Force:

It is an external cause that

causes a body in rest to
move or body in motion to
rest or changes the shape
orsize.
S.I. Unit of Force is
Newton(N).

Moment of Force:
1. Translational / Linear Motion: Force applied on a rigid body
whichis free to move causes motion in straight path.
Ex: A ball pushed on the floor, striker in carrom.

2. Rotational Motion: Force applied on a rigid body

which ispivoted, it causes rotational motion.
Ex: Force on the handle of door, turning of wheel.

Moment of Force /
TurningEffect or
Torque:
The turning effect on the
body about an axis is due
tothe moment of force (or
torque) applied on the
body.

Measurement of moment of force (or torque)

The moment of a force (or torque) is equal to the product of
the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of
the line ofaction of the force from the axis of rotation.

Factors affecting the turning of a body

The turning effect of a force on a body depends on the
followingtwo factors:
(1) the magnitude of the force applied, and
(2) the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force
fromthe axis of rotation (or pivoted point).

S.I. Unit of Torque:

NmC.G.S. Unit: Dyne
cm

1 N m = 107 dyne cm
1 kgf x m = 9.8 Nm
1 gf x cm = 980 dyne cm

Clockwise Moment is always NEGATIVE and Anticlockwise

Momentis always POSITIVE.
Common Examples of Moment of Force:
i) To open or shut a door,
ii) Turning of hand flour grinder,
iii) Turning of a steering wheel.
iv) Spanner or wrench used to tighten or loosen a nut.
Example:
A book lying on the table.
Beam balance
Examples:
i) A falling raindrop
ii) An aeroplane flying at
constantheight
iii) Motion of planet around Sun

Principle of Moments:
Sum of Anticlockwise moments = Sum of Clockwise
momentsOR
Algebraic sum of moments of all forces acting on a body about the axis
ofrotation is 0.
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR
MOTION
When a particle moves with a constant speed in a circular path, its
motion issaid to be uniform circular motion.

Direction of velocity at any instant in a circular path:

The direction of motion of the particle is different at different points of
thecircular path. At any point, the
direction of motion is along
the tangent drawn at that
point of thecircular path.
The velocity of the particle in circular motion is variable or the
circular motion is an accelerated motion even though the speed of
the particle isuniform.

Difference between uniform circular motion and uniform linear

motion:
In uniform linear motion, the speed and velocity, both are constant
and acceleration is zero i.e., uniform linear motion is an
unaccelerated motion,while in a uniform circular motion the
velocity is variable (although the speed is uniform), so it is an
accelerated motion.

CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

Centripetal force:
The motion in circular path is possible only
underthe influence of a force which is termed
as the centripetal force.
Centripetal Force is the force acting on a body
moving in a circular path, in a direction towards
thecentre of the circular path.
The direction of force and also of acceleration
changes at each point of the circular path, but its magnitude
remains thesame i.e., acceleration is variable (or non-uniform).
Hence, for a body moving in a circular path, a force is needed
which acts as the centripetalforce.

Examples:
(1) A planet moves around the sun in an elliptical path for which
the gravitational force of attraction on the planet by the sun
provides thenecessary centripetal force.
(2) Moon moves around Earth in an elliptical path for which the
gravitationalforce of attraction on Moon by Earth provides the
required centripetal force.
Centrifugal force:
A force assumed (by an observer moving with the body) to be acting on
thebody in a direction away from the centre of circular path, is called
centrifugal force. Its magnitude is the same as that of the centripetal
force.
It is not a real force, but it is a fictitious force assumed by an
observermoving in a circular path alongwith the body.

Example:
A ball tied at the end of a string moving
in acircular path on a merry-go-round.