CHEN 20112

One and a half hours

THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer

Chemical Engineering, 2nd year

[Date of Examination]

[Time of Examination]

Answer TWO questions only.

Each question is worth 25 marks

All numerical working must be shown.

Tables of mathematical formulae are available and may be used without

restriction.

Unless indicated otherwise, the nomenclature is the same as that given

in the lecture notes.

Electronic calculators may be used, provided that they cannot store text.

A list of equations is available on pages 2 to 6.

Exam questions begin on page 7

Page 1 of 10
 CHEN 20112

Useful Equations

Drag force on a sphere

Fd = 3πµ dv

Gas constant

82.06 atm cm3 mol-1 K-1

Gravitational constant

g = 9.81 m s−2

Hyperbolic functions

exp x − exp (−x)

sinh x =
2

exp x + exp (−x)

cosh x =
2

exp x + exp (−x)

coth x =
exp x − exp (−x)

Equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates

∂ρ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
+ ( ρ rvr ) + ( ρ vθ ) + ( ρ vz ) = 0
∂t r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z

Equation of continuity in spherical coordinates

∂ρ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂
+ 2 ( ρ r 2 vr ) + ( ρ vθ sin θ ) + ( ρ vϕ ) = 0
∂t r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ

Page 2 of 10
 CHEN 20112

Equation of motion in rectangular coordinates for a Newtonian fluid with constant

ρ and µ:

x-component

⎛ ∂v x ∂v x ∂v x ∂v x ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2vx ∂ 2vx ∂ 2vx ⎞

ρ ⎜⎜ + vx + vy + vz ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + ρg x
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂ z ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠

y-component

⎛ ∂v y ∂v y ∂v y ∂v y ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v y ∂ 2v y ∂ 2v y ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ + vx + vy + vz ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜ + + ⎟ + ρg y
⎜ ∂x 2 2
∂z 2 ⎟
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠

z-component

⎛ ∂v z ∂v ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ + v x z + v y z + v z z ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ 2z + 2z + 2z ⎟⎟ + ρg z
⎝ ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠

Equation of motion in cylindrical coordinates for a Newtonian fluid with constant

ρ and µ:

r-component

⎛ ∂vr ∂v v ∂v v 2 ∂v ⎞ ∂p
ρ ⎜⎜ + vr r + θ r − θ + v z r ⎟⎟ = −
⎝ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ⎠ ∂r
2 2
⎡ ∂ ⎛1 ∂ ⎞ 1 ∂ vr 2 ∂vθ ∂ vr ⎤
+ µ⎢ ⎜ ( )
rvr ⎟ + 2 2
− 2 + 2 ⎥ + ρg r
⎣ ∂r ⎝ r ∂r ⎠ r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂z ⎦
θ -component

⎛ ∂vθ ∂v v ∂v vv ∂v ⎞ 1 ∂p
ρ⎜ + vr θ + θ θ + r θ + v z θ ⎟ = −
⎝ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ⎠ r ∂θ
2 2
(rvθ )⎞⎟ + 12 ∂ v2θ + 22 ∂vr + ∂ v2θ
⎡ ∂ ⎛1 ∂ ⎤
+ µ⎢ ⎜ ⎥ + ρgθ
⎣ ∂r ⎝ r ∂r ⎠ r ∂θ r ∂θ ∂z ⎦
z-component

⎛ ∂v z ∂v z vθ ∂v z ∂v z ⎞ ∂p ⎡ 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂v z ⎞ 1 ∂ 2 v z ∂ 2 v z ⎤
ρ⎜ + vr + + vz ⎟ = − + µ⎢ ⎜r ⎟+ 2 2
+ 2 ⎥ + ρg z
⎝ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎣ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r ∂θ ∂z ⎦

Page 3 of 10
 CHEN 20112

Equation of motion in spherical coordinates for a Newtonian fluid with constant ρ

and µ:

r-component

2 2
⎛ ∂v r v v v vφ ∂v r vθ + vφ ⎞
ρ⎜ + vr
∂ r
+ θ ∂ r
+ − ⎟ = − ∂p
⎜ ∂t ∂ r r ∂ θ r sin θ ∂φ r ⎟ ∂r
⎝ ⎠
⎡ 1 ∂2 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂vr ⎞ 1 ∂ 2 vr ⎤
+ µ⎢ 2 2 ( )
r 2 vr + 2 ⎜ sin θ ⎟ +
∂θ ⎠ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ 2 ⎦
⎥ + ρg r
⎣ r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ⎝

