Int. J. Mech. Sci. Vol. 23, pp. 195-211, 1981 0020-7403/81J040195-17502.

00[0
Printed in Great Britain. Pergamon Press Ltd.

PRINCIPALLY ON SHEET METAL FORMING

DEFECTS AS DESCRIBED IN THE ELEVENTH
BIENNIAL CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
DEEP DRAWING RESEARCH GROUP (IDDRG)

S. K. GHosH
Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England

(Received 23 September 1980)

Summary---The major defects encountered in sheet metal forming operations are listed and
some appropriate references given. The most common defects that arise in press-shop
situations as described in the recent congress of the IDDRG are briefly reviewed.

Defect--"Want or absence of something necessary for completeness or perfection".

Failure--"Omission to perform or want of success".
From Webster's Dictionary of English.

INTRODUCTION
Mechanical defects and limitations arising from various metal forming processes have
only recently tended to draw attention from academic workers. Several particular
journals devoted to manufacturing technology are increasingly reporting such topics
as defect formation, their causes and possible remedies. To-date, however, but few of
the many defects which occur are treated by researchers in terms of mechanics. The
Int. J. Mech. Sci. for example, has published during the past two decades a number of
papers relating to both practical studies on metal forming defects and their mathema-
tical modelling. The various defects reported are due to necking, the instability and
fracture of metals [1.1], wrinkling and buckling[1.2], springback [1.3], void or cavity
formation[1.4] and surface and structural damage [1.5].
The subject of defects may be divided for practical purposes into four main
categories as follows:
(i) those which arise in the stock material itself due to seggregation, pipe, porosity,
cracks and inclusions and exemplify harmful and undesirable defects of metallurgical
origin;
(ii) those which are introduced by incorrect heat-treatment such as overheating
and burning, rapid and uneven heating, over- and partial-hardening and annealing of
both blanks or preforms and the finished products;
(iii) those which result from improper mechanical action such as overworking
(overloading), wrong product layout, faulty tool design and finish and inadequate
lubrication; and
(iv) those due to elastic springback and generated residual stresses.
Table 1, most of which is reproduced from Ref. [2], lists the major defects that
arise in both bulk and sheet metal forming operations, whilst Table 2 presents a
separate list of some surface defects that are encountered in either one particular
process or a number of them. Readers are referred to the work of Johnson and
Mamalis [3] for an extensive list of references to the above lists of defects. Additional
references may be had from the general books on metal forming by Avitzur[4],
Boulger et al.[5,6], Blazynski[7], Roberts[8], Dieter[9], Koistinen and Wang[10],
Schey[11], American Society for Metals [12] and United States Steel Corporation[13],
and the recent papers reporting exclusively on various process defects by Lugosi and
Male[14], Miki et al.[15], Molytor[16] and Fujita et al. [17].
The author is presently engaged in classifying the principal and most common
defects encountered in both bulk and sheet metal forming operations and therefore
presents here a short note on the range of defects on the latter topic, that were
195
196 S. K. GHOSH

TABLE 1. THE COMMON PRINCIPAL DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS METAL FORMING PRO-
CESSES

ROLLING Rotary Forging

Flat- and Section-Rollin~ Mushrooming

Central fracture
Edge cracking Flaking
Transverse - Fire cracking
Alligatoring (crocodiling) High Energy Rate Forging
Fishtail
Folds, laps Piping
Flash, fins Dead metal region
Laminations Laps
Ridges - Spouty material Turbulent metal flow
Ribbing
Sinusoidal fracture
EXTRUSION-PIERCING
Cross-, Transverse- and Helical-
Rolling Christmas tree (fir tree)
Hot-, cold-shortness
Central cavity (axial or Radial- and circumferential
annular fissure) cracking
Overheated ball bearing Internal cracking
Roll mark Central burst (chevrons)
Folding (or seaming), Piping (cavity formation)
laps, fringes Sucking-in
Squaring Corner lifting
Necking Skin inclusions (side and
Triangulation and triangular bottom of the billet)
fishtail Longitudinal streaks
Laps
Ring-rolling Laminated fractures
Mottled appearance
Cavities Extrusion-defect
Fishtail
Edge-cracking Impact Extrusion
Straight-sided forms
Multiple tensile "necks"
Thermal break-off
FORGING

