Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a type of oscillatory motion where the restoring force is

directly proportional to the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of
displacement.
SHM can be classified into two types:
1 Linear SHM
- Definition: Linear SHM occurs when a particle oscillates along a straight line about a fixed
point, known as the equilibrium position.
- Example: The motion of a simple pendulum for small angles of displacement is an example
of linear SHM.
2 Angular SHM
- Definition: Angular SHM is a type of SHM where the particle oscillates along a circular
path. It is the projection of Uniform Circular Motion (UCM) along any diameter of the circular
path.
- Example: The motion of a torsional pendulum, where the pendulum oscillates in a circular
path, is an example of angular SHM.

Periodic Motion: This is a type of motion that repeats itself after a fixed interval of time. The
interval is known as the period of the motion.
Types of Periodic Motion:
- Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM):
- Definition: SHM is a special type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly
proportional to the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of displacement.
- Example: The motion of a simple pendulum for small angles of displacement is an example
of SHM.
- Uniform Circular Motion (UCM):
- Definition: UCM is a type of periodic motion where an object moves in a circular path with a
constant speed.
- Example: The motion of the earth around the sun is an example of UCM.
Oscillatory Motion: This is a type of motion in which an object moves to and fro about a mean
position. All oscillatory motions are periodic, but the converse is not true.
Types of Oscillatory Motion:
- Free Oscillation:
- Definition: This occurs when a system oscillates under the action of forces inherent in the
system itself, after an initial disturbance.
- Example: The swinging of a simple pendulum in the absence of air resistance is an example
of free oscillation.
- Damped Oscillation:
- Definition: This occurs when the amplitude of oscillation decreases over time due to resistive
forces such as friction or air resistance.
- Example: The swinging of a simple pendulum in the presence of air resistance is an example
of damped oscillation.
- Forced Oscillation:
 - Definition: This occurs when an external periodic force is applied to keep the oscillatory
motion.
- Example: A child being pushed on a swing is an example of forced oscillation.

- Linear Oscillation:

Definition: Linear oscillation is a motion in a straight line back and forth about a central position.
The motion is governed by Hooke’s law, which states that the force required to extend or
compress a spring by some distance is proportional to that distance.
Example: A mass-spring system, where the mass is oscillating back and forth on a frictionless
surface, is an example of linear oscillation.

- Circular Oscillation:
Definition: Circular oscillation, also known as angular or rotational oscillation, involves an
object rotating back and forth about a central axis. The motion is similar to linear oscillation, but
it occurs in a circular path.
Example: A pendulum swinging back and forth is an example of circular oscillation. The
pendulum moves in an arc, which is a segment of a circle. Hence, the motion is circular or
angular.