T-tests were not appropriate because the effect of each factor was not independent of the effect of

other factors (in other words, interactions were significant). Analysis of variance provided a
meaningful conclusion in this study.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA): A statistical technique for examining the differences among means for
two or more populations.

Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance are used for examining the differences in the mean
values of the dependent variable associated with the effect of the controlled independent variables,
after taking into account the influence of the uncontrolled independent variables. Essentially, analysis
of variance (ANOVA) is used as a test of means for two or more populations.
 City & Distance Interval

City City & Gender