Professional Documents
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Copyright © 2011-2012 - ATR Training Centre - All right reserved For Training Only
35.00 GENERAL Presentation
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35.00 GENERAL Presentation
Oxygen system is provided to crew members and passengers by means of several systems:
- a fixed oxygen installation composed of:
- Oxygen storage and supply system, located in the cockpit,
- Crew oxygen distribution system,
- Passengers oxygen distribution system.
- portable systems which include:
- Portable oxygen units for the cabin attendants,
- Cabin attendants breathing equipments.
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35.00 GENERAL Presentation
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35.00 GENERAL Presentation
Smoke goggles are located on each side of the cockpit near oxygen crew masks for pilot and first officer.
Observer O2 equipment is located on the upper part of the avionics racks.
Passengers oxygen equipments: The main system provides passenger protection through a pax valve. It controls flow to pax oxygen boxes.
One diluted oxygen mask is stored in each box.
Portable oxygen bottles are stored under cabin attendant seats. They permit a continuous diluted flow to both cabin attendants at 13,000ft for
duration of 30 minutes. Each of this bottles is equipped with a diluted oxygen mask.
Protective breathing equipments are located in the luggage box of the cabin. It is used only in case of smoke or noxious gas emission.
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35.00 GENERAL Presentation
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35.00 GENERAL Presentation
In case of overpressure, the oxygen is discharged outside the aircraft by a safety circuit equipped with an overboard discharge indicator.
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35.00 GENERAL Cockpit Panels
EWD shows oxygen system failures with corresponding procedures to solve them.
On the Cabin System Display (SD) page of the MFD, parameters of cabin air conditioning are displayed and status of bleed valves, pack valves,
ventilation system, pressurization system, oxygen system and doors.
Oxygen panel is located on the overhead panel (22VU). It controls crew and passengers oxygen distribution.
Note:
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3 smoke goggles are located in the cockpit: one on each side of the cockpit for captain and first officer, located below oxygen masks, and the other
for the 3rd occupant observer, located next to his oxygen mask.
One oxygen bottle is present in the cockpit. It is located behind the captain seat.
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35.00 GENERAL Cockpit Panels
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35.00 GENERAL Cockpit Displays
The Multi Function Displays (MFDs) show the System Display symbology on the upper left part of the SD Cabin page.
State 1 is displayed when main supply is "OFF".
State 2 is displayed when main supply is "ON", PAX supply is "OFF" and pressure is available.
State 3 is displayed when main and PAX supplies are "ON" and when pressure is available.
State 4 is displayed when main and PAX supplies are "ON" and low pressure (LO PR) is detected.
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35.00 GENERAL Interfaces
Oxygen system is composed of a fixed installation, portable units and several types of breathing equipments.
Electrical System provides power to all the oxygen system.
Oxygen is provided to all the system by fixed and portable oxygen bottles, and oxygen refilling ground cart unit is also available.
Oxygen system supplies passengers, cabin attendants, pilots and observer oxygen distribution systems.
Electrical control signals ensure the system is operating.
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35.00 GENERAL Exercises
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35.00 GENERAL Exercises
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35.00 GENERAL Exercises
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35.00 GENERAL Exercises
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35.00 GENERAL Exercises
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35.00 GENERAL Exercises
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35.00 GENERAL Exercises
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35.10 CREW OXYGEN SYSTEM System Description
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35.10 CREW OXYGEN SYSTEM System Description
The oxygen system is used by the flight crew members and passengers to sustain a brutal loss of cabin pressure.
Crew members can also use their oxygen masks in case of smoke.
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35.10 CREW OXYGEN SYSTEM System Description
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35.10 CREW OXYGEN SYSTEM Exercises
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY System Description
The main component of the oxygen storage and supply is a high pressure gaseous oxygen cylindric bottle
The oxygen cylinder is the common reservoir for:
- crew oxygen distribution,
- passenger oxygen distribution.
Valves and switches are fitted on the oxygen storage / supply system to allow flow control and monitoring:
- Pressure regulator and transmitter,
- Crew feed stop valve,
- Pax feed stop valve,
- Manifold distributor,
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY System Description
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY System Description
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY System Operation
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY System Operation
- « OFF » white light on MAIN SUPPLY pushbutton is illuminated.
- OXY supply information on SD CABIN page is updated.
