2019-CE13 - Gastardo, Goyena, Longno, Serrano (Rev5)

Construction of Bypass Road Along Marikina River from Riverpark to
Riverbank
Central Colleges of the Philippines

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................................5
THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................5
Introduction ................................................................................................. 5
Review of Related Literature ..................................................................... 7
Related Readings ....................................................................................... 17
Related Studies........................................................................................... 18
Synthesis and Justification........................................................................ 23
Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 23
Conceptual Framework ............................................................................ 25
Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 26
Hypothesis .................................................................................................. 27
Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 28
Scope and Limitations ............................................................................... 28
Definition of Terms.................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 2................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
METHODOLOGY ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Introduction .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Research Design .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CE13-GASTARDO,GOYENA,LONGNO,SERRANO P a g e 1 | 30
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Research Setting ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Respondents of the Study............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Data Gathering Procedures ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Data Gthering Instruments ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Statistical Treatment ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCES ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDICES............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
APPENDIX A.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Caption for Table 1.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 2.1. Caption for Table 2.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Caption for Figure 1. .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2.1. Caption for Figure 2. .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
Traffic congestion has been a major problem of our country for years, that
causes disturbance in our community and it also have major effect in our environment
as well. Motorists experience traffic every day and it causes too much of the time
motorists, which the time that they are going through the traffic every day, they could
accomplish more in their work and spend more time with their family and love ones.
People tend to endure the traffic and have not thought the importance of the
construction of road ways, that this project can provide convenience to the community
or to the city. Because of the growing of volume of the vehicles in our country, the
traffic is getting much worst and it is being felt in our country. The traffic congestion
in our country can have a solution by creating road ways and bridges that can benefit
the community and the environment.
The lack of discipline of the motorists causes more problems to the traffic in
the current situation today. People just ignoring the fact that their lack of discipline in
the road is causing more problems. Education about the road and the right discipline
of the motorists will help to develop the problem in our traffic, and the adding of a
bypass road will benefit the people and the motorists because it can prevent a traffic
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jam in the said area and by designing this road will be accordance with Republic Act
no. 917 (June 19, 1953), sec. 10(Appointment for improvement, reconstruction and
construction). This study will address the problem in the traffic and will develop a
system that will handle the traffic in the area.
The construction of the bypass road will benefit the community and the environment
through the reduction of the travel time of the motorist and the air pollution that a
vehicle can cause. The research may be also used as a reference to future studies
regarding traffic congestion. It will raise the awareness of people in our government
by adding road ways and bridges to a certain area, which can be a solution for problem
of traffic. This study will benefit the community and the environment by reducing the
traffic congestion in our country.
The research aims to develop a bypass road from River Park to River Banks,
Marikina City, which can be an alternative route for the motorist that passing through
Barangka going to River Banks. This research will inspect an area for suitability of the
construction that shall follow the given criteria for siting an area for road construction.
Also the research will analyze the soil profile, water level of the river and blank, and
create a work flow system for road, blank batas and present a scale model. Lastly,
provide a blank.
The scope of this study is to design a bypass road that shall be solution to the existing
traffic in Barangka, Marikina City. The said design shall follow the criteria which will
serve as a basis for the siting and the establishment of the bypass road. The said criteria
shall encompass the standards that would make an effective and efficient process in
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handling the design of the bypass road in Marikina City. The applicability of the
research shall only be limited to the municipality of Marikina City. The researcher will
use AutoCAD, Tekla Structures in designing the site development plan and blank for
the designing the access road.