Open- and Closed-Die Forging, DRAWING OF ROD, SHEET, WIRE AND TUBE
U~setting, Indentation
Internal bursts (cup and
Longitudinal cracking cone chevron)
Hot tears and tears Transverse surface cracking
Edge cracking Chips of metal
Central cavity Poor surface finish
Centre bursts Folding and buckling
Cracks due to t.v.ds and Fins, laps
thermal cracks Chatter (vibration) marks
Folds, laps Season cracking
Flash, fins Island-like welding
Laminations
Orange peel
Shearing fracture
Piping

DEEP-DRAWING

Wrinkling
Puckering
Tearing (necking)
Edge cracking
Orange peel
Stretcher-strains (L~ders
lines)
Earing

BENDING AND CONTOUR FORMING

Cracking
WriDkling
Springback

HOLE FLANGING

Lip formation
Petal formation
Plug formation
 Sheet metal forming defects 197
TABLE 1. (CONTD.)

BLANKING AND CROPPING

Distortion of the part

(doming and dishing)
Cracking
Martensitic lines
Eyes, Ears, Warts, Beards,
Tongues

SPINNING, FLOW TURNING, SHEAR FORMING

Springback
Wall-fracture (shear splitting
and circumferential
splitting)
Wrinkling
Buckling
Back-extrusion (over-
reduction)
Under-reduction

PEEN FORMING, BALL FORMING

Overlapping dimples
Orange peel
Surface tearing
Break-up of surface grains
Intergranular cracking
Wrinkling
Microfissures
Folds

r e p o r t e d a n d d i s c u s s e d b y r e s e a r c h e r s f r o m a n u m b e r o f c o u n t r i e s in t h e E l e v e n t h
Biennial Congress of the International Deep Drawing Research Group (IDDRG).

THE CONGRESS: GENERAL CONTENT

The Eleventh Biennial Congress of the IDDRG was held by the Soci6t6 Francaise de Metallurgie under
the auspices of the University of Metz, France on 3--4 June 1980 (Chairman: Prof. B. Baudelet; Technical
Secretary: Dr. P. Parniere). The proceedings were published in the "Memories Scientifiques de la Revue de
Metallurgie" in two volumes (March-April, Vol. 77, Nos. 3-4, pp. 183-432 and 437--644) and the titles of the
papers presented are listed below as Refs. [18.1-18.43]. Figures showing various kinds of defect are
reproduced from these proceedings.
Although the preliminary announcement regarding this conference specified that the themes would be
"testing, forming and the use of both ferrous and non-ferrous, (i) high strength sheets with good formability
and (ii) coated sheets", papers on other facets of sheet metal forming were also included and these too are
briefly reviewed below.
Crussard[18.1] presented a review of twenty years of the IDDRG's history and Truszkowski[18.2]
reported on the physical significance of the stress-strain characteristics pertaining to various parameters
involved in sheet metal forming operations. The energy absorbing characteristics[18.4] of high strength
steel sheets and the dent resistance capabilities[18.6, .27-.28, .34] of automobile panels were comprehen-
sively reported--the theoretical analyses presented ranged from simple calculations to evaluate the strain
propagation (defined as the ability of a sheet to flow uniformly in all areas of a product, e.g. dual phase
steels with low yield strength values) and the amount of springback in autobody parts[18.28], to full-scale
numerical treatments of the deep-drawing of cylindrical[18.31, .32] and square [18.14, .33] shells. The
majority of the contributions were devoted to discussing the formability aspects of different grades of both
ferrous and non-ferrous sheets[18.13, .16, .18, .19, .22, .23, .27, .29, .36, .39, .41].

