EN BANC

[G.R. No. 13298. November 19, 1918.]

CORNELIO RAMOS , petitioner-appellant, vs . THE DIRECTOR OF LANDS ,

objector-appellee.

Basilio Aromin, for appellant.

Solicitor-General Paredes, for appellee.

SYLLABUS

1. PROPERTY; LAND; POSSESSION. — Actual possession of land consists in

the manifestation of acts of dominion over it of such a nature as a party would naturally
exercise over his own property.
2. ID.; ID.; CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION. — The possession and cultivation of
a portion of a tract of land, under claim of ownership of all, is a constructive possession
of all, if the remainder is not in the adverse possession of another.
3. ID.; ID.; ID. — One who has color of title, has acted in good faith, and has
had open, peaceable, and notorious possession of a portion of the property su cient
to apprise the community on the world that the land was for his enjoyment, Held; To be
entitled to a title to the entire tract of land for which he asks registration.
4. ID.; CLASSES. — The Philippine Bill in Sections 13 to 18 recognizes three
classes of land. The rst is " Public Land," the second is "Mineral Land" and the third is
"Timber Land."
5. ID.; "AGRICULTURAL PUBLIC LAND;" DEFINED. — The phrase "agricultural
public lands acquired from Spain which are not timber or mineral lands." (Mapa vs.
Insular Government [1908], Phil., 175.) The idea would appear to be to determine, by
exclusion, if the land is forestal or mineral in nature, and if not so found to consider it to
be agricultural land.
6. ID.; "FOREST," DEFINED BY LEXICOGRAPHIES. — Lexicographers de ne
"forest" as "a large tract of land covered with a natural a growth of trees and
underbrush; a large wood.
7. ID.; ID.; ID.; BY LEGAL AUTHORITIES. — The authorities say that the word
"forest" has a significant, not an insignificant meaning and that it does not embrace land
only partly woodland. It is a tract of land covered with trees, usually of considerable
extent.
8. ID.; ID.; ID.; BY FORESTERS. — The foresters say that no legal de nition of
"forest" is practicable or useful.
9. ID.; ID.; POLICY OF BUREAU OF FORESTRY. — The policy of the Bureau of
Forestry of the Philippine Islands is set out in the opinion.
10 ID.; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES. — There should be
conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines. The idea should be "the control
of nature's powers by man for his own good."
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 11. ID.; PUBLIC POLICY. — On the other hand, the presumption should be, in
lieu of contrary proof, that land is agricultural in nature. One very apparent reason is that
it is for the good of the Philippine Islands to have the large public domain come under
private ownership.
12. ID.; REMEDIES OF GOVERNMENT AS AGAINST PRIVATE CLAIMANTS. —
When the claim of the citizen and the claim of the Government as to a particular piece
of property collide, if the Government desires to demonstrate that the land is in reality a
forest, the Director of Forestry should submit to the court convincing proof that the
land is not more valuable for agricultural than for forest purposes. Great consideration,
it may be stated, should and undoubtedly will be, paid by the courts to the opinion of
the technical expert who speaks with authority on forestry matters.