Review of Related Literature
This chapter represents of the related articles, literature and studies being
considered to understand further this study.
Foreign
Bypass Road
One of the main reasons for the construction of bypass roads in towns is the
disconnection of through-traffic from the center of a town or city to the sorroundings,
for objective of improving the stream of traffic, shortening travel times, and reducing
road accidents. Bypass roads, someway, have also environmental and economic
sequel. On the one side, they reduce noise and pollution appearance along the previous
route. On the other hand, such projects are often accompanied by tremendous fears on
the part of local proprietors and businesses regarding the scope of their business
revenues, the value in the properties, and the stake of the road on land uses. A new
bypass road reform accessibility to areas of activities, curtail traffic in urban centers
and bear the development of fresh areas as well as the redevelopment of others. In
variation to the above, the construction of a bypass road is responsible to bring about
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a decrease in industrial and commercial land consumption within the community, due
to the redirection of traffic and hence the clientele base. The propagation and
deployment of businesses along the length of the bypass roads effects the revision in
land use. The remotesness of the bypass road from the city center creates a sac between
the old and new roads, where bulky pressure is exerted for composition (Mackie,
1983; Jesse, 1991). In many cases, the numerous researchers examined the stake of the
bypass road upon economic development beside with changes in secured levels in the
bypassed communities. This stake was generally uniformed in terms of the number of
workers and businesses, as well as the number of commerce, changes in wages (Glen,
2001; Jesse, 1991), the spatial allotment of businesses, the augmentation of industrial
and residential space, discrepancy in population size, travel behavior (Collins, 2000;
Mackie, 1983) and changes in the car accident charge (Rune, 2001; Newland, 1962).
There are plenty variables that determine the routing and the levle of the bypass road
impact, such like the economic base of the community, the community's geographical
status, the population's demographic visage, the provincial highway network, the
remoteness from large urban areas and the community's spatial status relative to the
bypass road (Johann, 1993; Banistrr, 1994; Poul, 1997; Gillis, 1994; Collins, 2000).
Retaining wall
Retaining walls are broadly classified as gravity, semi-gravity, and cantilever,
counter fort and buttressed retaining walls. A gravity retaining wall utilizes entirely its
own weight to produce the necessary stability. Cantilever and counter fort retaining
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walls utilize the weight of the soil itself to produce stability. Semi-gravity retaining
walls are intermediate between the cantilever and gravity type walls. Among the
concrete retaining walls, the cantilever wall is most widely used as it is economical.
These walls utilize the weight of the soil itself to produce stability. Cantilever retaining
walls are used in basement of buildings, as abutments for bridges, as flood walls in
irrigation works as well as for retaining ores, minerals and other granular materials.
Therefore, considering the importance of cantilever retaining structures, the estimation
of earth pressure is found to be essential for the safe design of retaining wall under
both static and seismic conditions. A number of investigations have been performed
by several researchers to determine the seismic active and passive earth pressures on
a rigid retaining wall due to earthquake loading.
Dr. Ray Chaudhari (1974), in the design of retaining wall earth pressure is a
predominant actuating force. Substantial reduction in this force could be made by
providing relief shelf to the retaining wall. Jumiksi had suggested a method to evaluate
the effect of shelf on earth pressure. Dr.Ray Chaudhari also independently evaluated
the effect of relief shelves on earth pressure by assuming that soil mass above the relief
shelf, which is contained in the failure wedge, does not contribute to the weight of
failure wedge & that relief shelf supports this mass. This method has been further
developed by considering the shift of centre of gravity of the failure wedge that occurs
because of reduction in weight of failure wedge, due to relief shelf. Steedman and Zeng
(1990), it predicts the seismic active earth pressure behind a vertical cantilever
retaining wall taking into account a finite shear wave velocity in the backfill. It was
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found that the phase change has a marked effect on the distribution of the dynamic
increment of pressure. Choudhary et al (2006) compared the Pseudo-Static and
Pseudo-Dynamic Methods for Seismic Earth Pressure on Retaining Wall. The analysis
and comparison in between these two methos shows that the time dependent non-linear
behaviour of the pressure distribution obtained in the pseudodynamic method results
more realistic design values of earth pressures under earthquake condition. Tafrehi and
Nouri (2008) studied the seudo-static methods for the evaluating the thrust of soil on
retaining wall under seismic condition. They established a new approach which
concludes that the main difference with respect to the traditional solutions is that the
presence of the wall is considered in the equilibrium equations.
Traffic noise
Highway traffic noise is caused by tire-pavement interaction, aerodynamic
sources (turbulent airflow around and partly through the vehicle), and the vehicle itself
(the power-unit noise created by the engine, exhaust, or transmission). At highway
speeds, tire-pavement interaction generally is the most dominant source (Sandberg and
Ejsmont, 2002).
Douglas et al., (2010) studied noise from the point of view of Community
awareness and the perception on the traffic noise related health impacts. He found that
