Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses the relevant reviews of literature and studies to

Quadcopter with Arduino based stabilizer.

Action camera

Action cameras are designed to take footage of an action while being a part of it.

In drones a cameras are designed to film while in the air and as part of the vehicle. Most

of the Action cameras are mostly small in size and very durable. There are a lot of types

of drones which are H-frames, true-X-frames, and asymmetric-X-frames which are

compatible to different kinds of action cameras. (Dronethusiast, 2019)

Figure 1. Action camera

Source: thewirecutter.com
 This device is placed on the drone gimbal to be able to give the user a creative

and beautiful shot.

Electronic Speed Controllers

The function of an electronic speed controller (ESC) is to monitor the speed of

the the quadcopter during the flight. The electronic speed controller converts dc battery

power to AC power to control the brushless motors. Also, it is the one who monitors the

direction of the flights of the drone. Most of the drones today usually depend totally on

the electronic speed controller on their flight needs and for performance. The electronic

speed controller is placed inside the mainframe of the drone. (Grinddrone, 2019)

Figure 2: electronic speed controller

Source:dhgate.com

Battery

The battery is the one of the basic needs for all actions and reactions possible of the

drone. Each quadcopters has different battery requirements. Like smaller size drones
need only a smaller batteries due to the limited power needs and Bigger drones really

requires a larger battery with a high capacity to allow to use all the functions of the

quadcopter. Most of the quadcopters has a battery indicator to monitor the battery

percentage and the performance of the battery. (Grinddrone, 2019)

Figure 3: Battery

Source: getfpv.com

Receiver

In drones the receiver is the device that receives commands from the radio

transmitter. Also, it is a device responsible on the reception of the radio signals

forwarded to the drone through the help of controller. Usually the number of channels

that needed to control a drone is 4. In the market it is easy to find different types of

receivers that needed in making drones.

Figure 4: Receiver
 Source: pics.towerhobbies.com

Brushless motors

In making drones brushless motors are used nowadays. Brushless motors are

more efficient in terms of performance and operation compare to the brushed motors.

One of the important things to consider in making drones is the design of the motor. In

addition choosing a good motor can save a lot of maintenance cost and it is more

efficient. Brushless motors are more efficient in performance and saves on battery life

which means it can have a longer flight time. Also, it is comparatively quiet and it does

not make a lot of noises compare to the brushed motor. (Grinddrone, 2019)

Figure 5:Brushless motors

 Source:robotshop.com

Flight controller

In terms of directing the RPM of each motor response to input a flight controller is

used. It is identified as a small circuit board of varying complexity. It is operated in a way

that the command comes from the pilot and is sent into the flight controller through this

it manipulate the motors accordingly. It also use sensors to supplement an accurate

calculations for more efficient control of the motor. Flight controllers may also be used

with GPS for autopilot and a Manual operation with the means of physical control

coming from the pilot. It is programmable, adjustable and configurable making it easy

for the user to perform various task. (Clym Montgomery, 2014)

Figure 6: Flight controllers

Source: banggood.com

Propellers
The Propellers of the quadcopters generate thrust and torque to keep the drone flying

and to move. Quadcopters uses propellers in pairs to create a balance. The propellers

rotate clockwise and others rotate counter-clockwise to help the quadcopter from

spinning out underneath the props. The opposite side motor spinning at the opposite

side direction and creates a balance that prevents the .drone from spinning and all of

the energy goes into the propellers. (jonathan feist , 2018)

Figure 7: propellers

Source: Bestbuy.com

Related study

This chapter focuses on different study from local and foreign researchers that

will help in the development of Quadcopter and have significant bearings on the variable

included in the research. This will let the proponents to have better understanding and

broader perspective regarding the study. The literatures of this study come from articles,

journals and books that are believed to be useful in conceptualizing this project.

Based on the study of Weiger R., 2007, entitled “MILITARY UNMANNED

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS IN SUPPORT OF HOMELAND SECURITY” drones are used as

surveillance in borders of the country as well as for drug interdiction and search and

rescue. Also, these drones can be used as long-term airborne communications nodes in

times of national emergency. Today, drones are being used in different ways that will

help the business as well as the media to gather evidences and investigate the events

arise. Drones acts like a security camera that record an aerial view on a specific

location if there will be any disturbances. Overall, this drone is very flexible that it can be

whatever the owner wants it to be. Drones can be a toy which you can play like a

remote controlled car. Also, it can be a camera that takes pictures and record videos in

a breathtaking view in air. The researcher concluded that a Quadcopter is an effective

surveillance machine which can be used by the people in security.

