Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemical Training PDF
Chemical Training PDF
human injury,
damage to property,
damage to environment
or some combination of these is known as hazardous
chemical.
Chemical Hazard
The undesired effects which are caused with the
absorption of hazardous chemicals by the
human body- are called chemical hazards.
The hazardous chemicals alone in
concentration, or when mixed with other
chemical substance, can cause injury, disease or
death.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL HAZARD
HEALTH HAZARD
PHYSICAL HAZARD
PHYSICAL HAZARD
• Flammable gases • contact with water,
• Flammable aerosols emit flammable
• Oxidizing gases gases
• Gases under • Oxidizing liquids
pressure • Oxidizing solids
• Flammable liquids • Organic peroxides
• Flammable solids • Corrosive to metals
• Self-reactive • Combustible dusts
substances and • Pyrophoric gases
mixtures
• Pyrophoric liquids
HEALTH HAZARD
• Acute toxicity • Specific target organ
• Skin toxicity – single
corrosion/irritation exposure
• Serious eye • Specific target organ
damage/eye irritation toxicity – repeated
• Respiratory or skin exposure
sensitization • Aspiration hazard
• Germ cell • Bio hazardous
mutagenicity infectious materials
• Carcinogenicity
• Reproductive toxicity
Types Of Chemical Hazard
Naturally Occurring Chemicals
Ex. Mycrotoxin, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloides
Intentionally Added Chemicals
Ex. Preservatives: Nitrite and Sulfiting agents.
Unintentionally Or Incidentally Added Chemicals
Ex. Pesticides, Lead, Arsenic, Mercury.
WHMIS
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
Goals-
Prevent Health Hazards
Reduce Accidents
The effect a certain chemical depends
on several factors
• The routes of entry
- The physical properties of the substances
- Work practices
- The nature of the exposure
- Combined exposures
- The susceptibility of workers
- Toxicity
Effect Of Chemicals
- Causing irritation
- Allergies
- Lack of oxygen
- Systemic poisoning
- Cancer
- Damage to the unborn fetus
- Effects on the future generations
- Pneumoconiosis (Dusty lung)
Controlling Chemical Hazards in the Workplace
• Reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous
chemicals whenever possible.
ead the warning labels on any chemical before you use it.
Poor Ventilation
Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide
Volatile Compounds
Chlorine, Hydrocarbon fuels
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage
an organism.
Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such
as an animal, bacterium, or plant
as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism,
such as a cell (cytotoxicity)
or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
Toxicity is the capacity of a chemical compound to
produce injury.
Some possible outcomes of Toxicant:
Sub-acute toxicity
Sub-chronic toxicity
Chronic toxicity
Conditions of strong poisoning
1. High temperature
2. Deep or rapid breathing
3. Long working hours
4. Combination of two or more poisonous
substance
Median Lethal Dose (LD50)
-1
LD50 may be defined as the statistically derived single dose of a chemical (mgkg ) that can be
expected to cause death to 50% of a given population of organisms under a defined set of
experimental conditions. LD50 is used to classify and compare toxicity among chemicals. The
toxicant can be graded according to their LD50 values are as follows:
Degree of harmfulness LD50 (mg/kg ) Degree of harmfulness LD50 (mg/kg )
<1 Slightly toxic 501 – 5000
Extremely toxic
Highly toxic 1 – 50 Practically non-toxic 5001 – 15000
Moderately toxic 51 – 500 Relatively harmless > 15000
Median Lethal Concentration
(LC50)
LC50: Concentration of a toxicant
(mg/m3) in air to kill 50% of the
animals exposed for the specific
length of time.
Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of toxic chemicals
It is the maximum concentration of toxic chemicals that healthy
male adults can breath for 8 hours a day over a period of years
without any harmful effects on his health