DEFECTS
The mechanical defects which arise during various sheet forming processes as described in this
conference range from such common principal defects as springback, wrinkling, buckling, necking and
fracture and surface marks to ones of specialized nature such as intergranular cavitation and'void
formation, shape fixabilityt defects in large panels, decohesion and Iocalised shear-band formation. These
defects are briefly reviewed below and interested readers may consult the referenced articles for further
details.

tFor shallow autobody parts possessing a surface of small curvature, e.g. a roof, door, hood or bootlid
panels, the important industrial criterion of acceptability is the accuracy of the shape. This property is
called "shape fixability" or "shape fittability" in Japan. Shape inaccuracy occurs due mainly to buckling,
wrinkling, surface warp, surface deflection or the springback of sheet after forming.

MS Vol. 23. No. 4--B

198 S.K. GHOSH

Springback
This topic was treated in papers or references [18.3, .5-.7, .28, .36, .43]. Reference [18.5] reports on the
correlation between material properties and the defects which appear when press-forming high strength
steel sheets. Fig, 1 [18.6] presents some press-forming results and the location of defects obtained as a result
of the deep-pressing of panels for automotive application; wrinkling, the waviness of panels and fracture is
also reported in this work. Restriking (a method of correcting or compensating for springback carried out
by "bottoming" the punch in the die so as to produce a coining action) components is shown to lower
substantially the magnitude of springback. Reference[18.28] presents curves for springback vs blank-
holding force in stretch-bending tests. As shown in Fig. 2(a), springback reduces with increasing blank-
holder force and the former is smaller for dual phase steel than that of high strength sheets. Figure 2(b)
shows the relationship between yield strength and springback for a shallow square shell from which it is
clear that the latter reduces with decreasing yield strength. Reference [18.36] also gives some springback
results, see Fig. 3(b), in connection with the forming of a square pan with a flat bottom, see also Fig. 3(a). It
was reported that this latter elastic recovery follows the strain path as did the strains during loading but in
the reverse direction.
Wrinkling and buckling
The author of Ref. [18.31] gives results for the number of wrinkles experimentally measured in the
deep-drawing of cylindrical shells of AI-killed cold-rolled drawing quality steel and compares them with the
number predicted by Kawai's wrinkling criterion,t see Fig. 4. (According to this criterion, the number of
wrinkles (N) is given by the following equation,
N = 1.81 ~rm2(4~ - b2)

where b is the width and r,. is the mean radius of the flange at the onset of wrinkling.)

Part n a m e

Hood-
ledge
upper
Wrinkle Springback

R o o f rail
outer
Springback

R o o f rail
inner

w.v r
Dash
side
~ract u111

Cro ss-
member
r~ure

FIG. 1. Press-forming results of shallow automotive panels[18.6] (material: high strength steel
sheet).

tSee N. Kawai, Bull. JSME, 4, 196 (1961).

 Sheet metal forming defects 199

300 0 u
/
0.08

0.06 ~ 5
<1 0.4 Z~8/O=I- p/p
/
0.04 <1
g
g o2 F ,'/'
o. J ~¢ ~ Rephol.
U) 0.02

O I I I
0 i.O 2.0 3.0 o k ~ . - - & -~" , , , ,
I x..x,,(2oo ~oo 4oo
Blank holding force K N L X'X fX Yield strength MPa
(a) (b)
FIG. 2. Showing (a) the effects of blank-holding force on springback in stretch-bending test
and (b) the effect of yield strength on springback; re--punch corner radius in mm and
rp--punch profile radius (=50mm)[18.28] (HSLA and Steel 5: high strength low alloy steel,
Rephos. and Dual phase: rephosphorised AL-killed and dual phase steel).

