a) Proximodistal Pattern HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - Dvlpt. proceeds from center - Pattern of changes that begins of the body from concept- outward. tion until old age. b) Cephalocaudal Pattern > 2 APPROACHES - Dvlpt. proceeds from head 1) Traditional Approach downward. - believe that indivs. will show 2) Dvlpt. takes place gradually extensive 4) Dvlpt. is Contextual change fr. Birth to adolescence, - Biological make-up, Physical little/ no envi., Cognitive change in adulthood & decline in processes, Social & Cultural. late old 5) Dvlpt. involves Growth, age. Maintenance, & 2) Life-span Approach Regulation. - believes, even in adulthood, developmental change takes place as it does REMEMBER!! during child- - Dvlpt. is either growth/ decline. hood. - Dvlpt. holds something true to all > CHARACTERISTICS OF H.D. people. FR. - Humans develop uniformly. LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE - Development follows orderly -Paul Baltes (Santrock, 2002) process. 1) Dvlpt. is Lifelong 2) Dvlpt. is Plastic - Plasticity (Potential for change) - Dvlpt. is possible throughout the life-span. - No one is too old to learn. - Aging is associated w/ declines in certain intellectual abilities, but can be prevented/ reduced through retraining programs. 3) Dvlpt. is Multidimensional - Biological, Cognitive, Socioemotional (Interdependent to each other) 1) Dvlpt. is relatively orderly STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT organism & DEVELOPMENTAL TASK complete w/ brain & behavioral > DVLPT. STAGES capacities. SANTROCK, HAVIGHURST 2) Infancy 2002 (Birth to 18-24 months) 1) Pre-natal - Time of extreme dependence on period adults. (Conception- - Many psychological activities Birth) are beginning 2) Infancy 1) Infancy & (Language, Symbolic thought, (Birth-2) Early Sensorimotor 3) Early Childhood coordination & Social learning.) Childhood (0-5) (3-5) 4) Middle & 2) Middle 3) Early Childhood Late Childhood (End of Infancy to 5-6yrs) G1 Childhood (6-12) - Pre-school years. (6-12) - Learn to become more self- 5) Adolescence 3) Adolescence sufficient & (13-18) (13-18) care for themselves. 6) Early 4) Early Adulthood Adulthood - Develop school readiness skills (19-29) (19-29) & spend 7) Middle 5) Middle many hours playing w/ peers. Adulthood (30- Adulthood (30- 4) Middle & Late Childhood 60) 60) (6-11yrs) Elementary school 8) Late 6) Late Maturity - Fundamental skills: Reading, Adulthood (61 & above) writing & (61 & above) arithmetic are mastered. ACCORDING TO: - Formally exposed to larger world & culture. > JOHN SANTROCK - Achievement becomes more - his resd. focuses on family central theme of processes & child’s world. children’s socioemotional - Self-control increases. development. 5) Adolescence - conducted 1st major resd. study (10-12yrs) ends up to (18-22yrs) on - Rapid physical changes: comparisons of children in Dramatic height & weight gain, mother & father change in custody families. body contour. - DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS: - Dvlpt. of Sexual characteristics: 1) Pre-natal period Enlargement of breasts, pubic & (Conception- Birth) facial hair, & - Growth fr. single cell to an deepening of voice. - Pursuit of dependence & identity. - Thought is more logical, abstract & idealistic. - More time spent outside of the family. 6) Early Adulthood (Fr. late teens/ Early 20’s to 30’s) -Establish personal & economic independence, career dvlpt., selecting mate, learn to live w/ someone in intimate way, start a family, & rearing children.) 7) Middle Adulthood (40-60) - Expanding personal & social involvement & responsibility of assisting next gen. in beco- ming competent & mature indivs. & of reaching & maintaining satisfaction in a career. 8) Late Adulthood (60’s & above ) - Adjustment to decreasing strength & health, life review, retirement & adjustment to new social roles.
Developmental Psychology for Beginners How to Easily Understand the Stages of Development From Infant to Adult and Apply the Insights Specifically to Your Life or Child Rearing