidic bond - maintain membrane fluidity 2. Bile salt Protein peptide, Amino acids hydrogen, - emulsify lipid ionice, 3. Lung surfactant disulphide, - decrease surface tension to maintain hydrophobic interaction, alveolar space VDWF 4. Haemoglobin Lipid Esters Triacylglycerol - transport O2 by binding to it from lungs to tissues Nucleic acid Phospodiester nucelotide 5. Buffer system - maintain pH balance in body Precursors - keep venous blood only 0.01-0.03 more 1. Bile salt synthesis : cholesterol acidic than arterial 7.40 vs 7.43 2. Haem synthesis : glycine 6. Metabolism of Xenobiotic 3. Pepsin : pepsinogen (inactive precursor) - increase water solubility of xenobiotics and facilitate excretion from body Meanings - PHASE I: convert inactive xenobiotics to 1. Structure level of protein + examples active biological compounds (or kebalik) - primary: linear (peptide bond) - PHASE II: conjugation reaction preparing - # xenobiotics for excretion - secondary: alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheets (peptide and H bonds) Definitions - #myoglobins, antibodies, T cell receptor 1. D and L isomer in monosaccharide and - tertiary: 3D form (ionic, disulphide, H, amino acid peptide bonds, hydrophobic interaction, - D: hydroxyl group on the right VDWF) - L: hydroxyl group on the left - # - depends on chiral C furthest from carbonyl - quaternary: >1 polypeptide chain (non 2. Cis and trans isomer in unsaturated fatty covalent interaction) acid - #globular - enzymes - cis: functional groups are on the same side - #haemoglobin - polar, flexible, mobile, recognized by - #fibrosis - collagen body 2. Chloride shift - trans: functional groups on the opposing - exchange of chloride and bicarbonate sides (HCO3) across er ythrocyte sur face membrane to maintain electrical neutrality 01071180028 Cindy Clarissa Thandy Mechanism of compensation in acid base Main location of energy synthesis in cell imbalance Mitochondria - buffers: bicarbonate and oxyhemoglobin to - glycolysis: cytosol keep pH at 7.37-7.43 - Krebs: - act in conjunction with mechanism in - ETC: kidneys for excreting protons as - Oxidative phosporilation - in lungs to exhale CO2 to maintain pH with normal range Main oran having roles in 1. Cholesterol synthesis = LIVER Types of acid base inbalance in certain 2. Urea cycle = cytosol & mitochondria disease matrix of the liver - metabolic acidosis 3. Absorption of most nutrition consumed = - metabolic alkalosis SMALL INTESTINE - respiratory acidosis 4. Absorption of most water from nutrition - increase in H2CO3 consumed = LARGE INTESTINE - happen in impaired respiration and morphine poisoning Vitamins required in synthesis of haem - respiratory alkalosis B5 - drop in H2CO3 Structure of DNA double helix Main organs role in acid base balance - C and G = 3 bonds kidney and lungs - A and T = 2 bonds - sugar phosphate backbone End products - deoxyribose 1. Purine and pyrimidine catabolism - phospate - purine: uric acid - hydrophobic backs stack together and - hypoxanthine - xanthine - uric acid interact between 2 strands - pyrimidine - urasil (U) and cytosine (C) = beta-alanine Examples - thymine (T) = beta-isobutyrate 1. Monosaccharides 2. Haem catabolism: bilirubin - triose: glyceraldehyde 3. Protein carabolism: amino acid - tetrose: erythose - pentose: ribose Characteristics of porphyrin - hexose: glucose, sucrose, fructose, 1. colored substance mannose 2. red fluorescence - heptose: sedoheptulose 3. soret band (absorption curve in UV region 2. Polysaccharides 400nm) - starch (glucosan) - glycogen (glucosan) Storage structure of carbohydrate in body - amylum (glucosan) Starch, glycogen - inulin (fructosan) - glycosaminoglycan (mixed) Storage structure of fat in body 3. Aldose and ketose metabolic fuel - aldose: glyceraldehyde, glycoaldehyde, erythrose, threose, ribose, glucose, mannose, galactose 01071180028 Cindy Clarissa Thandy - ketose: fructose, erythrulose, 9. Amino acid containing sulfur dihydroxyacetone methionine and cysteine 4. Epimer pairs 10. Endopeptidase, exopeptidase, protease - beda 1 posisi OH having autocatalytic characteristics - D-glucose dan D-mannose - Endopeptidase: pepsin, trypsin, 5. Monomers of chymotripsin, elastase, glutamyl, - protein: amino acid thermolysim, neprilysin - glycogen: glucose - Exopeptidase: carboxypeptidase, - starch: glucose aminopeptidase, dipeptidase 6. Essential and non essential amino acids - protease: trypsin, pepsin Essential Non-essential 11. Strong and weak acid bases
Methionine Tyrosine
Phenylalanine Glycine
Threonine Alanine
Tryptophan Cystine
Valine Serine
Isoleucine Aspartic
Leucine Asparagine
Lycine Glutamic
Histidine Glutamine 12. Substance that undergoes enterohepatic
circulation Arginine Proline - biliary acid 7. Essential fatty acids - bilirubin - LINOLEIC - drugs - LINOLENIC LIVER TO BILE - ARACHIDONIC omega 3 fatty acids — menghasilkan golongan eksonaoat #prostagladin 8. Steroid, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid
Steroid Saturated Unsaturated
Cholesterol Propanoic Eicosanoids
(prostagladins, thromboxans)
Sex hormones butyrics Palmitoleic
Adrenocorticol Lauric Oleic 13. Iron porphyrin
hormone - haem (haemoglobin, myoglobin, Myristic Linoleic c y t o c h ro m e , c a t a l a s e , p e ro x i d a s e , tryptophan, pyrolase) Palmitic Andarachidonic - in plants: Mg Stearic - in human: Fe 01071180028 Cindy Clarissa Thandy 14. Anabolic and catabolic pathways - anabolic: gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis - catabolic: glycolysis, Krebs, oxidative phosporylation 15. Buffer system in the blood - plasma protein - haemoglobin - oxyhemoglobin - bicarbonate - inorganic phosphate 16. Protease produced by pancreas, stomach, and small intestine - pancreas: - trypsin - chymotrypsin - elastase - carboxypeptidase - stomach: - pepsin - small intestine - dipeptidase - amino-peptidase 17. Enzymes produced by pancreas and small intestine - pancreas: lipase - small intestine: amylase