related cases have increased significantly over the last decade resulting in a large
volume of public inquiries flowing to Road Authorities for planning advice. Traffic
noise management in the urban environment is therefore becoming a “social
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obligation”, essentially due to noise related health concerns. Talukdar (2001) studied
the noise exposure from the textile industries and showed that a large number of textile
workers, especially weavers suffer from industrial hearing loss. He suggested, there
should be substantial efforts by machinery manufacturers, in keeping the noise
emission as low as possible while improving the speed of their machines. Tripathi et
al., (2012) is said the Noise is considered variable in its nature and any time for the
traffic in the road may depends speed of vehicles, volume of traffic and road conditions
so it becomes necessary to identify the noise levels by using certain mechanism.
Traffic composition is often a determining factor, as heavy vehicles produce more
noise and vibration, leading to higher annoyance levels ( Paunović et al. 2009). The
time of day is also relevant as high traffic levels create problems for pedestrians dur-
ing the day time, but high traffic speeds produce loud noises at night-time, when it is
most disruptive for local residents ( Pirrera et al. 2010).
Traffic congestion
Unlike several different problem of American social issues, poverty, hunger,
low-quality, education, homelessness, drug addiction and traffic congestion is directly
experienced daily by innumerable American commuters of all financial gain levels
they need to become more and more incensed over the waste of their precious time
and cash caused by recurrent traffic delays. The most causes of peak hour traffic
congestion are deeply unmoving in American needs and behavior patterns. Some are
even designed into the essential physical and scheme of U. S metropolitan areas
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Policymakers hoping to scale back congestion thus should persuade various American
to change a number of their most cherished social goals and comfy personal conduct.
The causes of rising congestion is divided into 2 basic categories: immediate and
future. a minimum of four immediate causes are known each of that tends to strengthen
the impact of the others and thereby heighten congestion. Drivers are solely
accountable for vehicle operating expense and also the time spent travelling. Since
they'll most likely be caught in serious congestion during peak periods, they
acknowledge that their travelling time are going to be higher than during different
periods. Meaning any factors that increase peak hour congestion on restricted access
roads tend to cause additional motorcar driving commuters to shift far from the roads
within the peak periods to identical roads in nonpeak periods and transportation during
peak periods. However by travelling during peak hours every worker will work
identical hours as most others do. It is wide assumed that top levels of peak hour road
congestion can stimulate transportation patronage. That's why several metropolitan
areas have distended, or are considering increasing, their transportation systems
artificial language relieve road congestion. This analysis implies that tie up is sort of
bound to continue worsening in quick growing metropolitan areas unless effective
remedies is found and planted.(Anthony Downs 2013)
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Water Level
The level of the water surface of a river or stream above an established gage
datum at a given location. The gage datum is a horizontal surface used as a zero point
for measurement of water level. This gage datum level usually is located slightly
below the lowest point of the stream bottom such that the stage is greater than the
maximum depth of water. In the study entitled “Portable Water Level Monitoring
System via SMS” There are three levels of warning of a water level. These are the
minor level, moderate level, and the major level. When the water level reaches the
minor level sensor, the device will send SMS which has this message. “The water
level starts to become higher please stay at home”. When the water level reaches the
moderate level sensor, the device will send SMS which has this message “Warning!
The water level reached the moderate level, please prepare all things that you need,
evacuation is possible at any time!” And when the water level reaches the major level
sensor, the device will send SMS which has this message “Alert! The water level
reaches the critical level, please evacuate immediately”. The device will be supplied
by solar power.
Local
Bypass Road
The scope of the road in the Philippines, when measured in terms of road km
per square km, road km per capita, and road km per dollar of GDP per capita, is
comparable with or better than many neighboring developing member countries .As
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of 2011, the country’s road system comprised about 215,000 km, of which about 15%
were classified of the national roads, thereby falling under the jurisdiction of the
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The residual 85% of the
network is defined as local roads and falls under the jurisdiction of a variety of local
government units. As of November 2011, 79% of national roads and only 18% of
local roads were paved with either asphalt or concrete. The government has
developed a network of tolled expressways in central Luzon to address transport
constraints on economic development by linking the major economic and transport
centers in Metro Manila and adjacent provinces, from Tarlac in the north to Batangas
in the south; and facilitating multimodal transport. The Plaridel Bypass road is an
autoroute road of 24.61 km that will link the NLEX in Balagtas, Bulacan with the
Philippine Japan Friendship Highway, also called Maharlika Highway, in San Rafael,
Bulacan. It will bypass the town proper of Plaridel and urban areas of Pulilan,
