2.

LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTIONS
In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion is a
special type of periodic motion or oscillation where the restoring
force is directly proportional to the displacement and acts in
the direction opposite to that of displacement.
Simple harmonic motion can serve as a mathematical model for a
variety of motions, such as the oscillation of a spring. In addition,
other phenomena can be approximated by simple harmonic motion,
including the motion of a simple pendulum as well as molecular
vibration.
Simple harmonic motion provides a basis for the characterization of
more complicated motions through the techniques of Fourier analysis.
The motion of a particle moving along a straight line with
an acceleration whose direction is always towards a fixed point on the
line and whose magnitude is proportional to the distance from the
fixed point is called simple harmonic motion [SHM].

Simple harmonic motion shown both in real space and phase space.
The orbit is periodic. (Here the velocity and position axes have been
reversed from the standard convention to align the two diagrams)
In the diagram, a simple harmonic oscillator, consisting of a weight
attached to one end of a spring, is shown. The other end of the spring
is connected to a rigid support such as a wall. If the system is left at
rest at the equilibrium position then there is no net forceacting on the
mass. However, if the mass is displaced from the equilibrium
position, the spring exerts a restoring elastic force that obeys Hooke's
law.
Mathematically, the restoring force F is given by
 F=Kx
where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring
(in SI units: N), k is the spring constant (N·m−1), and x is
the displacementfrom the equilibrium position (m).
For any simple mechanical harmonic oscillator:
 When the system is displaced from its equilibrium position, a
restoring force that obeys Hooke's law tends to restore the
system to equilibrium.
Once the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position, it
experiences a net restoring force. As a result, it accelerates and starts
going back to the equilibrium position. When the mass moves closer
to the equilibrium position, the restoring force decreases. At the
equilibrium position, the net restoring force vanishes. However, at x =
0, the mass has momentum because of the acceleration that the
restoring force has imparted. Therefore, the mass continues past the
equilibrium position, compressing the spring. A net restoring force
then slows it down until its velocity reaches zero, whereupon it is
accelerated back to the equilibrium position again.
As long as the system has no energy loss, the mass continues to
oscillate. Thus simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion.
2.2 SPRING :

A spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy. Springs

are typically made of spring steel.
When a conventional spring, without stiffness variability features, is
compressed or stretched from its resting position, it exerts an
opposing force approximately proportional to its change in length
(this approximation breaks down for larger deflections). The rate or
spring constant of a spring is the change in the force it exerts, divided
by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of
the force versus deflection curve. A torsion spring is a spring that
works by twisting; when it is twisted about its axis by an angle, it
produces a torque proportional to the angle. A torsion spring's rate is
in units of torque divided by angle, such as N·m/rad.
Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most
common being spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-
hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and
hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used
including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion
resistance and beryllium copper for springs carrying electrical current
(because of its low electrical resistance).
Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied
to them:
 Tension/extension spring – the spring is designed to operate
with a tension load, so the spring stretches as the load is applied
to it.
 Compression spring – is designed to operate with a
compression load, so the spring gets shorter as the load is
applied to it.
 Torsion spring – unlike the above types in which the load is an
axial force, the load applied to a torsion spring is a torque or
twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle
as the load is applied.
2.3 DAMPER TYPES
Damper systems are designed and manufactured to protect
structural integrities, control structural damages, and to prevent
injuries to the residents by absorbing seismic energy and reducing
deformations in the structure.
Some of the types of dampers are
1. Viscous damper
2. Viscoelastic damper
3. Friction damper
4. Tuned mass damper
5. Yielding damper
6. Magnetic damper
VISCOUS DAMPERS:
In viscous dampers, seismic energy is absorbed by silicone-based fluid passing
between piston-cylinder arrangement. Viscous dampers are used in high-rise
buildings in seismic areas. It can operate over an ambient temperature ranging from
40°C to 70°C. Viscous damper reduces the vibrations induced by both strong wind
and earthquake.
 2.4 DAMPING EFFECT
Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory
system that has the effect of reducing, restricting or preventing
its oscillations. In physical systems, damping is produced by
processes that dissipate the energy stored in the oscillation.

2.5 LVDT WORKING (TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE)

LVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and
the displacement which is a non-electrical energy is converted into
an electrical energy. And the way how the energy is getting
converted is described in working of LVDT in a detailed manner.
LVDT consists of a cylindrical former where it is surrounded by
one primary winding in the centre of the former and the two
secondary windings at the sides. The number of turns in both the
secondary windings are equal, but they are opposite to each other,
i.e., if the left secondary windings is in the clockwise direction, the
right secondary windings will be in the anti-clockwise direction,
hence the net output voltages will be the difference in voltages
between the two secondary coil. The two secondary coil is
represented as S1 and S2. Esteem iron core is placed in the centre
of the cylindrical former which can move in to and fro motion as
shown in the figure. The AC excitation voltage is 5 to 12V and the
operating frequency is given by 50 to 400 HZ.