Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

1

Chapter 14
Nonlinear Materials
14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials
14.2
Step-by-Step: Belleville Washer
14.3
Step-by-Step: Planar Seal
14.4
Review
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
2

Section 14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Key Concepts • Plasticity

• Yield Criteria
• Hardening Rules
• Linear versus Nonlinear Materials
• Plasticity Models
• Elasticity
• Hyperelasticity
• Linear Elasticity
• Required Test Data
• Hyperelasticity
• Strain Energy Functions
• Plasticity
• Hyperelasticity Models
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
3

Linear/Nonlinear Materials

Stress (Force/Area)
• When the stress-stain relation of a material
is linear, it is called a linear material,
otherwise the material is called a nonlinear
material. Strain (Dimensionless)

• For a linear material, the stress-strain

relation is expressed by Hooke's law, in
which two independent material parameters
are needed to completely define the
material.
• Orthotropic and anisotropic linear elasticity
are also available in <Workbench>.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
4

Elastic/Plastic Materials [1] Elastic

material.

Stress (Force/Area)
• If the strain is totally recovered after
release of the stress, the behavior is
called elasticity. Strain (Dimensionless)

• On the other hand, if the strain is not [2] Plastic

totally recoverable (i.e., there is no material.

Stress (Force/Area)
residual strain after release of the
stress), the behavior is called plasticity
and the residual strain is called the
plastic strain.
Strain (Dimensionless)

[3] Plastic strain.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
5

Hysteresis

Stress
• The term hysteresis is used for the energy
loss in a material during stressing and
unstressing.
• Most of materials have more-or-less hysteresis Strain
behavior. However, as long as it is small
enough, we may neglect the hysteresis
behavior.

Stress Strain
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
6

Hyperelasticity
Hyperelastic
• Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are characterized material.

Stress (Force/Area)
by that the stressing curve and the unstressing curve
are coincident: the energy is conserved in the cycles.
• Challenge of implementing nonlinear elastic material
models comes from that the strain may be as large
as 100% or even 200%, such as rubber under
Strain (Dimensionless)
stretching or compression.
• Additional consideration is that, under such large
strains, the stretching and compression behaviors
may not be described by the same parameters.
• This kind of super-large deformation elasticity is
given a special name: hyperelasticity.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
7

PLASTICITY
[2] Initial yield [1] Idealized
point (or stress-strain
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve elastic limit). curve.

Stress (Force/Area)
• Plasticity behavior typically occurs in ductile
metals subject to large deformation. Plastic strain
results from slips between planes of atoms due to
shear stresses. This dislocation deformation is a
rearrangement of atoms in the crystal structure.
Strain (Dimensionless)
• A stress-strain curve is not sufficient to fully
[3] The stress-
define a plasticity behavior. There are two [4] When the
strain relation is stress is released,
assumed linear
additional characteristics that must be described: a the strain
before Yield decreases with a
point, and the
yield criterion and a hardening rule. initial slope is the
slope equal to the
Young's modulus.
Young's modulus.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
8

Yield Criteria

• <Workbench> uses von Mises criterion as the yield criterion, that is, a stress
state reaches yield state when the von Mises stress σ e is equal to the current
uniaxial yield strength σ y′ , or

1⎡
( ) ( ) ( )
σ1 − σ 2 + σ 2 − σ 3 + σ 3 − σ1 ⎤⎥ = σ y′
2 2 2
⎢
2⎣ ⎦

The yielding initially occurs when σ y′ = σ y , and the "current" uniaxial yield
•
strength σ y′ may change subsequently.

• If the stress state is inside the cylinder, no yielding occurs. If the stress state is on
the surface, yielding occurs. No stress state can exist outside the yield surface.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
9

σ3 This is a von Mises yield surface, which

is a cylindrical surface aligned with the
axis σ1 = σ 2 = σ 3 and with a radius of
2σ y′ , where σ y′ is the current yield
strength.