Baliuag, and San Rafael along the existing Maharlika Highway, thus alleviate the
perennial traffic congestion at the core urban areas along Philippine-Japan Friendship
Highway road section from Plaridel to San Rafael, Bulacan. The bypass alignment
traversed five (5) municipalities in the province of Bulacan, namely, Balagtas,
Guiguinto, Plaridel, Bustos and San Rafael. The Plaridel Bypass Road (the violet,
dotted line left of the center) is seen to directly connect the urban expansion corridor
with NLEX. It will also serve as an alternate road to the Plaridel-Baliuag Growth
Corridor. The Provincial Government of Bulacan has in fact echoed the Plaridel
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Bypass Road as one of the priority program for transportation and access for the
Province of Bulacan.
Traffic Noise
The primary contributor to roadside noise is transportation. The noise
produced by vehicles may be termed as road traffic noise. In the vehicle, the principal
noise source is the power unit and its auxiliaries, transmission system, tires and
braking system. This type of noise can be augmented by narrow streets and tall
buildings, which produce a”canyon” in which traffic noise reverberates (Suter, [17]).
In the Philippines, the institutions that set the standards include the Department of
Health (DOH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) under the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). Awareness on pollution brought
about by noise has always been limited due to its unnoticeable effects but recently,
noise is becoming a more prominent social, environmental and health problem due
to the increasing urbanization. Road traffic, one of the dominant sources of noise in
urban and rural environment, continuously rises with the increasing number of people
and vehicles, as well as congestion of traffic. Trafficc enforcers, who spend most of
their time in roads directing traffic, are at the forefront of exposure to road traffic
noise
Water Level
Marikina River is the major waterway in the city. The city has an estimated
population of 490,612 for 2008, and its major industry is shoemaking with a shift in
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emphasis from agriculture to shoemaking and heavy industries. With industrialization
came population increases and the conversion of rich agricultural land into residential
areas. The river became heavily polluted with domestic sewage and industrial waste.
The quarrying on the riverbanks led to scouring and erosion. The end result was poor
water quality and flooding that claimed lives and destroyed property. Informal
settlements along the riverbanks added to the pressures of pollution and flooding.
Whether in its traditional or flooded state, the watercourse was a hazard to those
communities. Throughout continuous significant downpours or typhoons, the
watercourse level rose most that informal settlers had to vacate their homes and keep
in evacuation centers till the floodwaters receded. Even though the river had harmful
flooding events in fashionable times, the riverbanks were still thought-about as
potential settlement sites by those that couldn't afford to buy land or property in safer
parts of town. Urban riverine flooding will be worsened by local urban processes and
activities that cause river flow obstruction and pollution.(Gabrielle 2008)
Traffic congestion
Traffic congestion has always been a problem especially on roads that are
located in populated areas. Varied solutions have been suggested and implemented
to address the challenge.
The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) implemented
traffic schemes which were opposed prior starting it. The schemes are prohibition of
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the driver-only operated vehicles along EDSA and prohibition of provincial buses
(from North to South) traversing EDSA. The first scheme encourages carpooling
while the second is there are only buses points where passengers will be picked-up
by other land-based transportation as the buses will be terminating their trips.
A scheme was also developed in mid-90’s, the Unified Vehicular Volume
Reduction Program (UVVRP), more popularly known as the “number coding”. It
was developed as a short-term travel demand management measure for Metro Manila
but still implemented along major roads with some modifications like the mid-day
window.
Related Readings
The government agency announced that the first phase of the Marikina City
Bypass Road Project has been completed. The finished portion is a two-lane side,
470m stretch situated beside the Marikina River and SM Marikina.
“This 470-meter Phase 1 is a component of the propounded Marcos Highway-JP Rizal
Bypass Road Project from Marcos Highway up to M. Roxas Road close to Kalumpang
Barangay Hall and JP Rizal Street,” DPWH NCR director Ador Canlas said in a
statement. “Marikina River’s side will serve as the alignment of the bypass road.
“We arrived with this project to dwelling the growing volume of vehicles plying both
Marcos Highway and JP Rizal Street. On a bypass road, motorists won’t have to resist
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congested roads just to cross each margin, amputation travel time by as much as 25
minutes.”
The remaining 1.14km section will take an estimated P428 million in funding
to build, the DPWH said. Once the project is completed, the agency claims the 1.6km
stretch of road will cut travel time between Marcos Highway and JP Rizal Street in
Marikina City.
According to him, the Marcos Highway-J.P. Rizal Bypass Road Project
received an initial allocation of PHP135 million for two contract packages
implemented by DPWH-NCR and DPWH Metro Manila First District Engineering
Office.
The project’s scope of works also covers the removal of existing trees,
construction of embankment, drainage system, sidewalk, concrete curb, guardrail and
retaining wall, grouted painting of curb, and application of reflectorized thermoplastic
pavement.
The whole bypass road will be a multi-year project and will necessitate an estimated
