Decentralized Processing

NETWORKS  Each user, department, or division has its own

computer for performing processing tasks
 Advantage
 Responsive to users
 Disadvantage
 Lack of coordination among organizational
Prepared by: units
JESSEBETH S. SAN ANTONIO, ECE, PhDTE  High costs of having many systems
 Duplication of efforts

Networks Distributed Processing

 Collection of computers and devices
connected together
 Used to transfer information or files,
share resources, etc.
 Characterized based on their
geographical coverage, speed,
capacities
 Maintains centralized control and
decentralized operations
 Advantages
 Accessing unused processing power is possible
 Computer power can be added or removed
 Distance and location are not limiting
 More compatible with organizational growth
 Fault tolerance is improved
 Resources can be shared to reduce costs

Types of Processing
Distributed Processing
Configurations
 Advantages
 Reliability is improved
 More responsive to user needs
Centralized Decentralized
 Disadvantages
 More security and privacy challenges
 Incompatibility between various pieces of
equipment
 Managing the network is challenging
Distributed

Centralized Processing
Networks Criteria
 Processing is done at one central computer
 Used in early days of computer technology  Network Criteria
because:  Network must meet a certain number
 Data-processing personnel were in short of criteria
supply
 The most important of the network
 Hardware and software were expensive
criterions are:
 Advantage
- Performance
 Ability to exercise tight control on system
- Reliability
operations and applications
- Security
 Disadvantage
 Lack of responsiveness to users’ needs
 Networks Criteria
 Performance
 Transit time: Amount of time
required for a message to travel from
one device to another
 Response Time: Elapsed time
between an inquiry and a response
Performance depends on:
 Number of users: large number slow response
time.
 Types of transmission medium: fiber-optic
cabling faster than others cables.
 Capabilities of the connected hardware: affect
both the speed and capacity of transmission.
 Efficiency of the software: process data at the
sender and receiver and intermediate affects
network performance.
Performance
 Performance is evaluated by two
contradictory networking metrics:
 Throughput (high): a measure of how
fast we can actually send data
through a network
 Delay (low)
Networks Criteria
 Reliability
 Reliability is measured by:
1. Frequency of failure
2. Recovery time of a network after
a failure
3. Network’s robustness in a
catastrophe: Protect by good back
up network system
Networks Criteria
 Security
 Protecting data from unauthorized
access
 Protecting data from damage and
development
 Implementing policies and
procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses (Recovery
Plan)
NETWORK CLASSIFICATIONS
 Networks are categorized based on the
following characteristics:
 Network coverage: LAN, MAN, WAN
 Network topologies: How the computers
are connected together
 Network technologies
 Network architecture
Network Coverage
 Local Area Networks:
 Used for small networks (School, home,
office)
 Covers area less than 2 miles
 Privately owned
 Links devices in the same office, building, or
campus
 Simple LAN: 2 PCs & 1 printer in home or
office
 Allow resources to be shared (Hardware,
Software, or data)
Local Area Network
Server
Hub
H
u
Workstation 2 Workstation 3 An isolated LAN connecting 12
Computers to a hub in a closet
 Local Area Network Wide Area Networks (WAN)
 Provides
 LAN is distinguished by: long-
 Size (# users of OS, or licensing restrictions)
distance
 Transmission medium (only one type)
transmission
 Topology (bus, ring, star)
of data over
large
 Data Rates (Speed):
geographic
 Early: 4 to 16 Mbps areas
 Today: 100 to 1000 Mbps (Country,
Continent,
World)

Wide Area Networks

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) (WAN)

Switched WAN
 Size between LAN and WAN Backbone of the
internet
 Inside a town or a city
Dial-up line point-to-
 Example: the part of the telephone point WAN
company network that can provide a high- Leased line from a
speed DSL to the customer telephone company

 Backbone network connecting all LANs

MAN

LAN v.s WAN

WAN

LAN-Local Area Network a group of

computers connected within a
building or a campus (Example of LAN
MAN may consist of computers located on a
single floor or a building or it might
link all the computers in a small
company)

LAN

WAN- A network consisting of

computers of LAN’s connected
across a distance WAN can cover
small to large distances, using
different topologies such as
telephone lines, fiber optic
cabling, satellite transmissions
and microwave transmissions.
LAN

Figure 1-6
Businesses
Network Topologies
interconnected
within a large  Represents a network’s physical layout including
metropolitan the arrangement of computers and cables
area via a
metropolitan  Configuration or physical arrangement in which
area network
devices are connected together

 Types
 Star
 Ring
 Bus
 Hierarchical
 Mesh
 Star Topology Ring Network
 Consists of a central computer and a series
of nodes
 STAR networks: connecting all devices to a
central unit
 All computers are connected to a central
device called hub
 All data must pass through the hub
 Advantages
 Cable layouts are easy to modify and centralized control
makes detecting problems easier
 Nodes can be added to the network easily
 Effective at handling short bursts of traffic
 Disadvantages
 If the central host fails, entire network becomes inoperable
 Increases cost as many cables are required
 Susceptible to failure