DECISION

MALCOLM , J : p

This is an appeal by the applicant and appellant from a Judgment of the Court of
First Instance of Nueva Ecija, denying the registration of the larger portion of parcel No.
1 (Exhibit A of the petitioner), marked by the letters A, B, and C on the plan, Exhibit 1, of
the Government.
One Restituto Romero y Ponce apparently gained possession of a considerable
tract of land located in the municipality of San Jose, Province of Nueva Ecija, in the year
1882. He took advantage of the Royal Decree of February 13, 1894, to obtain a
possessory information title to the land, registered as such on February 8, 1896. Parcel
No. 1, included within the limits of the possessory information title of Restituto Romero,
was sold in February, 1907, to Cornelio Ramos, the instant petitioner, and his wife
Ambrosia Salamanca.
Ramos instituted appropriate proceedings to have his title registered.
Opposition was entered by the Director of Lands on the ground that Ramos had not
acquired a good title from the Spanish government and by the Director of Forestry on
the ground that the rst parcel was forest land. The trial court agreed with the
objectors and excluded parcel No. 1 from registration. So much for the facts.
As to the law, the principal argument of the Solicitor-General is based on the
provisions of the Spanish Mortgage Law and of the Royal Decree of February 13, 1894,
commonly known as the Maura Law. The Solicitor-General would emphasize that for
land to come under the protective aegis of the Maura Law, it must have been shown
that the land was cultivated for six years previously, and that it was not land which
pertained to the "zonas forestales." As proof that the land was, even as long ago as the
years 1894 to 1896, forestal and not agricultural in nature is the fact that there are yet
found thereon trees from 50 to 80 years of age.
We do not stop to decide this contention, although it might be possible, following
the doctrine laid down by the United States Supreme Court with reference to Mexican
and Spanish grants within the United States, where some recital is claimed to be false,
to say that the possessory information, apparently having taken cognizance of the
requisites for title, should not now be disturbed. (Hancock vs. McKinney [1851], 7 Tex.,
192; Hornsby and Roland vs. United States [1869], 10 Wall., 224.) It is su cient, as will
later appear, merely to notice that the predecessor in interest to the petitioner at least
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 held this tract of land under color of title.
Subsection 6 of Section 54, of Act No. 926, entitled The Public Land Law, as
amended by Act No. 1908, reads as follows:
"6. All persons who by themselves or their predecessors in interest
have been in the open, continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession and
occupation of agricultural public lands, as de ned by said Act of Congress of
July rst, nineteen hundred and two, under a bona fide claim of ownership except
as against the Government, for a period of ten years next preceding the twenty-
sixth day of July, nineteen hundred and four, except when prevented by war or
force majeure, shall be conclusively presumed to have performed all the
conditions essential to a government grant and to have received the same, and
shall be entitled to a certi cate of title to such land under the provisions of this
chapter."
There are two parts to the above quoted subsection which must be discussed.
The rst relates to the open, continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession and
occupation of what, for present purposes, can be conceded to be agricultural public
land, under a bona fide claim of ownership.
Actual possession of land consists in the manifestation of acts of dominion over
it of such a nature as a party would naturally exercise over his own property. Relative to
actuality of possession, it is admitted that the petitioner has cultivated only about one
fourth of the entire tract. This is graphically portrayed by Exhibit 1 of the Government,
following:
[image]