funding amount of PHP428 million for its outstanding 1.14-kilometer section.
Related Studies
Bypass Road
In most situation, the various researchers examined the stake of the bypass
road upon economic development along with changes in sanctuary levels in the
bypassed communities. The broad distribution of businesses, the expansion of
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industrial and residential space, discrepancy in population size, travel behavior
(Collins, 2000; Mackie, 1983) and changes in the car accident rate (Rune, 2001;
Newland, 1962). many studies that have investigated the result of bypass roads on
road accidents (Newland, 1962; Andersson, 2001; Kipnis, 1976) showed that the
construction of such roads caused a curtail in the number of road accidents with
casualties. In 1969 Professor Robley Winfrey of lowa University in his book,
Economic Analysis for Highways stated “effects of Highway bypasses on traffic and
safety are easily observed and measured. But the economic and social consequences
of bypasses on urban communities are difficult to observe and more difficult to
measure”.
Water Level
Water is commonly used in agriculture, industry and in households. In
novitiate are known many types of level control that can be complete. But the most
prevalent ones are those with overflow control used to restrain exceeding the
maximum level that a storage tank can hold and those with fully wither for restraining
the pomp to work without liquid. Water level control systems using microcontrollers.
This type of system merely starts the pump when the water level is medium and grant
it to run until it is reached the supreme level in the tank. Water level under the
systems based on fuzzy logic, water level is controlled using SCADA (supervisory
control and data accession system). For a nonlinear water-tank level it is recquisite
to design a dividend scheduling controller for a water level control system
Traffic Congestion
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Traffic congestion befall when a volume of traffic or modal split procreate
demand for space major than the available road capacity. There are a dowry of
specific condition which cause or comcplicate congestion; most of 8 them decrease
the effective capacity of a road at a set point or over a precise length, or increase the
number of vehicles needed for a given volume of people or commodity.
Quantification of congestion can be done by embody the volume and operational
feature of traffic movement. Bhargab Maitra, P.K.Sikdar and S.L.Dhingra, 1999
accompany a study on quantification of congestion. Quantified congestion level can
be used as a rational and improved measure of effectiveness to certify for the
conceptual definition of level of service in a quantitative method. Moulding
congestion has provided a quantitative basis for understanding the assisstance of
different vehicle types in overall congestion, and it is useful for evolutive the policy
for congestion mitigation. The principles of duration moulding can be used to find
the expanse of congestion. An approach is establish for estimating the duration of
congestion on a set road section and the likelihood that, given its onset, congestion
will end during the indentified time season. It was studied by Anthony Stathopoulos
and Mattew G.Karlaftis, 2001. Bin Yuan and Wen-Hua Song, 2007 conducted a
study on exploring and accomplishing road traffic safety and rescue system based on
3S technology, which will provide effective instruction platform for traffic
instruction department.
Traffic Congestion is widely distributed in the network and it is dynamic in
nature (Pei, 2003). Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models are the only choice
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that describes the dynamic characteristics of the traffic and transportation network
and captures time varying changes of traffic flow on the basis of time-dependent
travel demand (Minngqiao et al. 2013).
Traffic Noise
A study on the noise revelation among traffic police officers accompanied in
Sudan inform that the noise levels measured using a dosimeter were high at all points
which in sheer have led to irritation and tinnitus among the traffic enforcers.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), long-term exposure to high
environmental noise levels such as traffic, above 53 decibels (dB) can result in
adverse health effects such as elevated blood pressure, coronary artery disease,
hearing loss and even heart attacks. Conversely, decreased levels of noise pollution
can bring auxiliary advantages such as fewer road rage instances, increased cognitive
performance and productivity.
Retaining Wall
The University of Western Australia has presented the triage of flexible
retaining walls and has mentioned that the deaden Platform Wall is one of the types
of piliable retaining wall. Jumikis suggested that the stability of counterfort wall can
be considerably increased by providing one or more relief platforms or shelves in the
cross section of such a wall and by extending them up to the rupture surface. The
relief shelves have the advantage of decreasing lateral earth pressure on the wall and
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increasing stability of the structure. This results in an economical design because less
material goes into the wall as compared to massive structure or cantilever and even
counterfort walls without the shelves.
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Synthesis and Justification
The development of granular iron PRB technology was reliant on two
advances: that metallic irons breaks down chlorinated organic compounds, and that
reactions can proceed in situ normal groundwater conditions.
Metals have been used as catalysts since the 20th century, with more literature
available concerning the corrosion of metal shipping and storage
containers.[1] Because this literature concerned pure solvents rather
than aqueous solutions and the processes often occurred at high temperatures and
pressures, it was not looked at by the environmental community.