Reference [18.30] presents a mathematical model for deep-drawing including the proneness to wrinkling
and compares the calculated number of body and flange wrinkles with those experimentally observed in the
drawing of conical shells. Reference [18.32] presents a schematic representation of the drawing force vs
blank diameter relation pertaining to the avoidance of buckling defects. A simple method was also
presented in the latter paper, following the above model, for evaluating the drawing force at the limiting
drawing ratio in the drawing of cylindrical cups with a flat-nosed punch. Wrinkling and loose metal obtained
in press-forming autobody panels is also reported in detail in Ref. [18.24].

Surface defects
Relating to the shape fixability or shape fittability[18.6, .7, .24, .27, .28] of large panels possessing
complex contours, such geometrical surface defects as surface warp [ 18.7, .24], wrinkling [ 18.24] and surface
deflection[18.5-.7, .24] were extensively discussed. These defects are attributed to non-uniform stress
distribution in the plane of the sheet; in addition, the inherent difficulties encountered in bending a sheet of
metal under tension, were pointed to as major factors giving rise to "shape fixing" defects.

Thickness= 0.8mm Yield strength Tensile strengtt Elongation ~_ value ~-value

(MPo) (MPo] (%)
Sheet steel I 166 302 46.2 0.22 1.71
Sheet steel IT 369 546 51.7 0.20 1.19

(xI }
30 Sheet steel V
Ob
.c
lo
o
o
S 20 y~Y Springbaek

o ,o ~Sheet stee,l~"
c 30
o P ,,~/I
E
i- 20
0
o
I0
g
tlJ
A B = A B ' . D E = 130ram
BC=B'C=IIO
A D = 180 Equivalent strain after loading (~t)

(al (bl

FIG. 3. (a) Strain measured positions denoted by A to E and (b) elastic recovery in the
forming of square pan with flat bottom [18.36].
200 S. K. GHOSH
30 f ! I

> = O.98mm

o 3 . 0 8 mm

JO

o I I 1
I0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Original drawing ratio, ,80

FIG. 4. Number of wrinkles as a function of the original drawing ratio for the two sheet
thicknesses used [18.31] (material: AI-killed cold-rolled drawing quality steel).

External surface defects have not previously been treated extensively apart from the occasional
mention of stretcher-strain marks[18.21]. Notable is the difference between the punch load-displacement
diagrams of sheets having the same composition but having been subjected to different heat treatment, see
Fig. 13 of Ref. [18,19].

Shear bands
References[18.20] and [18.26] give interesting observations regarding the formation of shear bands, see
Fig. 6, and coarse deformation bands. These bands are reported to be found at above a critical strain and to
be responsible for the discontinuity in work-hardening rate usually observed in the stretch-forming of
A1-Zn-Mg alloys, see the list of references given in Ref. [18.20]. Increasing Mn and decreasing Si content in
dual phase steels is said to produce a product with an increasingly banded distribution as shown in Fig. 6;
the latter may have some adverse effect on the formability of the type of steel sheet.

Void, inclusion and intergranular cavitation

The effect of inclusion content on damage generation (mainly by decohesion) during the forming of low
carbon steel sheets is treated in Ref. [18.11]. Micrographs showing the development of voids and void
coalescence in steel sheet under uniaxial tension is shown in Fig. 7118.12] whilst Ref. [18.42] presents
information on intergranular cavitation during the deformation of AI6Mg alloy at a temperature of 500 C,
see Fig. 8.
The work in Ref. [18.13] also presents scanning electron micrographs of the initial rolling damage (either
by decohesion or due to porosity of the ingot) and its subsequent development into elongated voids during
the forming of Al-killed steel sheets, see Figs. 9(a) and (b). Increase in the percentage of cracked particles
with increase in equivalent strain during equi-biaxial deformation is also discussed in Ref. [18.13]. It was
shown additionally that the evolution of a defect is affected by the ratio of the initial thickness of a sheet to
the initial void radius: larger voids lead finally to larger defects at higher pressures, and also, for thinner
sheets such defects have greater adverse effects than thicker ones as regards formability, see Fig. 9(c).
Coarse-grained structure and elongated grains as a result of the uniaxial stretching of AI-Mg-Zn alloy
and the equi-biaxial deformation of low carbon steel sheets are reported on in Refs. [18.21, 18.34],
respectively.