θ -component
2
⎛ ∂vθ ∂vθ vθ ∂vθ vφ ∂vθ v r vθ vφ cot θ ⎞
ρ ⎜ + vr + + + − ⎟ = − 1 ∂p
⎜ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r r ⎟ r ∂θ
⎝ ⎠
⎡ 1 ∂ ⎛ 2 ∂vθ ⎞ 1 ∂ ⎛ 1 ∂ ∂ 2 vθ 2 ∂v 2 cosθ ∂vφ ⎤
+ µ⎢ 2 ⎜r ⎟+ 2 ⎜ (vθ sin θ )⎞⎟ + 2 1 2 2
+ 2 r − 2 2 ⎥
⎣ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r ∂θ ⎝ sin θ ∂θ ⎠ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ ⎦

+ ρgθ

φ -component

⎛ ∂vφ ∂vφ vθ ∂vφ vφ ∂vφ vφ v r vθ vφ ⎞ 1 ∂p

ρ ⎜⎜ + vr + + + + cot θ ⎟⎟ = −
⎝ ∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r r ⎠ r sin θ ∂φ
⎡ 1 ∂ ⎛ 2 ∂vφ ⎞ 1 ∂ ⎛ 1 ∂ ⎞ 1 ∂ 2 vφ 2 ∂v r 2 cos θ ∂vθ ⎤
+ µ⎢ 2 ⎜⎜ r ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎜ (vφ sin θ )⎟ + 2 2 2
+ + ⎥
⎢⎣ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ r ∂θ ⎝ sin θ ∂θ ⎠ r sin θ ∂φ r 2 sin θ ∂φ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ ⎥⎦