Theoretical Framework
Phase 1 will cover all the necessary procedures in order to obtain all the
specific data required for designing the bypass road. Phase 2 will be the establishment
of legal boundaries of land and in order to provide and effective layout for the facilities
to be placed together with the bypass road plan including the vehicular access plan for
the whole facility. Lastly, phase 3 will provide an effective workflow system for the
operation of the bypass road and a scale model of the whole structure for a better
representation of the structure.
Table 1.1. Comparison between ______
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Figure 1.1. Comparison between ______
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Conceptual Framework
Phase 1: Data Gathering Phase 2: Designing
Phase 3: Finalization
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Statement of the Problem
General
The main objective of this research study is to design and construct the 2-
kilometer-long Marikina Bypass consist of retaining walls and road structure over
Marikina River connecting Riverbank and Riverpark to reduce traffic congestion
currently experienced on Marikina.
Specific
1. Investigate an area in river park to river banks Marikina and to prove that
the proposed area is suitable for the construction of a bypass road in
accordance with Republic Act No.917 (June 19, 1953), sec.10
(Apportionment for improvement, reconstruction and construction)
2. Analyze the current state of the area by its traffic congestion, traffic noise
and water level of Marikina river.
3. Develop a route option road design to give a minimum design speed and
approach design commensurate with the urban environment and design a
retaining wall that can sustain the water level of Marikina river.
4. Create smooth and safe flow of traffic on barangka road by constructing a
new road over Marikina river, and integrate an existing emergency response
system.
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5. Provide efficiency in maintaining and improving the transportation system
by reducing exhaust emissions and limiting noise form local traffic.
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis:
The design of the bypass in Barangay blank Marikina City is not ideal due to
the lack of support from the local community and the municipality of Marikina City.
The support from the local residents is not certain because they think that it will cause
much problem and it will not be a solution, also the municipality of Marikina City does
not support the project because of the cost of the project there is no budget.
Alternative Hypothesis:
The new design of the new bypass road is ideal for construction and it will be
situated on Barangay blank Marikina City. It will be the solution of the traffic in
Barangka Marikina City. The new road or bypass road will be a new route for the
motorists and it can less their travel time that they are going thru every day in the
morning. This route can lessen the travel time of the motorists that will pass thru this
road in just less than 15 minutes – 20 minutes. This new bypass road can be benefit to
the community and its city that will create opportunities for the motorists and the
people in the city.
The design regarding that is it just beside the Marikina River will not be a
problem because the elevation of the road will be adjusted to the water level of the
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river when there is tropical depression in the area. The number of motorists that going
thru in Barangka Marikina will be cut in half because of this new road. The standards
of the design will play a big role in designing the bypass road itself.
Significance of the Study
This research aims to help ease the problem regarding traffic congestion in
Barangka, Marikina City. The design of the bypass road will greatly contribute to the
traffic flow in the area that has been a problem all these years. This will help the
environment by causing less air pollution in the area. This research will also help the
community and the motorists that have been enduring the traffic congestion all these
years.
The researchers are also concerned regarding the health of the citizens in the
community that are inhaling the air pollution that is coming out the vehicle of the
motorists, and as time passes by it can serious health problem. This is also beneficial
for the government because it will help them solve the traffic problem that they are
dealing with these past years. This study will also help the future researchers that will
continue to a more detailed plan for the design of the bypass road.
Scope and Limitations
The design of the bypass road must be situated on River Park to River Banks
Marikina City to cater the need of an improved traffic flow in the area. River Park to
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River Banks Marikina City is an ideal site to design a bypass road because it is closely
situated on the solution of the traffic flow in Marikina City. It will also provide jobs
for the citizens of the said area when the project is on full swing. This research is only
applicable on River Park to River Banks Marikina City, to create a bypass road.
Definition of Terms
a. Bypass Road
A road passing around a town or its center to provide an alternative route for
through traffic a connection to allow a flow when the main one is closed or blocked.
b. Retaining Wall
Wall, often battered, also called a revetment, preventing a bank of earth from
slipping and it is found in the form of battered arched piers at the back of which are
segmental concave walls to resist the pressure behind them.
c. Traffic
The number of vehicles, pedestrian, moving along the road and a delay that
involves transportation or movement through a designated location.
d. Barangay
The smallest district within the Philippines and is that the native Filipino
term for a village, district or ward.
e. Water Level
The surface of still water like the amount assumed by the surface of a
selected body or column of water.
Riverbank