Pressure gauge on oxygen panel indicates oxygen pressure by means of pressure regulator/transmitter and the pressure is regulated at 78PSI
Now, MAIN SUPPLY pushbutton must be pressed in. The A/C configuration is now:
- aircraft is energized,
- Oxygen bottle shut off valve is open,
- OFF white light on MAIN SUPPLY pushbutton extinguishes
- The OXY supply information on SD CABIN page is updated
Crew feed stop valve opens and supplies oxygen to distributor manifold.
Now, PAX SUPPLY pushbutton must be set to ON. The A/C configuration is now:
- aircraft is energized,
- Oxygen bottle shut off valve is open,
- ON blue light on PAX SUPPLY pushbutton illuminates
- The OXY supply information on SD CABIN page is updated
Pax feed stop valve opens and passenger distribution oxygen system is supplied.
When oxygen over pressure occurs in the bottle or regulator, the over pressure safety relief allows oxygen flow to be ejected overboard.
A green disk is fitted on aircraft external skin. It blows out when pressure is > 20 PSI.
Then a yellow colour appears. This system indicates oxygen Overpressure to the crew during walk around.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY System Operation
If oxygen pressure drops below 50 PSI in the LP circuit, the LP pressure switch fitted on the distributor manifold detect the loss of oxygen
pressure.
- LO PR amber light on MAIN SUPPLY pushbutton illuminates,
- OXY supply information on SD CABIN page is updated (in amber)
- EWD displays the « OXY » warning with the associated procedure
- Master caution light and single chime is activated.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY System Operation
When connected to a nitrogen source (aircraft de-energized and oxygen bottle shut off valve closed), Test port allows:
- leak test of Oxygen systems,
- cleaning
- functional test of oxygen systems and equipment.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Exercises
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Exercises Level 2
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Exercises Level 2
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Exercises Level 2
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Oxygen Cylinder
Location:
The high pressure oxygen cylinder is located vertically, inside the flight compartment in front of the left electronic rack (80VU).
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Oxygen Cylinder
Description:
The main characteristics of the cylinder, which supplies oxygen to the crew and passenger distribution system are:
- Capacity: 2182 liters (77ft3) in standard conditions (normal temperature= 21°C and pressure 1013 mbar).
- Nominal charge: Nominal charge pressure of 1850 PSI is reduced to 78PSI in the oxygen distribution system.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Main Shut off Valve
Location:
The Main Shut off valve is located on the top of the oxygen bottle.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Main Shut off Valve
Description:
The slow-opening manual shut off valve is designed with metal/metal type seats, to avoid ignitions (explosions).
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Pressure Gauge
Location:
The direct pressure gauge is fitted on the outlet of the oxygen bottle.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Pressure Gauge
Description:
The gauge indicates cylinder pressure with main shut off valve open, or closed.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Pressure Regulator
Location:
The pressure regulator/transmitter is located on the top of the oxygen bottle.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Pressure Regulator
Description:
The HP regulator/transmitter is composed of two stages:
- A high pressure stage including a high pressure transducer sending an electrical signal to a remote indicator located on the cockpit oxygen
panel
- A low pressure stage including a downstream pressure regulation at a nominal value of 78+/- PSI (5.38+/-0.55bars) for a flow of 200 l/mn
(normal temperature=21°C and pressure 1013 mb).
A port with an integrated pressure relief valve limits the pressure as follows:
- opening: 120+/-4 PSI (8+/-0.25 bars).
- overpressure limited at 160PSI (11.65 bars).
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Pressure Regulator
Operation:
When the cylinder manual shut off valve is open, the pressure indicator shows:
- Red range: 0 -> 5.86 bar (0->86PSI)
- Green range: 5.86 -> 140 bar (85->2025PSI)
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Hight and Low Overpressure Safety Relief and Device
The high and low pressure safety relief and device is fitted on the oxygen bottle and goes out on the fuselage (by means of the Overboard
Discharge Indicator).
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Hight and Low Overpressure Safety Relief and Device
In case of a rise in ambient temperature, the oxygen increases and causes the expansion of the cylinder pressure, the oxygen is discharged by:
- The cylinder safety valve (HP overpressure),
- The low pressure stage overpressure safety port of the HP regulator/transmitter.
The oxygen is discharged overboard by a safety circuit equipped with an overboard discharge indicator.
The discharge indicator is composed of a green plastic blow-out disc, visible from oustide the aircraft.
This disc is ejected from it housing when subjected to any pressure exceeding 20 PSI (1.38bar), releasing the yellow color inside the indicator
body.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Renewal of Oxygen Source
Location:
The renewal of the oxygen source is done by means of a filling system located on electronic rack 80VU (cargo compt side).