+ ρg φ

Page 4 of 10
 CHEN 20112

Components of the stress tensor for a Newtonian fluid in rectangular coordinates

⎡ ∂v x 2 ! ! ⎤
τ xx = − µ ⎢2 ( )
− 3 ∇⋅v ⎥
⎣ ∂x ⎦

⎡ ∂v !
( ! )⎤
τ yy = − µ ⎢2 y − 23 ∇ ⋅ v ⎥
⎣ ∂y ⎦

⎡ ∂vz 2 ! ! ⎤
τ zz = − µ ⎢2 − 3 ∇⋅v ⎥( )
⎣ ∂z ⎦

⎡ ∂v ∂v ⎤
τ xy = τ yx = − µ ⎢ x + y ⎥
⎣ ∂y ∂x ⎦

⎡ ∂v ∂v ⎤
τ yz = τ zy = − µ ⎢ y + z ⎥
⎣ ∂z ∂y ⎦

⎡ ∂v ∂v ⎤
τ zx = τ xz = − µ ⎢ z + x ⎥
⎣ ∂x ∂z ⎦

Components of the stress tensor for a Newtonian fluid in cylindrical coordinates

⎡ ∂v r 2 ! ! ⎤
τ rr = − µ ⎢2 − 3 ∇⋅v ⎥ ( )
⎣ ∂r ⎦

⎡ ⎛ 1 ∂vθ vr ⎞ 2 ! ! ⎤
τ θθ = −µ ⎢2⎜ + ⎟ − 3 ∇⋅v ⎥ ( )
⎣ ⎝ r ∂θ r ⎠ ⎦

⎡ ∂v z 2 ! ! ⎤
τ zz = − µ ⎢2 − 3 ∇⋅v ⎥( )
⎣ ∂z ⎦

⎡ ∂ ⎛ vθ ⎞ 1 ∂vr ⎤
τ rθ = τ θr = − µ ⎢r ⎜ ⎟+ ⎥
⎣ ∂r ⎝ r ⎠ r ∂θ ⎦

⎡ ∂v 1 ∂v ⎤
z
τ θz = τ zθ = − µ ⎢ θ + ⎥
⎣ ∂z r ∂θ ⎦

⎡ ∂v ∂v ⎤
τ zr = τ rz = − µ ⎢ z + r ⎥
⎣ ∂r ∂z ⎦

Page 5 of 10
 CHEN 20112

Components of the stress tensor for a Newtonian fluid in spherical coordinates

⎡ ∂v r 2 ! ! ⎤
τ rr = − µ ⎢2 ( )
− 3 ∇⋅v ⎥
⎣ ∂r ⎦

⎡ ⎛ 1 ∂v v ⎞ !
τ θθ = −µ ⎢2⎜ θ
( ! )⎤
+ r ⎟ − 23 ∇ ⋅ v ⎥
⎣ ⎝ r ∂θ r ⎠ ⎦

⎡ ⎛ 1 ∂v v vθ cot θ ⎞ 2 ! ! ⎤
τ φφ = −µ ⎢2⎜⎜ φ
+ r+ ( )
⎟ − ∇⋅v ⎥
r ⎟⎠ 3
⎣ ⎝ r sin θ ∂φ r ⎦

⎡ ∂ ⎛ v ⎞ 1 ∂v ⎤r
τ rθ = τ θr = − µ ⎢r ⎜ θ ⎟ + ⎥
⎣ ∂r ⎝ r ⎠ r ∂θ ⎦

⎡ sin θ ∂ ⎛ vφ ⎞ 1 ∂vθ ⎤
τ θφ = τ φθ = −µ ⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎥
⎣⎢ r ∂θ ⎝ sin θ ⎠ r sin θ ∂φ ⎥⎦

⎡ 1 ∂vr ∂ ⎛ vφ ⎞⎤
τ φr = τ rφ = −µ ⎢ + r ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎣ r sin θ ∂φ ∂r ⎝ r ⎠⎦

Page 6 of 10
 CHEN 20112

1. Answer all parts of this question.

[25 total marks]

a) Liquid A is contained in an open-ended cylinder, which is exposed to

the air in the atmosphere. The height and diameter of the cylinder are
equal to 10 cm and 2 cm, respectively. The liquid is at a height of 1 cm
in the cylinder. The total pressure of air is equal to 1 atm and the
temperature is 298 K. The following data are available: the vapour
pressure of pure liquid A is equal to 0.023 atm at 298 K, the diffusion
coefficient for A in air is equal to 0.078 cm2 s−1 and the molar density
of pure liquid A is equal to 0.01 mole cm−3. Assume there is no A in the
atmosphere. The mole fraction profile of A in the cylinder is given by
𝑧
𝑦! = 𝑦!! + 𝑦 − 𝑦!!
𝐻 !"

Refer to Figure 1 for the meaning of the

symbols in Equation 1. State all
assumptions when answering the questions
below.

Figure 1: Cylinder containing liquid

i) Calculate the rate of evaporation for A in units of moles/sec.

[3 marks]

ii) Determine how long it takes for all the liquid to evaporate.
[5 marks]

b) Express each of the following dimensionless numbers in terms of

density ρ, heat capacity Cp, viscosity µ, thermal conductivity k,
diffusion coefficient DAB, velocity v, and diameter d. Use only one
sentence to describe the meaning of each dimensionless group.

i) Reynolds number
[1 mark]
ii) Prandtl number
[1 mark]
iii) Schmidt number
[1 mark]

Page 7 of 10
 CHEN 20112

c) Consider a spherical porous catalyst particle of radius 𝑅 that is used for

reacting component A according to the rate law 𝑟! = −𝑘𝑎𝑐! , where 𝑘
is the rate constant per unit area of catalyst, 𝑎 is the catalyst surface
area per unit volume of the catalyst, and 𝑐! is the molar concentration
of 𝐴. The concentration profile in the catalyst particle is given by

𝑐! 𝑅 sinh 𝜙𝑟/𝑅
=
𝑐!" 𝑟 sinh 𝜙

where 𝑐!" is the molar concentration of A at 𝑟 = 𝑅 and 𝜙 is the Thiele

modulus given by 𝜙 ! = 𝑘𝑎𝑅! /𝐷! , where 𝐷! is the effective diffusion
coefficient of A in the catalyst particle. The definitions of the
hyperbolic functions are given on the equation sheet.

i) What is the meaning of the Thiele modulus?