f. Elevation
The action or fact of elevating or being elevated; height above a given sea
level, especially sea level.
g. Transportation
The action of transporting someone or something or the process of being
transported; a system or means of transporting people or goods; the action or practice
of transporting convicts to a penalty court.

2019-CE13 - Gastardo, Goyena, Longno, Serrano (Rev5)

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2019-CE13 - Gastardo, Goyena, Longno, Serrano (Rev5)

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Construction of Bypass Road Along Marikina River from Riverpark to

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LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................3

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................4

THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................5

Review of Related Literature ..................................................................... 7

Related Readings ....................................................................................... 17

Synthesis and Justification........................................................................ 23

Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 23

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................ 25

Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 26

Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 28

Scope and Limitations ............................................................................... 28

CHAPTER 2................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

METHODOLOGY ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Introduction .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Research Design .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Central Colleges of the Philippines

Respondents of the Study............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Data Gathering Procedures ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Data Gthering Instruments ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Statistical Treatment ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

REFERENCES ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDICES............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDIX A.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Central Colleges of the Philippines

Central Colleges of the Philippines

Central Colleges of the Philippines

THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

the community and the environment.

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system that will handle the traffic in the area.

traffic congestion in our country.

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the designing the access road.

Review of Related Literature

considered to understand further this study.

disconnection of through-traffic from the center of a town or city to the sorroundings,

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Retaining walls are broadly classified as gravity, semi-gravity, and cantilever,

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Therefore, considering the importance of cantilever retaining structures, the estimation

a rigid retaining wall due to earthquake loading.

predominant actuating force. Substantial reduction in this force could be made by

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increment of pressure. Choudhary et al (2006) compared the Pseudo-Static and

behaviour of the pressure distribution obtained in the pseudodynamic method results

presence of the wall is considered in the equilibrium equations.

Highway traffic noise is caused by tire-pavement interaction, aerodynamic

(the power-unit noise created by the engine, exhaust, or transmission). At highway

noise management in the urban environment is therefore becoming a “social

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should be substantial efforts by machinery manufacturers, in keeping the noise

so it becomes necessary to identify the noise levels by using certain mechanism.

Traffic composition is often a determining factor, as heavy vehicles produce more

most disruptive for local residents ( Pirrera et al. 2010).

Unlike several different problem of American social issues, poverty, hunger,

low-quality, education, homelessness, drug addiction and traffic congestion is directly

experienced daily by innumerable American commuters of all financial gain levels

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congestion can stimulate transportation patronage. That's why several metropolitan

areas have distended, or are considering increasing, their transportation systems

bound to continue worsening in quick growing metropolitan areas unless effective