Module 2 Natural and Transverse Vibration

Group 3

Intended learning outcomes.

Topics
Simple pendulum
Mass on string
Springs in series and parallel
Cantilever and simply supported.

Natural Vibration
Natural vibration refers to the inherent or spontaneous oscillation of a system or
structure when it is disturbed from its equilibrium position and left to vibrate freely
without external forces acting on it.
Examples of a Natural Vibration
Basketball
Pendulum
Mass on Springs
Transverse Vibration
It refers to a type of mechanical wave motion in which the individual particles of a
medium move perpendicular (or transverse) to the direction in which the wave itself is
traveling. In simpler terms, when a transverse wave propagates through a medium, the
particles of the medium move side to side or up and down, but the wave itself moves
forward.
Examples of Transverse Vibration
Waves on a string
ripples on water
Beams
A simple pendulum is a fundamental concept in vibration engineering and physics. It
consists of a mass (called the pendulum bob) attached to a string or rod of fixed length
(called the pendulum arm or pendulum string). When the pendulum bob is displaced
from its equilibrium position and released, it swings back and forth, exhibiting simple
harmonic motion. This motion is characterized by the following key elements:

Equilibrium Position: The pendulum bob's position when it is at rest, usually hanging
vertically downward, is called the equilibrium position.

Amplitude: The maximum displacement of the pendulum bob from its equilibrium
position is known as the amplitude (A).

Period: The time it takes for the pendulum to complete one full cycle of motion (i.e., go
from one extreme position to the other and back) is called the period (T).

Frequency: The number of cycles per unit of time is referred to as frequency (f), which is
the reciprocal of the period (f = 1/T).

Angular Frequency: In vibration engineering, angular frequency (ω) is often used

instead of frequency. It is calculated as ω = 2πf.

Forces: The motion of a simple pendulum is governed by forces, primarily gravity and
tension in the string or rod. The restoring force provided by gravity tries to bring the
pendulum back to its equilibrium position when it is displaced.
The equation that describes the motion of a simple pendulum under small angle
approximations (for small angles of displacement) is given by:
Where:
T is the period of oscillation.
L is the length of the pendulum arm.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Some key points to note about simple pendulums in vibration engineering:The period of
a simple pendulum is independent of the amplitude (within the small angle
approximation).
Longer pendulum arms result in longer periods of oscillation.
Mass on Spring
When a mass is hung vertically from a spring, the spring stretches. The force on
the mass due to the spring is proportional to the amount the spring is stretched. There is
a point at which the spring force and the weight are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction.

Spring
- A mechanical link that is utilized to store potential energy is called a spring. In
most cases springs are thought to have extremely minimal mass and damping in
most applications. The most well-liked A helical-coil spring is a type of spring that
is utilized in staplers, retractable pens and pencils, as well as truck and other
vehicle suspensions.

OSCILLATORY MOTION
- A spring stretches when a load is hung vertically from it. The amount the spring is
stretched determines how much force the spring exerts on the mass. There is a
location where the weight and spring force are equal in magnitude but in the
opposite direction.

SPRING MASS SYSTEM

- A spring-mass system is a spring system with a block hung or fastened to the
free end of the spring. Typically, the spring-mass system is used to determine an
object's period when it is moving in a basic harmonic manner.
EQUILIBRIUM POSITION
- It is the position a body attains by having a zero force acting on it.
AMPLITUDE
- This is the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a vibrating
body or wave measured from its equilibrium position. It is equal to one-half the
length of the vibration path.
SPRING IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

What is the spring series and parallel?

When two or more springs are connected end-to-end or point-to-point in

mechanics, they are said to be in series, and when they are connected side-by-side,
they are said to be in parallel

What happens when springs are in parallel?

When springs are combined in parallel,The forces produced by the springs add
together. Therefore, it can be stated that the spring constants add together when
springs are used in parallel.

Springs in parallel

if the strain of the ensemble is their common strain, and the stress of the ensemble is
the sum of their stresses.

The equivalent spring constant KT, of two or more springs in parallel, is the sum of its
individual spring constant.

KT = K1 + K2
Spring in series

when any external stress applied to the ensemble gets applied to each spring without
change of magnitude.
CANTILEVER AND SIMPLY SUPPORTED

Transverse Vibrations

Transverse vibrations are vibrations that occur perpendicular to the direction of the
applied force. They are common in structures such as beams and plates.

It involves motion perpendicular to a reference axis and can be excited by external

forces

Transverse vibrations can be a problem in structures. They can cause fatigue, noise,
and even structural failure.

There are a few ways to control transverse vibrations, including:

● Damping: This involves adding materials to the structure that will absorb
vibration energy.
● Mass: This involves adding mass to the structure to increase its inertia and
make it more resistant to vibration.
● Stiffness: This involves increasing the stiffness of the structure to make it less
flexible and more resistant to vibration.
● Isolation: This involves isolating the structure from the source of vibration.

Beams - structural members used to carry transverse loads.

Cantilever Beam

A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is supported at

only one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it
must be firmly attached.

Basic application of these are balconies, diving boards and bridges

Simply Supported Beam

A simply supported beam is a common structural element in civil and mechanical

engineering that is supported at two points, allowing it to pivot or rotate freely at those
support locations.
Static Deflection

Static deflection is the deflection of a structure due to a static load. A static load is a
load that does not change over time. Static deflection is caused by the bending of the
structure under the load.