MeasUring ran •
~ n '' g Material:
_ ~ ~ High tensile strength
Steel (440 MPa)

Punch Under loaded

O.i mm I 20mm / ....... .~_

~.,~l l l l l l l l llf

"---- Unloaded

FIG. 5. Comparison of elastic recovery at warped portion in loaded and unloaded

conditions [ 18.7].
 Sheet metal forming defects 201

FIG. 6. Banded transformation products in 1.9% Mn steel [18.26].

(b),. --
dl

(e)

FIG. 7. Micrographs showing voids in steel sheet under uniaxial tension[18.21].

202 S.K. GriosH

test tetnt~jfu~e 500"C, ~tm¢ str~nr~te,t, lO'2s~r -1

tru~ thickness strain. 0 50

- ~600
test temperature 5~'_£, ~mt~l sfram rat~. 5x tO'~k.~- t

true thickness strata, L 075 ~ 600

du'ect~n of major strain

FIG. 8. Intergranular cavitation during the deformation of AI6Mg(0) at elevated

temperature [ i 8.42].
 Sheet metal forming defects 203

pa
l 47 2 ,

to/~o-looo
,""'~.. \

Dc
0.98
"'-'-,,5
°°a \i
\ /
0.96

(c)

FIG. 9. (a) Scanning electron micrograph observation in the plane (~1e3) of the initial damage
in an AI-kiiled steel; rolling direction (RD): 1, thickness direction: 3, (b) scanning electron
micrograph in the plane (e~3) of the damage in an Al-killed steel deformed by equibiaxial
deformation up to 2~1 = 2~2 = 0.8, and (c) critical defect (De) vs reduced hydrostatic pressure
(p') for different ratios of the initial thickness (to) to the initial radius of the cavities (ro) for an
Al-killed steel (p = ~/~2 = 1 i.e. balanced biaxial stretching)[18.13].
204 S.K. GHOSB

0.4

0.2

-0.2
~y

-0.4

-0.6

-o.e

-I,0
(a)

Cross section of Surface layer Strain Flaking

of f i l m
~x ~y
c
Virgin sheet
IIIII III IIIII

0.08 O. 0 8 None

....... . . . . . . . . . o. 16 0.16

O. 2 I 0.21 Occured
I

O. 2 5 O. 25 '=

O. I0 - O. I 3 None

O, 2 2 - O. 2 4 "
. . . . . . . . C ¸- -~.......

O. 2 8 - O. 3 2 "

,L=
O. 3 3 - O. 4 4 "

(b)
FIG. 10. (a)Flakinglimit strain diagram for hot dip galvanized steelsheet, and(b)observedsurface
layers after the forming of hot dip galvanized steel sheet; ~x and ~y are minor and major principal
strains, respectively [ 18.16].
 Sheet metal forming defects 205

FIG. 11. (a) Progressive development of necks, in 18Cr-8Ni cladding, with increasing re-
rolling reductions in the range 30-70%, and (b) failure of heavily cold reduced laminate
associated with necking grooves in steel cladding[18.41].

urltace

urf~

FIG. 12. Strain fields observed on "FIAT 127 Sport" wheel disc; the hatched area indicates
the strain field which caused localized necking[18.29] (et--major strain, e2--minor strain).
206 S.K. GHOSH

