The Vorticity Equation and Its Applications PDF

The vorticity equation and its applications
Felix KAPLANSKI
Tallinn University of Technology
feliks.kaplanski@ttu.ee
Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Examples of vortex flows
ME33 : Fluid Flow 2 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions


VORTEX BREAKDOWN IN THE LABORATORY

The photo at the right is of a laboratory vortex breakdown provided by
Professor Sarpkaya at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.
Under these highly controlled conditions the bubble-like or B-mode breakdown
is nicely illustrated. It is seen in the enlarged version that it is followed by an S-
mode breakdown.

VOLCANIC VORTEX RING

The image at the right depicts a vortex ring generated in the crater of Mt. Etna.
Apparently these rings are quite rare. The generation mechanism is bound to
be the escape of high pressure gases through a vent in the crater. If the venting
is sufficiently rapid and the edges of the vent are relatively sharp, a nice vortex
ring ought to form.

Vortex ring flow
A VORTEX RING
At the right is a vortex ring generated by Professor T.T. Lim and his former
colleagues at the University of Melbourne. The visualization technique
appears to be by smoke.

Virtual image of a vortex ring flow
www.applied-scientific.com/ MAIN/PROJECTS/NSF00/FAT_RING/Fat_Ring.html -
Force
acts
impulsively

Overview:
!  Derivation of the equation of transport of

vorticity
!  Describing of the 2D flow motion
on the basis of vorticity ω and
streamfunction ψ instead of the more
popular (u,v,p)-system
!  Well-known solutions of the system (ω, ψ )


NSE

Vorticity

Vorticity transport equation

Helmholtz equation
ωz = ς

Vorticity equation on plane
∂ ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ⎡ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎤
1)
: +u +v =− + ν ⎢ 2 + 2 ⎥
∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦
∂ ∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ⎡ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎤
: +u +v = − + ν ⎢ 2 + 2 ⎥
2)
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂y ρ ∂y ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦
1
3
4
1

∂ ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂v ∂v
2)-1)=
( − )+ +u 2 +v +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
3
4
2

∂u ∂u 2
∂u ∂ 2u ∂v ∂u 1 ∂p 1 ∂p
−u − −v 2 − =− + +
∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ρ ∂x∂y ρ ∂x∂y
⎡ ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u ⎤
ν ⎢ 2 ( − ) + 2 ( − )⎥
⎣ ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ⎦

Taking into account:
∂Ψ ∂Ψ
u= ,v = −
∂y ∂x
Continuity equation
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
+ = − =0
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x∂y

Vorticity equation on plane
∂ ∂v ∂u 3
∂ 2v 3
∂u 4
∂ 2 v 2
4
∂ u
( − )+u 2 −u +v −v 2
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x∂y ∂y
⎡ ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u ⎤
= ν ⎢ 2 ( − ) + 2 ( − )⎥
⎣ ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ⎦
2 2
∂ ∂ω ∂ω ⎡ ∂ ω ∂ ω ⎤
ω+u +v = ν ⎢ 2 + 2 ⎥
∂t ∂x ∂y ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦

Cylindrical coordinate system
In cylindrical coordinates (r , θ ,z ) with ∂ / ∂θ = 0

-axisymmetric case
Vorticity equation: axisymmetric case
∂ ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ⎡ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂u ⎤
1)
: +u +v =− + ν ⎢ 2 + 2 + ⎥
∂r ∂t ∂z ∂r ρ ∂z ⎣ ∂z ∂r r ∂r ⎦
∂ ∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ⎡ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v 1 ∂v v ⎤
2)
: +u +v = − + ν ⎢ 2 + 2 + − 2 ⎥
∂z ∂t ∂z ∂r ρ ∂r ⎣ ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ⎦
1
3
4
1

2 2
1
2

∂ ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂ v ∂v ∂v v v
2)-1)=
( − )+ +u 2 +v + + −
∂t ∂z 3
∂r ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z∂r ∂z ∂r r r
4
2

∂u ∂u ∂u2
∂ 2u ∂v ∂u 1 ∂p 1 ∂p
−u − −v 2 − =− +
∂z∂r ∂r ∂z ∂r ∂r ∂r ρ ∂z∂r ρ ∂z∂r
⎡ ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u 1 ∂v ∂u 1 ∂u 1 ∂v ⎤
ν ⎢ 2 ( − ) + 2 ( − ) + ( − ) + 2 − 2 ⎥
⎣ ∂z ∂z ∂r ∂r ∂z ∂r r ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ∂z ⎦
Proof with Mathematica