[2 marks]

ii) Determine 𝑊!" , which is the moles of A reacted per catalyst

particle per unit time, in terms of 𝑅, 𝑐!" , 𝜙, and 𝐷! .
[5 marks]

iii) Determine 𝑊!" in the limit of 𝑅 → ∞ in terms of 𝑅, 𝑐!" , 𝑘, 𝑎,

and 𝐷! . Explain the physical meaning of the result.
[3 marks]

iv) Determine 𝑊!" in the limit of 𝑅 → 0 in terms of 𝑅, 𝑐!" , 𝑘, 𝑎,

and 𝐷! . Explain the physical meaning of the result. Hint: The
Taylor series expansion for the hyperbolic cotangent function is
given by coth 𝑥 = 1 𝑥 + 𝑥 3.
[4 marks]

End of Question 1

Page 8 of 10
 CHEN 20112

2. Consider a long cylindrical fuel rod containing fissionable material of length 𝐿

with radius 𝑅! surrounded by an annular layer of aluminium cladding with
outside radius 𝑅! . The rate of energy production in the fissionable material
can be approximated by 𝑆! = 𝑆! 1 + 𝑏 𝑟 𝑅!! , where r is the distance from
the centre of the fuel rod and 𝑏 and 𝑆! are known constants. The outside
surface of the aluminium cladding is in contact with a liquid coolant at
temperature 𝑇! . The thermal conductivities of the fuel rod and the cladding
are 𝑘! and 𝑘! , respectively. Assume that there is no heat transfer resistance in
the liquid layer adjacent to the cladding. All answers should be written in
terms of 𝑏, 𝐿 𝑆! , 𝑅! , 𝑅! , 𝑇! , 𝑘! and 𝑘! . Answer all parts of this question.
[25 total marks]

a) Write out the four boundary conditions using 𝑞! and 𝑇! and 𝑞! and 𝑇! to
denote the flux of heat and temperature in the fuel rod and in the
cladding, respectively.
[2 marks]

b) Determine an expression for the rate of heat transfer 𝑞! within the fuel
rod as a function of 𝑟.
[4 marks]

c) Determine an expression for the rate of heat transfer 𝑞! within the

aluminium cladding as a function of 𝑟.
[4 marks]

d) Determine the temperature profile 𝑇! within the aluminium cladding as a

function of 𝑟.
[4 marks]

e) Determine the temperature profile 𝑇! within the fuel rod as a function of

𝑟.
[4 marks]

f) Calculate the rate of energy generation by the fission reaction.

[3 marks]

g) Calculate the maximum temperature in the fuel rod.

[1 marks]
h) Calculate the average temperature in the cladding.
[3 marks]

End of Question 2

Page 9 of 10
 CHEN 20112

3. Answer all parts of this question.

[25 total marks]

a) Consider a cooling tower of height 25 metres containing water droplets

with diameter equal to 0.5 mm and density equal to 1 g cm−3. The
viscosity of air is equal to 0.018 cp (1 cp = 0.001 Pa s). Assume the air
is at atmospheric pressure, behaves as an ideal gas at 298 K, and only
contains oxygen and nitrogen where the mole fraction of oxygen is
equal to 0.21. The molecular weight of oxygen is 32 g mol−1 and
nitrogen is 28 g mol−1.

i) Estimate the terminal velocity of the water droplet using the

Stokes’ law to calculate the drag force on the droplet.
[5 marks]

ii) How long does it take for a droplet to fall from the top of the
cooling tower to the ground when there is an upward air
velocity equal to 3 m s−1. Assume the droplet diameter remains
constant during the fall.
[2 marks]

ii) Is the assumption to use Stokes’ law valid?

[2 marks]

b) Consider an incompressible fluid at constant temperature flowing

radially between two porous concentric spheres with inner and outer
radii 𝜅𝑅 and 𝑅.

i) Write down the equation of continuity and the three equations

of change governing the flow of the fluid. Eliminate all terms
equal to zero.
[6 marks]

ii) Derive an expression for the velocity profile 𝑣! (𝑟) in terms of

𝑟, 𝑅, and 𝑉! , where 𝑉! is the radial velocity at 𝑅.
[2 marks]

iii) Derive an expression for the pressure profile 𝑃(𝑟) in terms of

the pressure at 𝑅, 𝑃! the fluid density 𝜌, 𝑅, and 𝑉! .
[4 marks]

iv) Derive expressions for all the non-zero components of the stress
tensor 𝜏 in terms of viscosity 𝜇, 𝑟, 𝑅, and 𝑉! .
[4 marks]

End of Question 3
End of paper

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