,30#m

x I0 ~

,.o~,.-i-~T ¢_ Ko

I l I I I
0 0.1 0.3 0,5

(c)
FIG. 13. Double mechanism of crack formation: (a) by failure of the particle a n d (b) by
decohesion at the particle-matrix interface. (c) Number of defects per unit area (D) observed
vs effective strain (g) in stretching of two low-carbon steel sheets where e2/e; = p [18.11].
 Sheet metal forming defects 207

d
FIG. 14. Post-formed brittle fractures in sheet steel parts: (a) industrial lamp housing in
deep-drawing cold-rolled steel; (b) laboratory deep-drawn cup; (c) mine roof-bolt header plate;
and (d) automotive bumper. (b)-(d) High strength low alloy hot-rolled steel[18.10].
 S. K. GHOSH 209
TABLE 2. SURFACEDEFECTSTHATARISEIN BOTHBULKANDSHEETMETALFORMINGPROCESSES

Alligator skin Peeling (orange peel, pebbles)

Blisters Pickle pitting
Burnt surface Pinchers
Checks marks Pinheads (blisters)
Cold laps (laps) Pitting
Cold shut Ragging marks
Crowfeet (check marks) Roakes
Dark areas Rolling mill laps
Die lines Rough surface
Edge checks Scratches
Fishhooks (check ~arks) Seams
Folds Shearing defects
Galls Slivers
Grease spots Snakes
Greasy surface Spangled surface (mottled
Hair lines (cracks) surface)
Hair seams (seams) Stretcher strains
Mottled surface White spots on steel ingots
Overlapping (laps)

Coating defects
The principal defect encountered in the deep-drawing and stretch-forming of coated sheets has been
recognised to be the flaking or peeling off of the coat material. Flaking limit strain diagrams, see Fig. 10(a),
have been plotted and cross-sections of coat-material after forming are shown in Fig. 10(b); see Ref. [18.16].
Additionally, in forming coated sheets, especially into box-shaped panels, there is the possibility of a loss of
coat-material at the corners[18.25]. Reference [18.39] suggests a testing procedure to evaluate the ad-
herence properties of coatings.

Instability, necking and fracture

Inhomogeneous deformation in sheet metal forming processes is discussed in Refs. [18.2, 18.41]. The
progressive development of necks in 18Cr-8Ni cladded sheets, see Fig. ll(a), is reported to be due to
increasing the severity of reduction in the course of re-rolling. The necking develops with a periodicity
which is said to reflect a regular pattern of shear strain concentrations through the thickness of the
laminates. Such inhomogeneous deformation ultimately gives rise to continuous grooves running per-
pendicular to the rolling direction, see Fig. 1l(b). Multiple necking and groove formation is also discussed in
Refs. [18.22, 18.38].
Localised necking obtained in car wheel disc pressings, as shown in Fig. 12, were referred to in Ref.
[18.29]. Reference [18.11] presents interesting examples of crack formation in a sheet, by both the failure of
a particle and by decohesion at the particle-matrix interface, see Figs. 13(a) and (b), respectively; the
number of such observed defects has been correlated with effective strain, as shown in Fig. 13(c).
Fig. 14[18.10] presents views of post-formed brittle fractures in sheet steel components. The fracture
modes observed are ones of dimpled fracture, intergranular or grain-boundary fracture, large splits, a
square fracture with a cleavage mode, sheared-edge fracture and secondary cracks.
Reference [18.40] reports in detail on the failure modes obtained in the piercing and hole-flanging of
sheet metals. These occur either by petalling, plugging or lip-fracture. In the context of the hole-expanding
limit test, Ref. [18.27] points out that the above limit is generally lowered by the presence of micro-cracks at
the hole-edge produced during the punching of a hole. There is strain concentration at these micro-cracks,
which causes early failure,
CONCLUSION
T h e E l e v e n t h B i e n n i a l C o n g r e s s of the I D D R G , as for earlier C o n g r e s s e s in this
series, c o n t r i b u t e s m u c h to the u n d e r s t a n d i n g of s h e e t metal f o r m i n g t e c h n i q u e b u t at
the s a m e time c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e s a c o n s i d e r a b l e gap b e t w e e n the a n a l y t i c a l a n d
p r a c t i c a l t r e a t m e n t of the s u b j e c t of m e c h a n i c a l d e f e c t s as t h e y arise in s h e e t metal
processing.
It is h o p e d that b y e n c o u r a g i n g a n a l y s t s to p e r u s e the a f o r e m e n t i o n e d r e f e r e n c e s
a n d F i g u r e s , etc. their p o w e r will t h e n be well d i r e c t e d to h e l p i n g p r a c t i t i o n e r s to
s e c u r e i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t s of higher q u a l i t y at l o w e r cost.