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Renewal of Oxygen Source
Description:
The renewal of the oxygen source can be done in two ways:
- by changing the oxygen cylinder (Note: it is possible to fill the oxygen cylinder in the workshop)
- on the aircraft, by means of a filling system connected to the HP regulator/transmitter.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Renewal of Oxygen Source
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Crew Feed Stop Valve
The Crew Feed Stop Valve is located on the Oxygen cylinder housing.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Crew Feed Stop Valve
Description:
The crew feed stop valve is operated by the Main Supply push button, located on the overhead panel.
The crew feed stop valve solenoid controls opening and closing of the oxygen flow. The control unit is fitted close to the oxygen cylinder.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Crew Feed Stop Valve
Operation:
The valve's internal logic enables the solenoid electrical supply to be maintain for a fraction of a second, corresponding to the opening and closing
time of valve.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Manifold Distributor
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Manifold Distributor
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY LP Pressure Switch
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY LP Pressure Switch
The LP Pressure Switch provides an electrical signal LO PR light of the MAIN SUPPLY push button on the cockpit overhead panel when a
pressure falls to 50 +/- 5 PSI (3.45 +/- 0.35 bars).
It also displays an « OXY » caution message with the associated procedure on the EWD.
The oxygen system status is displayed in amber with amber LO PR legend on the MFD Cabin System page.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Pax Feed Stop Valve
Location:
The Pax feed stop valve is located on the Oxygen cylinder housing.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Pax Feed Stop Valve
Description:
The Pax feed stop valve solenoid controls the opening and closing of the oxygen flow. The control unit is fitted on the pax feed stop valve.
When the Pax supply pushbutton is selected ON, the « ON » blue legend is illuminated and the oxygen is distributed to the passengers.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Test Port
Description:
Test Port is installed on the oxygen bottle housing.
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35.11 OXYGEN STORAGE FIXED SUPPLY Test Port
Description:
The Test Port is equipped with a bayonet connection with an integrated check valve. An airtight cap covers the test port.
It designed to be fitted with a PURITAN 110 11 test connector.
Max pressure to be applied is: 94 PSI (6.5 bars).
This test enables a leakage test after any component replacement, functional test if the oxygen cylinder is not installed and cleaning pipes
operations.
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) System Description
A rigid duct connects the supply maniflod to the masks assy via flexible hoses.
They are fitted with self sealing coupling for easy disconnect.
The crew oxygen mask consists of:
- an inflatable harness,
- a regulator knob,
- a microphone,
- an airtight facepiece equipped with: a manual valve which supplies oxygen through a flexible hose and permits demisting of the anti smoke
goggles.
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) System Operation
The regulation diaphragm, held by a spring, closes the control circuit of the main valve.
The main valve, submitted to control pressure on its entire surface, closes the user circuit.
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) System Operation
Harness inflating:
By pressing on the right clip, the pressure oxygen is sent to the harness. When the clip is released, the oxygen is discharged out.
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) System Operation
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) System Operation
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) System Operation
Pure O² supply:
When the normal / 100% selector is in 100% position, the ambient air inlet is closed. The user breathes pure 0².
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) System Operation
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Exercises
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Exercises Level 2
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Exercises Level 2
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Exercises Level 2
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Crew Oxygen Masks
Three crew oxygen maks are located in the cockpit; two for the pilots and one for the observer.
The mask assembly consists of a mask stowed in a box.
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Crew Oxygen Masks
This box is fitted with two door flaps, maintaining the mask in its housing.
The LH flap is equipped with a TEST/RESET slider and a blinker indicator.
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Crew Oxygen Masks
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Smoke Goggles
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Smoke Goggles
When worn, they can be automatically demisted by oxygen supplied from oxygen mask.
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35.13 OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION (CREW) Third Occupant Mask With Oxygen Adapter
The 3rd occupant's oxygen mask is fitted with an oxygen adapter extension box, which can be used as far away as the forward cargo
compartment.
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN System Description
The passenger fixed oxygen system ensures that the passengers are supplied with oxygen in the event of a loss of "cabin pressurization".
The fixed oxygen system supplying the passengers is connected to the supply manifold of the flight crew supply system.
The pax feed stop valve enables passenger oxygen supply by direct action of the crew on the flight compartment control and monitoring panel.
Number of supplied passengers = 25% simultaneously
The system comprises a fixed installation supplying pax masks uniformly distributed in the passengers compartment.
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN System Description
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN System Operation
During inhalation, the inhalation and diluter valves open, allowing an air/oxygen mixture into the mask.