 Star: Ring Networks:

 Dedicated point-  Advantages
to-point to a  Easy of install and reconfigure
central controller
 Connect to immediate neighbors
(Hub)
 Move two connections for any moving (Add/Delete)
 No direct traffic  Easy of fault isolation
between devices
 The control acts as  Disadvantage
an exchange  Unidirectional
 One broken device can disable the entire network.
This weakness can be solved by using a dual ring or a
switch capable of closing off the break

Ring Topology Bus Networks

 No host required as each computer manages  It is multipoint
its own connectivity  One long cable acts as a backbone
 Used in the design of early LANs, and Ethernet
 Each node is connected to two other nodes LANs
 Upstream neighbor and downstream neighbor

 Transmission is in one direction

 Needs less cable than star topology

 Diagnosing problems and modifying the

network are more difficult

RING Networks: Bus Networks

 A number of computers are connected on a  Nodes connect to cable by drop lines and taps
closed loop  Signal travels along the backbone and some of
 Covers large distances its energy is transformed to heat
 Primarily used for LANs and WANs  Limit of number of taps and the distance
 A signal is passed along the ring in one between taps
direction from device to device until it reaches
its destination
 Each device has dedicated point-to-point
connection with only the two devices on either
side of it
 Each devices incorporates a Repeater
 Mesh
Bus Networks 

 Advantages
 Advantages  Each connection carry its own data load (no traffic
 Ease of installation problems)
 A mesh topology is robust
 Less cables than mesh, star topologies  Privacy or security
 Fault identification and fault isolation
 Disadvantages
 Difficult reconnection and fault isolation (limit of  Disadvantages
taps)  Big amount of cabling
 Adding new device requires modification of  Big number of I/O ports
backbone  Installation and reconnection are difficult
 Sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available
 Fault or break stops all transmission space
 The damaged area reflects signals back in the  Hardware connect to each I/O could be expensive
direction of the origin, creating noise in both
Mesh topology is implemented in a limited fashion; e.g., as
directions backbone of hybrid network

Hierarchical Topology

MESH TOPOLOGY  Combines computers with different processing

 Every node is connected to every other node
 Used by traditional mainframe networks
 Otherwise known as plex or
interconnected
 The term dedicated means that the link
carries traffic only between the two
devices it connects.
strengths in different organizational levels
 Mainframe computer is at the top
 Front-end processors (FEPs) are at the next
level
 Controllers and multiplexers are at the next
level
 Terminals and workstations are at the
bottom level

Hierarchical Topology
 Controller: Hardware and software device that
 Mesh controls data transfer from a computer to a
 To link n devices peripheral device
fully connected
mesh has:  Multiplexer: Hardware device that allows several
n(n–1)/2 nodes to share one communication channel
Physical channels
(Full-Duplex)  Advantage
 Every Device on the  Offers network control and lower costs
network must have
n - 1 ports  Disadvantages
 Network expansion may be a problem
 Traffic congestion at root and higher-level nodes

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

 Mesh  It refers to how computers are organized

 Example:
8 devices in mesh has links: n(n-1)/2
Number of links = 8(8-1)/2=28
Number of ports per device = n-1=8-1=7
and how tasks are allocated among the
computers.
 Refers to how the computer or devices are
designed in a network

 The physical and logical design which

refers to the software, hardware, protocols
and the media of transmission of data
 TYPES OF NETWORK ARCHITECTURE Client/Server Architecture
 Centralized - Using  A centralized, really
powerful
mainframes computer(Server)
 Peer-2-Peer: (P2P) acts as a hub in
which other
 Client/Server computers or
workstation(clients)
can connect to.
 This server is the
heart of the
system, which
manages and
provides resources
to any client that
requests them.

Peer-To-Peer (P2P) Architecture Client/Server Architecture

Advantages of a Disadvantages of a
 Tasks are allocated to every device on the network client/server network client/server network
 Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities,
capacities, sharing hardware, data, with the other
computers on the peer-to-peer network  Resources and data  Can become very costly
 Good for small businesses and home networks security are due to the need of a server
controlled through as well as networking
 Simple and inexpensive
the server. devices such as hubs,
 There is no real hierarchy in this network, all
 Not restricted to a routers, and switches.
computers are considered equal and all have the same
abilities to use the resources available on this network small number of  If and when the server goes
 Instead of having a central server which would act as computers. down, the entire network
the shared drive, each computer thats connected to  Server can be will be affected.
this network would act as the server for the files stored accessed anywhere  Technical staff needed to
on it. and across multiple maintain and ensure
platforms. network functions
efficiently.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture

Advantages of a peer-to-peer network

 Does not require a dedicated server which means its

less costly.
 If one computer stops working, the other computers
connected to the network will continue working.
 Installation and setup is quite painless because of the
built-in support in modern operating systems.

Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network

 Security and data backups are to be done to each

individual computer.
 As the numbers of computers increases on a P2P
network… performance, security, and access becomes a
major headache.