Acknowledgements--The author is indebted to Prof. W. Johnson for initially directing his attention to the
study of defects in metal processing and for his advice and help in completing this manuscript. He would
also like to thank Rosalie Cowell for typing the manuscript.

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210 Sheet metal forming defects
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Aluminium Extrusion Technology Seminar, Vol. I, pp. 99-102 (1977).
17. M. FUJITA, T. FUKUDA,n. HAGITAand T. OKAMOTO,Effect of the surface defects in steel wire on cold
forgeability. Wire J. 10, 47 (1977).
18. Memories ScientiIfques Revue Metallurgie, 77 (1980).
18.1 C. CRUSSARD,Twenty years of the IDDRG's history, p. 183.
18.2 W. TRUSZKOWSKI, On physical meaning of the stress-strain relationship parameters in high
strength polycristaUine metals, p. 193.
18.3 R. COUTIN, J. P. DOCHE, A. FERRON and J. MICHEL, HSLA steels. Characteristics for the
utilization in forming processes, p. 203.
18.4 K. W. BLUMEL and W. MUSCHENBORN, Factors determining the energy absorption of high
strength steel, p. 216.
18.5 T. YAMAMOTO,T. TAKANO,H. OIKAWA,K. ABE and S. OHSHIMA, Problems of high strength steel
sheets in autobody production, p. 227.
18.6 S. SATO, M. SHIOKAWA,T. FURUBAYASHIand K. YAMAZAKI,Required properties of high strength
steel sheets for autobody parts, p. 237.
18.7 Y. UMEHARA,Analysis of shape fixability in high tensile strength steel sheets in press forming, p.
247.
18.8 T. ASAI, K. SAKAI, K. KATO, A. OOHASHIand M. HIRANO,Study for the use of high strength steel
sheet for autobody panels, p. 257.
18.9 J. DEFOURNY, R, D'HAEYER, J. DAWANCE, A. MERTENS and L. RENARD, Spot
welding of high strength steel sheets for deep drawing, p. 267.
18.10 P. L. CHARPENTIERand H. R. PIHLER, Properties of formed parts: flow and fracture behaviour
after cold forming in HSLA steel sheets, p. 281.
18.11 C. SOUZA-NOBREGA,B. FIDELISDA SILVA,G. FERRAN,J. M. JALINIERand B. BAUDELET,Effect of
the inclusions content on damage generation during sheet metal forming of low carbon steel, p.
293.
18.12 P. F. THOMSON and P. U. NAYAK, The development of thickness non-uniformities leading to
failure in sheet metals, p. 303.
18.13 J. M. JALINIER,J. H. SCHMITT,R. ARGEMI,J. L. SALSMANNand B. BAUDELET,Different damage
behaviours and their influence on forming process, p. 313.
18.14 L. FELGI~RES,Calculation of the damage behaviour during stretch forming. Case of a cylindrical
multipasses deep drawn box, p. 327.
18.15 CIq. WEIDEMANN,Deep drawing of coil coated steel sheet, p. 343.
18.16 C. SUDOO, Y. HAYASHIand M. NISHIHARA,Behaviour of coated film in pressforming of surface
treated steel sheet, p. 353.
18.17 H. KHAOEMY-ZADEH,H. T. COUPLAND,P. B. MELLOR, Deep drawing and ironing of steel sheet, p.
363.
18.18 K. LANGE and M. BLAICH, Forming of alumimium alloys for autobody components, p. 373.
18.19 H. P. FALKENSTEIN,Formability of aluminium alloys for deep and stretch forming parts, p. 383.