Taking into account:
1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ
u= ,v = −
r ∂r r ∂z
Continuity equation
∂ ( ru) ∂ ( rv)
+ =0
∂z ∂r
∂ ( ru) ∂ ( rv) ∂u ∂v
+ =r +r +v =
∂z ∂r ∂z ∂r
1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ
r −r − + =0
r ∂z∂r r ∂z∂r r ∂z r ∂z

Vorticity equation: axisymmetric case
3
3
4
4

2 2 2
∂ ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u
( − )+u 2 −u +v −v 2
∂t ∂z ∂r ∂z ∂z∂r ∂z∂r ∂r
⎡ ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u 1 ∂ ∂v ∂u 1 ∂v ∂u ⎤
= ν ⎢ 2 ( − ) + 2 ( − ) + ( − ) − 2 ( − )⎥
⎣ ∂z ∂z ∂r ∂r ∂z ∂r r ∂r ∂z ∂r r ∂z ∂r ⎦
∂ ∂ω ∂ω ⎡ ∂ 2 ω ∂ 2 ω 1 ∂ ω ω ⎤
ω+u +v = ν ⎢ 2 + 2 + − 2 ⎥
∂t ∂z ∂r ⎣ ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ⎦

Vorticity transport equation for 2D :
q=1- axisymmetric vortices,
q=0 – plane vortices
∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ⎡ ∂ 2ω ∂ 2ω q ∂ω qω ⎤
+v +u = ν ⎢ 2 + 2 + − 2 ⎥
∂t ∂r ∂z ⎣ ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ⎦
The Stokes stream function can be introduced as follows
1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ
u= q ,v = − q
r ∂r r ∂z
and gives second equation
∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ q ∂Ψ q
2
+ 2
− = − r ω
∂r ∂z r ∂r
For 3D problem: generalized Helmholtz
equation
∂ωx ∂ωx ∂ωx ∂ωx ∂u ∂u ∂u
+v +u +w = ωx + ω y + ωz + νΔωx ,

∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂v ∂v ∂v
+v +u +w = ωx + ω y + ωz + νΔω y ,

∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ωz ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ∂w ∂w ∂w
+ v z + u z + w z = ωx + ωy + ωz + νΔωz ,

∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
i j k
2 2 2 2 2 2
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
where Δ = ∂ / ∂x + ∂ / ∂y + ∂ / ∂z ω=
∂x ∂y ∂z
u v w
For 3D problem we can not introduce streamfuction Ψ
like for 2D problem.

For 3D problem: generalized Helmholtz
equation in cylindrical coordinates
∂ωr ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ∂u ∂u ∂u ω 2 ∂ω
+ ur r + uθ r + uz r = ωr r + ωθ r + ωz r + ν ( Δωr − 2r −,
2 θ ),
∂t ∂r r∂θ ∂z ∂r r∂θ ∂z r r ∂θ
∂ωθ ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω u ω ∂u ∂u ∂u u ω ω 2 ∂ω
+ ur θ + uθ θ + uz θ − r θ = ωr θ + ωθ θ + ωz θ − θ θ + ν ( Δωθ − ,
2θ + 2 r ),
∂t ∂r r∂θ ∂z r ∂r r∂θ ∂z r r r ∂θ
∂ωz ∂ω ∂ωz ∂ω ∂u ∂u ∂u
+ ur z + uθ + uz z = ωr z + ωθ z + ωz z + νΔωz ,
∂t ∂r r∂θ ∂z ∂r r∂θ ∂z ,

where ∂uz ∂uθ ∂u ∂u ∂( ruθ ) ∂ur

ωr = − , ωθ = r − z , ωz = − ,
r∂θ ∂z ∂z ∂r r∂r r∂θ
∂2 1 ∂ 1 ∂2 ∂2
Δ= 2 + + 2 2+ 2
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z

For 2D problem:
(u,v,p) (ω, ψ)

Winning: two variables instead of three
Losses: difficulties with boundary conditions

for streamfunction

Vortex flow 2-D plane

Streamfunction and (u, v) through vorticity
and u, v are given by

!  Solutions, which contain vorticity
expressed through delta-functions

Vortex flow.

Vortex flow.

The Biot-Savart Law
∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ 1 ∂Ψ
2
+ 2 − = −r ω
∂r ∂z r ∂r

!  Solutions, which contain vorticity
expressed through delta-functions

Vortex flow.

Vortex flow.