During exhalation, the exhalation valve closes and the exhaled air is evacuated out of the mask.
During exhalation, the reservoir bag receives the oxygen from the distribution system, avoiding any loss of oxygen between the inhalation and
exhalation cycles, thus limiting oxygen consumption to the user's requirements.
The flow indicator, installed on the flexible supply line, serves to check oxygen supply to the user.
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Exercises
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Exercises
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Exercises Level 2
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Altitude Compensating Regulator
The altitude compensating regulator feeds oxygen boxes in case of rapid depressurization of the passengers compartment.
The oxygen compensator regulates the pressure in the distribution pipes such that the required oxygen flow depending of the cabin altitude is
correctly assumed by each masks. It operates between 25000ft and 10000ft cabin altitude.
Note: Because of the cabin altitude compensating regulators, passengers oxygen supply is not available on ground (oxygen regulators closed <
10000ft).
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Altitude Compensating Regulator
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Passenger Masks
Passengers oxygen masks are enclosed to a module located above passengers between Passenger Service Units.
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Passenger Masks
The oxygen mask supply line is a PVC type, 2,5m long (8,2 ft).
It is comprised of a flow indicator and linked to the passenger fixed distribution.
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35.20 PASSENGER OXYGEN Passenger Masks
The oxygen module door is opened by introducing a manual release tool into the small hole of the door and pushing it.
The manual release tool is located in the flight attendant's seat storage compartment.
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35.30 PORTABLE OXYGEN System Description
The cabin attendant portable oxygen system comprises the following equipments:
- oxygen cylinder, capacity 120 liters with nominal charge 1800 PSI (124 bars),
- sustaining oxygen mask,
- smoke hood.
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35.30 PORTABLE OXYGEN System Description
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35.30 PORTABLE OXYGEN Exercises
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35.30 PORTABLE OXYGEN Protective Breathing Equipment
Three Protective Breathing Equipments (PBE) are located in the ATR72 cabin, and an optional one in the cockpit.
Note: In the ATR42, two PBEs are fitted in the cabin and one in option in the cockpit.
The PBE protects the eyes, nose and mouth and provides a breathing chemical gas for a minimum of 15 minutes in case of fire, smoke or noxious
gases.
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35.30 PORTABLE OXYGEN Protective Breathing Equipment
The smoke hood (PBE: Protective Breathing Equipment) is a closed circuit breathing apparatus used to protect the user's eyes and respiratory
system in an unbreathable atmosphere.
The PBE comes in the form of a hood completely covering the head and made airtight at the neck by a thin elastic membrane.
The reaction of water vapour (contained in the expired air) with the potasium superoxyde (KO2) produces oxygen which is freed in the hood.
A starter candle produces the necessary heat to start the sodium chlorate chemical reaction, releasing 8 liters of oxygen to inflate the hood and
obtain the initial breathable air.
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35.30 PORTABLE OXYGEN Protective Breathing Equipment
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35.30 PORTABLE OXYGEN Protective Breathing Equipment
- if wearing glasses, you may adjust the position of the lenses to rest on top of the oronasal mask cone by moving the side of the frame through
the hood fabric. Do not attempt to adjust through the neckseal as this will result infiltration of the surrounding atmosphere into the interior of the
hood.
- when the neckseal is positionned at the neck and the KO2 cannister is resting on the nape of the heck, remove the hands, checking to see that
clothing is not trapped in the seal and hair does not protrude between the seal and the neck. Pull the protective neck shield down to cover the
collar and upper shoulder area.
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35.CI CONTROLS AND INDICATORS Oxygen Panel
The Oxygen Panel (22VU), located on the overhead panel, and the MFD allow to control and verify oxygen system functioning.
HP INDICATOR indicates oxygen bottle pressure. It is displayed in PSI x 1000. The scale is marked by 2 color arcs:
- RED ARC: from 0 to 85 PSI,
- GREEN ARC: from 85 to 2025 PSI.
If preflight pressure is < 1400 PSI, quantity must be checked to be adequate for intended flight.
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35.CI CONTROLS AND INDICATORS Oxygen Panel
The MAIN SUPPLY push button controls the crew feed stop valve. When the push button is switched OFF, the valve is closed and OFF illuminates
white.
When the push button is switched on, the valve is open and oxygen pressure supplies the cockpit crew oxygen masks.
LO PR illuminates in amber and the CCAS is activated when a low pressure (< 50 PSI) is detected in the low pressure distribution circuit.