σ1 = σ 2 = σ 3

σ2

σ1
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
10

Hardening Rules

• If the stress state is on the yield surface and the stress state continues to "push" the
yield surface outward, the size (radius) or the location of the yield surface will
change. The rule that describes how the yield surface changes its size or location is
called a hardening rule.
• Kinematic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface outward, the yield surface will change its location, according to the "push
direction," but preserve the size of the yield surface.
• Isotropic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface, the yield surface will expand its size, but preserve the axis of the yield
surface.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
11

[1] Kinematic hardening [2] Isotropic hardening

assumes that the difference assumes that the tensile
between tensile yield yield strength and the
strength and the compressive yield strength
compressive yield strength remain equal in
remains a constant of 2σ y . magnitude.

σ y′

2σ y
Stress

Stress
σy
σ y′

Strain Strain
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
12

Plasticity Models in Workbench

[2] To complete a
description of plasticity
model, you must include its
linear elastic properties.

[1] Currently,
<Workbench>
provides six
plasticity models.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
13

HYPERELASTICITY

Test Data Needed for Hyperelasticity

• In plasticity or linear elasticity, we use a stress-strain curve to describe its

behavior, and the stress-strain curve is usually obtained by a tensile test. Since only
tension behavior is investigated, other behaviors (compressive, shearing, and
volumetric) must be drawn from the tensile test data.
• When the strain is large, all the moduli (tensile, compressive, shear, and bulk) can
not assume simple relations.
• Therefore, to describe hyperelasticity behavior, we need following test data: (a) a
set of uniaxial tensile test data, (b) a set of uniaxial compressive test data, (c) a set
of shear test data, and (d) a set of volumetric test data if the material is
compressible.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
14

• It is possible that a set of test data is obtained by superposing two sets of other test
data. For example, the set of uniaxial compressive test data can be obtained by adding a
set of hydrostatic compressive test data to a set of equibiaxial tensile test data.

= +

[1] Uniaxial [2] Equibiaxial [3] Hydrostatic

compressive test. tensile test. compressive test.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
15

300

[2]
240 Equibiaxial test
data.

180
Stress (psi)

[3] Shear test

data.

120
[1] Uniaxial
test data.
60

0
0 0.2 0.5 0.7
Strain (Dimensionless)
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials
16

Hyperelasticity
Models in
Workbench
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.2 Belleville Washer
17

Section 14.2
Belleville Washer
Stress-strain
curve of the
steel in this case.
Problem Description
280

Stress (MPa)
270

260

250
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Plastic Strain (Dimensionless)
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.2 Belleville Washer
18

40 mm

• We will compress the Belleville 22 mm

spring by 1.0 mm and then

release it completely.
• A force-displacement curve will
also be plotted.
• We will examine the residual
stress after the spring is
completely released.

The Belleville washer is

made of steel, with
thickness of 1.0 mm.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.2 Belleville Washer
19

Force-versus-Displacement Curve

80

60

40
Compressive Force (N)

20

0 [1] The curve is

quite different
-20 between loading
[3] Let's explore the and unloading.
residual stress at this
-40
point when the external
force is completely
-60
released.
-80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Displacement (mm)
[2] There is no practice use of this
section. It is the force required to pull
the spring back to its original position.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.2 Belleville Washer
20

Residual Stress
[1] Residual
equivalent stress.

[2] Residual hoop stress. Note

that the top surface is
dominated by tension, while
the bottom surface is
dominated by compression.
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.3 Planar Seal
21

Section 14.3
Planar Seal

Problem Description 200

[2] Biaxial
160 test.

Stress (psi)
120
• The seal is used in the door of a [3] Shear test.
refrigerator. The seal is a long 80

strip, and we will model it as a

40 [1] Uniaxial
plane strain problem. test.

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Engineering Strain (Dimensionless)
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.3 Planar Seal
22

[4] The upper

1.100
plate is displaced [2] Steel
0.85" downward. plate.
.800
R.200

.133
[1] Rubber
seal.
R.150
.867
R.150
R.050

.133
[3] Steel
Unit: in.
plate.
.333 .500 R.200 R.050
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.3 Planar Seal
23

Results
Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials
Section 14.3 Planar Seal
24

A force-versus-
displacement curve. Note
that the force unit should
be read lbf/in instead of lbf.