Sketch of Private land claimed by Cornelio Ramos showing the general

characteristics of the ground cover. Scale, 1-5,000 Inspected March 21 & 22. 1917 he
question at once arises: Is the actual occupancy of a part of the land described in the
instrument giving color of title sufficient to give title to the entire tract of land?
The doctrine of constructive possession indicates the answer. The general rule is
that the possession and cultivation of a portion of a tract under claim of ownership of
all is a constructive possession of all, if the remainder is not in the adverse possession
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 of another. (Barr vs. Gratz's Heirs [1819], 4 Wheat., 213; Ellicott vs. Pearl [1836], 10
Pet., 412; Smith vs. Gale [1892], 144 U.S., 509.) Of course, there are a number of
quali cations to the rule, one particularly relating to the size of the tract in controversy
with reference to the portion actually in possession of the claimant. It is here only
necessary to apply the general rule.
The claimant has color of title; he acted in good faith; and he has had open,
peaceable, and notorious possession of a portion of the property, su cient to apprise
the community on the world that the land was for his enjoyment. (See Arts. 446, 448,
Civil Code.) Possession in the eyes of the law does not mean that a man has to have his
feet on every square meter of ground before it can be said that he is in possession.
Ramos and his predecessor in interest ful lled the requirements of the law on the
supposition that the premises consisted of agricultural public land.
The second division of the law requires consideration of the term "agricultural
public land." The law a rms that the phrase is de ned by the Act of Congress of July
1st, 1902, known as the Philippine Bill. Turning to the Philippine Bill, we nd in Sections
13 to 18 thereof that three classes of land are mentioned. The rst is variously
denominated "public land" or "public domain," the second "mineral land," and the third
"timber land." Section 18 of the Act of Congress comes nearest to a precise de nition,
when it makes the determination of whether the land is more valuable for agricultural or
for forest uses the test of its character.
Although these sections of the Philippine Bill have come before the courts on
numerous occasions, what was said In the case of Jones vs. Insular Government
([1906], 6 Phil., 122), is still true, namely: "The meaning of these sections is not clear
and it is di cult to give to them a construction that will be entirely free from objection.
In the case which gave most serious consideration to the subject (Mapa vs. Insular
Government [1908], 10 Phil., 1753, it was found that there does exist in the Act of
Congress a de nition of the phrase "agricultural public lands." It was said that the
phrase "agricultural public lands" as used in Act No. 926 means "those public lands
acquired from Spain which are not timber or mineral lands."
The idea would appear to be to determine, by exclusion, if the land is forestal or
mineral in nature and, if not so found, to consider it to be agricultural land. Here, again,
Philippine law is not very helpful. For instance Section 1820 of the Administrative Code
of 1917 provides: "For the purposes of this chapter, 'public forest' includes, except as
otherwise specially indicated, all unreserved public land, including nipa and mangrove
swamps, and all forest reserves of whatever character." This de nition of "Public
forest," it will be noted, is merely "for the purposes of this chapter." A little further on,
Section 1827 provides: "Lands in public forests, not including forest reserves, upon the
certi cation of the Director of Forestry that said lands are better adapted and more
valuable for agricultural than for forest purposes and not required by the public
interests to be kept under forest, shall be declared by the Department Head to be
agricultural lands." With reference to the last section, there is no certi cation of the
Director of Forestry in the record, as to whether this land is better adapted and more
valuable for agricultural than for forest purposes.
The lexicographers de ne "forest" as "a large tract of land covered with a natural
growth of trees and underbrush; a large wood." The authorities say that the word
"forest" has a signi cant, not an insigni cant meaning, and that it does not embrace
land only partly woodland. It is a tract of land covered with trees, usually of consider
able extent. (Higgins vs. Long Island R. Co. [1908], 114 N.Y. Supp., 262; People vs. Long
Island R. Co. [1908], 110 Supp., 512.)
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 The foresters say that no legal de nition of "forest" is practicable or useful. B.H.
Baden-Powell, in his work on Forest Law of India, states as follows:
"Every de nition of a forest that can be framed for legal purposes will be
found either to exclude some cases to which the law ought to apply, or on the
other hand, to include some with which the law ought not to interfere. It may be
necessary, for example, to take under the law a tract of perfectly barren land
which at present has neither trees brushwood, nor grass on it, but which in the
course of time it is hoped will be 'reboise;' but any de nition wide enough to take
in all such lands, would also take in much that was not wanted. On the other
hand, the de nition, if framed with reference to tree-growth, might (and indeed
would be almost sure to) include a garden, shrubbery orchard, or vineyard, which
it was not designed to deal with."
B. E. Fernow, in his work on the Economics of Forestry states as follows:
"A forest in the sense in which we use the term, as an economic factor, is
by no means a mere collection of trees but an organic whole in which all parts,
although apparently heterogeneous, jumbled together by accident as it were and
apparently unrelated, bear a close relation to each other and are as
interdependent as any other beings and conditions in nature."
The Director of Forestry of the Philippine Islands has said:
"During the time of the passage of the Act of Congress of July 1, 1902, this
question of forest and agricultural lands was beginning to receive some attention
and it is clearly shown in Section 18 of the above mentioned Act it leaves to the
Bureau of Forestry the certi cation as to what lands are for agricultural or forest
uses. Although the Act states timber lands, the Bureau has in its administration
since the passage of this act construed this term to mean forest lands in the
sense of what was necessary to protect, for the public good; waste lands without
a tree have been declared more suitable for forestry in many instances in the past.
The term 'timber' as used in England and in the United States in the past has been
applied to wood suitable for construction purposes but with the increase in
civilization and the application of new methods every plant producing wood has
some useful purpose and the term timber lands is generally thought of as
synonymous with forest lands or lands producing wood, or able to produce wood,
if agricultural crops on the same land will not bring the financial return that timber
will or if the same land is needed for protection purposes.
xxx xxx xxx
"The laws in the United States recognize the necessity of technical advice
of duly appointed boards and leave it in the hands of these boards to decide what
lands are more valuable for forestry purposes or for agricultural purposes.