According to the study of Hoffmann G., Huang H., Waslander S., and Tomlin C.

(n.d.) entitled “Quadrotor Helicopter Flight Dynamics and Control: Theory and

Experiment” there are three aerodynamic effects on a Quadcopter. First is the altitude

control of a quadrotor, second is the phenomenon called blade flapping and lastly is the

interference caused by various components of the vehicular body and also there are

factors that affect the designs of a modern Quadcopter. These factors are the

technological advances in computing power, small microprocessor, and development of

the batteries, gyroscopic, accelerometer technology, and the efficiency of brushless or

coreless motors. Different frames are being used in building a Quadcopter. The

researcher concluded that Quadcopters are a simple machine, these machines

aerodynamics are complex and needs to be accurately modeled to have a precise

trajectory control.
 In the study conducted by Emmanuel D., Jaswanth S., Kumar J., 2016, entitled

“Design and implementation of Quadcopter drone with KK 2.1.5 flight controller”

Quadcopters can achieve vertical flight in a stable manner that can be useful when you

want to collect data or even monitor a specific place. In order for the drone to work

properly, components must be tested and verified individually. Today, the public has the

access in making their own drone base on their liking. In this study the researchers

used HJ450 frame in making their quadcopter, this frame is a un-assembled frame

which have a Power Distribution Top and Base PCB plates. Also, the researchers used

4 1000kv brushless motor, which have a maximum thrust of 825g per motor. The

technological advances have made the components of the drone to have a lower cost

and increased in performance. Majority of the Quadcopters were being made the

hobbyist which understands the basic principles of a drone. A Quadcopter only have a

few moving parts which makes its format simple and also easily becomes the remote

control enthusiasts favorite vehicle in Aerial photographic. The researchers concluded

that a Quadcopter will self-stabilize by using the array of sensors integrated to it.

According to the study of Bappy R.A. et al. entitled “Design and Development of

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Drone) for Civil Applications”, drones are operated by a pilot

on the ground by using a remote control. A drone uses aerodynamic forces to lift itself

and also it can be expandable and recoverable. The small size of the drone makes itself

useful for rescuers to gather more information in the areas where it is impossible for

them to be physically present due to safety and barriers issues. In this study the

researchers used a flexible plastic in order to reduce the landing pressure; the flexible

plastic also saves the parts of the drone if there would be an unwanted aviation incident.
 Based on the study by Algoz A., Hasnain B., (2018), entitled “A control system

for a 3-axis camera stabilizer” a camera stabilizer uses 3 motors to stabilize a camera or

to balance the camera by using a complex electronic system. One part of a camera

stabilizer is the motion sensor which registers angular velocity, acceleration and also

the magnetic force to determine the angle of the camera then it will send the data to the

microcontroller that will control the 3 axis on the gimbal independently to balance the

camera. In a camera stabilizer the 3 axis are being represented as the roll, pitch and

yaw which are perpendicular to each other. Teensy 3.6 was used in this making the

stabilizer, which is programmed using Arduino IDE softwares and other few libraries like

MPU950 and Kalman. The researchers concluded that they should’ve not neglected the

permanent magnets that are located underneath the sensor so that the stabilizer will

work as they intended.

Justification of Study

The focus of this study is to give the researchers a difference between normal

quadcopter drone and a quadcopter that has arduino based stabilizer. This can help to

record more stable and gives perfect shot for the photos. This project has a huge cost

saving from the other.

The aim of the group study is to discuss and to make a QUADCOPTER WITH

ARDUINO BASED STABILIZER it minimize the shakiness of the of the drone’s camera

movement. The components used in this research for the stabilizer are via arduino and

controller to operate the quadcopter. Businesses can definitely benefit to this research
and this can also help investigation to gather evidences. It can also be a surveillance

camera to record videos for drug interdiction and for other illegal transactions. Drones

are used to record aerial shots on any locations for emergency and photography uses.

This research hoped to improve existing drones that has no stabilizers for different

purposes.

Quadcopters has many purposes and can help to record aerial shots properly. It

can balance the camera by the use of stabilizer to maintain its good and beautiful shots.

An aerial shot that’s taken from the air and it can give the viewers a deeper

understanding. The angles and the acceleration of drone can control using the controller

via arduino. Drones have gained widespread popularity, with the uses of its ranging

from leisure activity by hobbyists to humanitarian and for activist groups. It is suitable for

this jobs and activity because of their autonomous nature and huge cost of savings.