18.20 B. ANDERSSON,Plastic instability in stretchforming of AIZnMg alloys, p. 391.
18.21 R. AKERET,A fully annealed AIMgZn alloy, free of stretcher strain marks and of stress corrosion,
p. 397.
18.22 H. KLEEMOLA,J. O. KUMPULAINENand A. RANTA-ESKOLA,Factors influencing the forming limits
of sheet metals, p. 403.
18.23 N. K. WONG, B. H. ARKUN, W. T. ROBERTSand D. V. WILSON,The formability of steel sheets at
moderately elevated temperatures, p. 413.
 S. K. GHosn 211
18.24 K. YOSHIDA, K. MIYAUCHI,H. HAYASHI,H. ISHIGAKIand T. FURUBAYASHI,Fittability of metal
sheets in sheet metal forming, p. 423.
18.25 J. R. NEWBY, R. E. HOOK and J. W. YOUNG, High strength cold rolled low carbon steel sheets, p.
437.
18.26 T. R. THOMSONand R. M. HOBBS, Dual Phase steels. Production and formability, p. 455.
18.27 T. SHIMOMURA,M. YOSHIDA,M. SAKOHand K. MATSUDO,Formability of high strength cold rolled
steel sheets with 400 Mpa Tensile strength, p. 465.
18.28 K. NAKAGAWAand H. ABE, Press formability of high strength cold rolled steel sheets, p. 475.
18.29 G. ARRIGONI, M. PALLADINO, G. VOLPATO and S. GUBIAN, Vacuum alloyed and decarburized
HSLA steels (HS VAD). FLC obtained in industrial pressing of styled car wheel discs, p. 485.
18.30 C. MARIQUE,R.D'HAEYER,J. MIGNON,J. GOUZOUand A. BRAGARD,Predictions of drawability
limits, including the proneness to wrinkling. Actual experience of a mathematical model for
deep-drawing, p. 494.
18.31 J. O. KUMPUt.AINEN, Calculation of the maximum drawing ratio obtainable in deep drawing
without a blank-holder, p. 505.
18.32 A. S. KORHONENand M. SULONEN,Force requirements in deep drawing of cylindrical shells, p.
515.
18.33 B. KAVrANOOLUand B. KILKIS, Theory of deep-drawing of square blanks and the numerical
solution of the flange region, p. 525.
18.34 D. RAULT and M. ENTRINGER,Characterizing of the stretch behaviour of thin steel sheets, p. 535.
18.35 A. RAWrA-ESKOLA,Effect of loading path on the formability of sheet metals, p. 543.
18.36 I. Aom and T. HoRrrA, Development and propagation of surface strain during forming of sheet
panels, p. 553.
18.37 Y. YUTORI, S. NOMURA,I. KOKU~O and H. ISmGAKI, Studies on the static dent resistance, p. 561.
18.38 J. GRONOSTAJSKIand A. DOLNY, Determination of forming limit curves by means of Marciniak
punch, p. 570.
18.39 A. MERTENS, L. RENARD, J. M. SACRE, SMET, MOERDIJCK,Testing adherence of coatings using
limited dome height method, p. 579.
18.40 W. JOHNSON,S. K. GHOSn and S. R. REID, Piercing and holettanging of sheet metals: A survey, p.
585.
18.41 B. W. MURRAY, W. T. ROBERTS and D. V. WILSON, The properties and formability of alu-
minium--5% magnesium alloy clad with an austenitic stainless steel, p. 607.
18.42 M. J. PAINTERand R. PEARCE, The elevated temperature behaviour of some AI-Mg alloys, p. 617.
18.43 G. BERCLUND,K. K~,LLS~C3M and L. MELIN, Press-hardening. The influence of sheet metal and
tool design on the production rate, p. 635.