"In the Philippine Islands this policy is followed to as great an extent as
allowable under the law. In many cases, in the opinion of the Bureau of Forestry,
lands without a single tree on them are considered as true forest land. For
instance, mountain sides which are too steep for cultivation under ordinary
practice and which, if cultivated, under ordinary practice would destroy the big
natural resource of the soil, by washing, is considered by this Bureau as forest
land and in time would be reforested. Of course, examples exist in the Mountain
Province where steep hillsides have been terraced and intensive cultivation
practiced but even then the mountain people are very careful not to destroy
forests or other vegetative cover which they from experience have found protect
their water supply. Certain chiefs have lodged protests with the Government
against other tribes on the opposite side of the mountain cultivated by them, in
order to prevent other tribes from cutting timber or destroy cover guarding their
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 source of water for irrigation.
"Dr. M.S. Shaler, formerly Dean of the Lawrence Scienti c School,
remarked that if mankind could not devise and enforce ways dealing with the
earth, which will preserve this source of life 'we must look forward to the time
remote it may be, yet equally discernible, when our kin having wasted its great
inheritance will fade from the earth because of the ruin it has accomplished.'
"The method employed by the Bureau of Forestry in making inspection of
lands, in order to determine whether they are more adapted for agricultural or
forest purposes by a technical and duly trained personnel on the different phases
of the conservation of natural resources, is based upon a previously prepared set
of questions in which the different characters of the land under inspection are
discussed, namely:
"Slope of land: Level; moderate; steep; very steep.
"Exposure: North; South; East; West.
"Soil: Clay; sandy loam; sand; rocky; very rocky.
"Character of soil cover: Cultivated, grass land, brush land, brush land and
timber mixed, dense forest.
"If cultivated, state crops being grown and approximate number of
hectares under cultivation. (Indicate on sketch.)
"For growth of what agricultural products is this land suitable ?
"State what portion of the tract is wooded, name of important timber
species and estimate of stand in cubic meters per hectare, diameter and
percentage of each species.
"If the land is covered with timber, state whether there is public land
suitable for agriculture in vicinity, which is not covered with timber.
"Is this land more valuable for agricultural than for forest purposes? (State
reasons in full.)
"Is this land included or adjoining any proposed or established forest
reserve or communal forest? Description and ownership of improvements.
"If the land is claimed under private ownership, give the name of the
claimant, his place of residence, and state brie y (if necessary on a separate
sheet) the grounds upon which he bases his claim.
"When the inspection is made on a parcel of public land which has been
applied for, the corresponding certificate is forwarded to the Director of Lands; if it
is made on a privately claimed parcel for which the issuance of a title is requested
from the Court of Land Registration, and the inspection shows the land to be
more adapted for forest purposes, then the Director of Forestry requests the
Attorney-General to le an opposition, sending him all data collected during the
inspection and offering him the forest officer as a witness.
"It should be kept in mind that the lack of personnel of this Bureau, the
limited time intervening between the notice for the trial of an expediente of land
and the day of the trial, and the di culties in communications as well as the
distance of the land in question greatly hinder the handling of this work.
"In the case of lands claimed as private property, the Director of Forestry,
by means of his delegate the examining o cer, submits before the court all
evidence referring to the present forest condition of the land, so that the court
may compare them with the alleged right by the claimant. Undoubtedly, when the
claimant presents a title issued by the proper authority or evidence of his right to
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 the land showing that he complied with the requirements of the law, the forest
certi cate does not affect him in the least as such land should not be considered
as a part of the public domain; but when the alleged right is merely that of
possession, then the public or private character of the parcel is open to discussion
and this character should be established not simply on the alleged right of the
claimant but on the sylvical condition and soil characteristics of the land, and by
comparison between this area, or different previously occupied areas, and those
areas which still preserve their primitive character."
Either way we look at this question we encounter di culty. Indubitably, there
should be conservation of the natural resources of the Philippines. The prodigality of
the spendthrift who squanders his substance for the pleasure of the eeting moment
must be restrained for the less spectacular but surer policy which protects Nature's
wealth for future generations. Such is the wise stand of our Government as represented
by the Director of Forestry who, with the Forester for the Government of the United
States, believes in "the control of nature's powers by man for his own good." On the
other hand, the presumption should be, in lieu of contrary proof, that land is agricultural
in nature. One very apparent reason is that it is for the good of the Philippine Islands to
have the large public domain come under private ownership. Such is the natural attitude
of the sagacious citizen.
If in this instance, we give judicial sanction to a private claim, let it be noted that
the Government, in the long run of cases, has its remedy. Forest reserves of public land
can be established as provided by law. When the claim of the citizen and the claim of
the Government as to a particular piece of property collide, if the Government desires
to demonstrate that the land is in reality a forest, the Director of Forestry should submit
to the court convincing proof that the land is not more valuable for agricultural than for
forest purposes. Great consideration, it may be stated, should, and undoubtedly will be,
paid by the courts to the opinion of the technical expert who speaks with authority on
forestry matters. But a mere formal opposition on the part of the Attorney-General for
the Director of Forestry, unsupported by satisfactory evidence will not stop the courts
from giving title to the claimant.
We hold that the petitioner and appellant has proved a title to the entire tract of
land for which he asked registration, under the provisions of subsection 6, of Section
54, of Act No. 926, as amended by Act No. 1908, with reference to the Philippine Bill
and the Royal Decree of February 13, 1894, and his possessory information.
Judgment is reversed and the lower court shall register in the name of the
applicant the entire tract in parcel No. 1, as described in plan Exhibit A, without special
finding as to costs. So ordered.
Arellano, C.J., Torres, Johnson, Street and Fisher, JJ., concur.

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