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35.CI CONTROLS AND INDICATORS Oxygen Panel
PAX SUPPLY push button allows to control passenger oxygen distribution. If push button is released, the passengers supply valve is closed.
If PAX SUPPLY push button is activated, ON illuminates blue and passengers supply valve is opened.
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35.REV SYSTEM REVISIONS Normal Operation
A/C configuration:
- aircraft is de-energized (BAT: OFF position),
- oxygen main shut-off valve is closed,
- all lights are extinguished,
- no oxygen in the circuit.
Now, please energize the aircraft by selecting BAT switch to ON position.
A/C configuration:
- aircraft is energized (BAT: ON position),
- oxygen main shut-off valve is still closed,
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35.REV SYSTEM REVISIONS Normal Operation
- main supply white OFF light illuminates,
- HP indicator on oxygen panel indicates 0PSI.
Please, select the oxygen bottle to open the oxygen main shut off valve.
A/C configuration:
- aircraft is energized (BAT: ON position),
- oxygen main shut-off valve is opened,
- HP indicator on oxygen panel indicates 1850 PSI.
The oxygen flows in the circuit. The pressure is transmitted in the gauge indicator and is regulated for the low pressure circuit but the crew feed
stop valve closes the distribution.
Please, select Main supply push button.
A/C configuration:
- aircraft is energized (BAT: ON position),
- oxygen main shut-off valve is opened,
- HP indicator on oxygen panel indicates 1850 PSI,
- main supply white OFF light extinguishes.
Oxygen flows in the supply circuit. Crew feed stop valve is opened and feeds crew oxygen masks. Pax feed stop valve is still closed.
A/C configuration:
- aircraft is energized (BAT: ON position),
- oxygen main shut-off valve is opened,
- HP indicator on oxygen panel indicates 1850 PSI,
- main supply white OFF light is extinguished,
- pax supply blue ON light illuminates.
Oxygen flows in the supply circuit. Crew feed stop valve and Pax feed stop valve are opened.
Crew and passenger distribution systems are now supplied.
If necessary, passenger oxygen masks are available in the oxygen boxes.
END OF PROCEDURE.
MW35.REV.01.V1L2 Copyright © 2011-2012 - ATR Training Centre - All right reserved For Training Only Page 98
35.REV SYSTEM REVISIONS Abnormal Operation
A/C configuration:
- aircraft is energized (BAT: ON position),
- oxygen main shut-off valve is opened,
- HP indicator on oxygen panel indicates 1850 PSI,
- main supply white OFF light is extinguished,
- pax supply blue ON light illuminates.
Main supply amber LO PR light illuminates when oxygen pressure <50 PSI is detected in the LP oxygen circuit. "OXY" caution message with the
associated procedure is displayed on the EWD.
This configuration indicates Main supply oxygen loss, or an empty oxygen cylinder, or a leakage in the distribution system.
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35.REV SYSTEM REVISIONS Abnormal Operation
Now, apply the procedure:
Please click on the Main supply pushbutton.
Now, click again on the Main supply pushbutton.
LO PR light remains illuminated.
Now, click on the EWD.
MAIN SUPPLY has to be OFF.
Please click on the MAIN SUPPLY pushbutton.
End of procedure.
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35.00 GENERAL Safety and Precautions
Warning: Explosion. Avoid any source of fire or heat when working on the oxygen system. In case of bottle change, make certain that date limit
have not been exceeded.
Warning: Personnel in charge of carrying out maintenance must be aware of the risks involved in handling oxygen which enhances combustion in
the presence of hydrocarbons (fuels, lubricants).
Warning: Before any maintenance action, thoroughly clean tools and wash hands to avoid contamination.
Caution: When temporarily disconnected, pipes or units should have their open ends protected by a dry and clean metal, or plastic plug. They must
also be placed in a sealed vinyl bag.
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35.00 GENERAL Maintenance Operations
This module presents the various tasks programmed regarding the Oxygen System, according to their periodicity (A: A check, C: C check, LC: Line
Check, DY: Daily, WY: Weekly).
The contained information in the following tables results from the maintenance planning program (MPD), based on Maintenance Review Board
Report document (MRBR). ATR defines a standard document MPD (Maintenance Planning Document) where the maintenance programmed tasks
are identified.
For more information on Oxygen System programmed checks, click on following categories:
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Table of contents
Presentation .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2
Interfaces ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
11
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
12
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
22
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
30
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Manifold Distributor ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
51
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
66
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
79
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
89
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35.CI CONTROLS AND INDICATORS ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
94
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