!  Other solutions

Vortex flows. Hill’s ring

We use polar coordinates (r, θ) and assume symmetry
∂ / ∂θ = 0
∂ω ⎛ ∂ 2ω 1 ∂ω ⎞
= ν ⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟⎟
∂t ⎝ ∂r r ∂r ⎠

Solution
r2
c −
4ν t
ω= e Further we define constant c
4πνt
Γ = Γ ( r ,t ) t =0 = 2π ∫ ωrdr t =0
r2
c 2π r −
4ν t
= ∫ e rdr = c
4πνt 0
and find solution
r2
Γ −
4ν t
ω= e Proof with Mathematica

4πνt
Appropriate tangent velocity
1r Γ − r 2 / 4ν t
u( r ,t ) = ∫ ωrdr = (1 − e )
r0 2π r

3
2.5
u 2
1.5
0.5
1 2 3 4 5
r

Burgers vortex (a viscous vortex with swirl)

Vorticity

Irrotational Flow Approximation
!   Irrotational
approximation: vorticity is
negligibly small
!   In general, inviscid
regions are also
irrotational, but there are
situations where inviscid
flow are rotational, e.g.,
solid body rotation (Ex.
10-3)

Irrotational Flow Approximation
2D Flows
!   For 2D flows, we can also use the streamfunction
!   Recall the definition of streamfunction for planar (x-y)
flows
!   Since vorticity is zero,
!   This proves that the Laplace equation holds for the

streamfunction and the velocity potential

Elementary Planar Irrotational Flows
Uniform Stream
!   In Cartesian coordinates
!   Conversion to cylindrical
coordinates can be
achieved using the
transformation


Line Source/Sink
!   Potential and
streamfunction are
derived by observing that
volume flow rate across
any circle is
!   This gives velocity
components

Line Source/Sink
!   Using definition of (Ur, Uθ)
!   These can be integrated

to give φ and ψ
Equations are for a source/sink

at the origin

Line Source/Sink
!   If source/sink is
moved to (x,y) = (a,b)

Line Vortex
!   Vortex at the origin. First

look at velocity
components
!   These can be integrated

to give φ and ψ
Equations are for a source/sink

at the origin

Line Vortex
!   If vortex is moved to
(x,y) = (a,b)

Doublet
!   A doublet is a
combination of a line
sink and source of
equal magnitude
!   Source
!   Sink

Doublet
!   Adding ψ1 and ψ2
together, performing
some algebra, and
taking a→0 gives
K is the doublet strength

Examples of Irrotational Flows Formed
by Superposition
!   Superposition of sink and
vortex : bathtub vortex
Sink Vortex

by Superposition
!   Flow over a circular
cylinder: Free stream
+ doublet
!   Assume body is ψ = 0
(r = a) ⇒ K = Va2

by Superposition
!   Velocity field can be found by
differentiating streamfunction
!   On the cylinder surface (r=a)
Normal velocity (Ur) is zero, Tangential

velocity (Uθ) is non-zero ⇒slip condition.

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The vorticity equation and its applications

ME33 : Fluid Flow 2 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 3 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

VORTEX BREAKDOWN IN THE LABORATORY

ME33 : Fluid Flow 4 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

VOLCANIC VORTEX RING

ME33 : Fluid Flow 6 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

Examples of vortex flows

ME33 : Fluid Flow 7 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 8 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

! Derivation of the equation of transport of

! Well-known solutions of the system (ω, ψ )

ME33 : Fluid Flow 9 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 10 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 11 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 12 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 13 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 14 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 15 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 16 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

In cylindrical coordinates (r , θ ,z ) with ∂ / ∂θ = 0

Proof with Mathematica

ME33 : Fluid Flow 18 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 19 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 20 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 22 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

where ∂uz ∂uθ ∂u ∂u ∂( ruθ ) ∂ur

ME33 : Fluid Flow 23 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

Losses: difficulties with boundary conditions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 24 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 26 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

and u, v are given by

ME33 : Fluid Flow 27 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 28 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 29 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 30 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 32 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 33 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 34 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 35 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 36 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 37 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 39 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 41 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 42 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 43 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 44 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 45 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

! Since vorticity is zero,

! This proves that the Laplace equation holds for the

ME33 : Fluid Flow 46 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

Proof with Mathematica

ME33 : Fluid Flow 47 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 48 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

! Using definition of (Ur, Uθ)

! These can be integrated

Equations are for a source/sink

ME33 : Fluid Flow 49 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

ME33 : Fluid Flow 50 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

! Vortex at the origin. First

! These can be integrated

Equations are for a source/sink

ME33 : Fluid Flow 51 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions

!  Derivation of the equation of transport of

!  Well-known solutions of the system (ω, ψ )

!   Since vorticity is zero,

!   This proves that the Laplace equation holds for the

!   Using definition of (Ur, Uθ)

!   These can be integrated

!   Vortex at the origin. First

!   These can be integrated

!   On the cylinder surface (r=a)